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= Introduction = The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is in the center of sub-Saharan Africa. DRC is bordering the Central African Republic to the north, the Republic of Congo to the north-west & South Sudan to the north-east. On the eastern borders lie Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi & Tanzania (with Lake Tanganyika separating the borders). The South Atlantic Ocean is to the west of the country, with Angola to the south-west & Zambia to both the south and the south-east. <br/> [[File:02- DRC Map.PNG|thumb|center|750px|DRC Map]]<br/> = Energy Situation = == Overview of the Country's Energy Sources == The DRC's potential to generate energy is high, having a wide range of both renewable and non-renewable energy sources<ref name="Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy">Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy</ref>. The DRC's potential renewable sources are hydropower, biomass, solar, wind and geothermal, while the non-renewables would be oil, natural gas & uranium<ref name="Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy">Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy</ref>. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Approximatrely 9% of the country's generated domestic power comes from hydropower, specially the two Inga dams (Inga I & Inga II)</span><ref name="Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy">Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy</ref><ref name="Reegle. (2012). Democratic Republic of Congo (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/CD">Reegle. (2012). Democratic Republic of Congo (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/CD</ref><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span> <br/> [[File:DRC's Ingas.PNG|thumb|center|650px|DRC's Ingas]]<br/> While the country has abundancy for hydro-based power generation, the country's production of different fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas is modest and very limited<ref name="Reegle. (2012). Democratic Republic of Congo (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/CD">Reegle. (2012). Democratic Republic of Congo (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/CD</ref>. The DRC's total hydropower capacity is about 100,000 MW, with the Inga damn solely counting for 40,000-45,000 MW<ref name="Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf">Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf</ref>. <br/> == Energy Access == A decade ago, during the year 2009, 89% of DRC's total population did not have access to electricity, leaving only 11% with access, while 94% of the population were completely dependent on biomass as the main cooking fuel<ref name="Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf">Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf</ref><ref name="Tracking SDG7. (2019). Congo (Dem. Rep. of). Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/country/congo-dem-rep">Tracking SDG7. (2019). Congo (Dem. Rep. of). Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/country/congo-dem-rep</ref>. <br/> [[File:03- DRC's total energy access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|DRC's total energy access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/> Though the access rates have gone up by the year 2017, as the population with access went up from 11% in 2009 to 19%, yet the access rates in the country still alarming, especially in the rural areas where about only 4% have access to electricity, and no proper efforts have been made or taken to increase the access rate or improve the situation. <br/> [[File:04- DRC's urban energy access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|500px|DRC's urban energy access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/> [[File:05- DRC's rural energy access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|DRC's rural energy access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/> == Production == Hydropower comes as the number one and major energy supplier in the country, with biomass (wood & agricultural residues) and oil as the secondary ones<ref name="Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf">Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf</ref>. 99% of the DRC's produced electricity comes from hydropower, while both oil and gas account for the remaining 1%<ref name="Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf">Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf</ref><span style="font-size: 0.85em;">.</span> <br/> {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |+ Table: DRC's Total Final Production of Different Energy Sources 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Energy Source ! scope="col" | Unit ! scope="col" | 2000 ! scope="col" | 2005 ! scope="col" | 2013 ! scope="col" | 2014 ! scope="col" | 2015 ! scope="col" | 2016 ! scope="col" | 2017 ! scope="col" | 2018 |- ! scope="row" | Carbon | Kt | 106 | 132 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- ! scope="row" | Charcoal | Kt | 283 | 615 | 3674 | 3803 | 3841 | 4074 | 4129 | 4185 |- ! scope="row" | Crude oil | Kt | 1169 | 1269 | 1129 | 1061 | 1048 | 996 | 946 | 957 |- ! scope="row" | Natural gas | TJ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 14 | 0 | 0 |} <br/> == Installed Capacity == [[File:06- DRC's total primary energy installed capacity of different sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 20019).PNG|thumb|center|750px|DRC's total primary energy supply of different sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/> == Consumption == [[File:07- DRC's total final energy consumption of different sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|750px|DRC's total final energy consumption of different sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/> 77% of the country's total final energy consumption goes only for the residential sector, making it the major consuming sector<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. The industrial sector counts for 20.5% of the final total energy consumption, and 2.4% for agriculture, transport & public services all together<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>.<br/> <br/> {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |+ Table: DRC's Final Energy Consumption of Different Sources 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Energy Sources ! scope="col" | Unit ! scope="col" | 2000 ! scope="col" | 2005 ! scope="col" | 2013 ! scope="col" | 2014 ! scope="col" | 2015 ! scope="col" | 2016 ! scope="col" | 2017 ! scope="col" | 2018 |- ! scope="row" | Oil | Kt | 269 | 404 | 1096 | 1467 | 863 | 626 | 658 | 693 |- ! scope="row" | Electricity | GWh | 4533 | 4883 | 7252 | 7899 | 7376 | 7001 | 7224 | 7457 |} == Import and Export == [[File:08- DRC's net energy imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|750px|DRC's net energy imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/> {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |+ Table: DRC's net imports of different energy sources 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Energy Sources ! scope="col" | Unit ! scope="col" | 2000 ! scope="col" | 2005 ! scope="col" | 2013 ! scope="col" | 2014 ! scope="col" | 2015 ! scope="col" | 2016 ! scope="col" | 2017 ! scope="col" | 2018 |- ! scope="row" | Oil products | Kt | 344 | 563 | 1247 | 1697 | 985 | 743 | 795 | 850 |- ! scope="row" | Natural gas | TJ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 46 | 38 | 38 | 38 |} <br/> == Electricity == {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |+ Table: DRC's Electricity General Indicators 2015-2016<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Indicator ! scope="col" | Production ! scope="col" | Consumption ! scope="col" | Exports ! scope="col" | Imports ! scope="col" | Generation |- ! scope="row" | Capacity | 9.046 billion kWh | 7.43 billion kWh | 422 million kWh | 20 million kWh | 2.587 million kW |- ! scope="row" | World Ranking | 106 | 106 | 70 | 113 | 105 |} <br/> DRC's total produced electricity comes mainly from two sources; hydropower, which counts for 98%, and fossil fuels with 2%<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html</ref>. <br/> {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |+ Table: DRC's Total Produced Electricity from Different Energy Sources 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Source ! scope="col" | Unit ! scope="col" | 2000 ! scope="col" | 2005 ! scope="col" | 2013 ! scope="col" | 2014 ! scope="col" | 2015 ! scope="col" | 2016 ! scope="col" | 2017 ! scope="col" | 2018 |- ! scope="row" | From Fossil Fuels | GWh | 19 | 23 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 14 |- ! scope="row" | From Hydropower | GWh | 6001 | 7396 | 8231 | 8820 | 8916 | 9099 | 9770 | 10516 |} <br/> == Energy Security == <br/> = Renewable Energy = == <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">General Indicators</span><br/> == {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 13.6px; width: 762.667px;" |+ Table: DRC's Total Renewable Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Year ! scope="col" | 2009 ! scope="col" | 2010 ! scope="col" | 2011 ! scope="col" | 2012 ! scope="col" | 2013 ! scope="col" | 2014 ! scope="col" | 2015 ! scope="col" | 2016 ! scope="col" | 2017 ! scope="col" | 2018 |- ! scope="row" | Capacity | 2514 | 2514 | 2514 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2529 | 2551 | 2566 | 2750 |} <br/> As mentioned earlier, the country possesses a significant potential for renewable power generation, which is illustrated further as follows<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>: *[[Portal:Hydro|Hydropower]]: For which the Congo River is the main source, with an average flow rate 42,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s. *[[Portal:Biogas|Biogas]]: Coming mainly from both plant and animal waste. *[[Portal:Solar|Solar]]: The DRC has <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">noticeably </span>high solar radiation averaging 6 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day. *[[Portal:Wind|Wind]]: There exist several potential hotspot for moderate wind power harnessing, where the wind speed <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">averaging </span>6-6.6m/s. *:On the eastern parts of the DRC, there are many active volcanoes and geothermal sites, which significantly gives the country huge potential for this particular sort of energy. *<span dir="LTR"></span>Geothermal: On the eastern parts of the DRC, there are many active volcanoes and geothermal sites, which significantly gives the country huge potential for this particular sort of energy. <br/> [[File:09- DRC's renewable energy share of the country's total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|DRC's renewable energy share of the country's total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/> The previous figure shows the rate which represents the ratio of the renewable energy consumption of the country's total final consumption from the 1990s until 2015. As shown, during that period, the renewables consumption has never been less than 92%, which comes mainly from hydropower. <br/> [[File:11- DRC's generated electricity from renewable sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|750px|DRC's generated electricity from renewable sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/> [[File:10- DRC's energy consumption of different renewable sources during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|DRC's energy consumption of different renewable sources during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]] <br/> == Hydropower == Though hydropower resources in the country are considered to be the highest in the African <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background: white;">continent</span>, counting up to 774 GWh of potential generating capacity, yet the current exploitation rate of these resources does not exceed 3% of that total potential<ref name="Lund, H.G. & Mabirizi, F. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. Retrieved from: https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Africa_Energy_Atlas.pdf">Lund, H.G. & Mabirizi, F. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. Retrieved from: https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Africa_Energy_Atlas.pdf</ref>. <br/> Therefore, few projects have been initiated recently by the government, so that the hydropower generation can be improved, such as<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>:<br/> #Supplying the country's remote and isolated regions, thus by implementing a decentralized micro hydropower station. #Rehabilitating and maintaining both the existent hydropower plants and transmission lines. <br/> {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |+ Table: DRC's Total Hydropower Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Year ! scope="col" | 2009 ! scope="col" | 2010 ! scope="col" | 2011 ! scope="col" | 2012 ! scope="col" | 2013 ! scope="col" | 2014 ! scope="col" | 2015 ! scope="col" | 2016 ! scope="col" | 2017 ! scope="col" | 2018 |- ! scope="row" | Capacity | 2514 | 2514 | 2514 | 2514 | 2515 | 2515 | 2528 | 2548 | 2559 | 2740 |} <br/> [[File:12- DRC's electricity generation of hydropower 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|750px|DRC's electricity generation of hydropower 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/> {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |+ Table: DRC's Main Installed Hydropower Stations<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Station Name ! scope="col" | Year of Finalizing Construction ! scope="col" | Total Installed Capacity (MW) ! scope="col" | Current Available Power (MW) |- ! scope="row" | Inga I | 1972 | 351 | 175 |- ! scope="row" | Inga II | 1982 | 1424 | 534 |- ! scope="row" | Zongo | 1975 | 75 | 13 |- ! scope="row" | Mpozo | 1938 | 2.2 | 0 |- ! scope="row" | Sanga | 1949 | 11.5 | 0 |- ! scope="row" | Nseke | 1957 | 248 | 186 |- ! scope="row" | Nzilo | 1954 | 108 | 108 |- ! scope="row" | Koni | 1950 | 42 | 0 |- ! scope="row" | Mwadingusha | 1954 | 68 | 68 |- ! scope="row" | Kalubi | 1954 | 10 | 3 |- ! scope="row" | Ruzizi | 1972 | 29 | 29 |- ! scope="row" | Ruzizi II | 1989 | 9 | 9 |- ! scope="row" | Tshopo | 1974 | 18 | 6 |- ! scope="row" | Mobayi & Mbongo | 1987 | 11 | 11 |- ! scope="row" | Kyimbi | 1959 | 17 | 8 |- ! scope="row" | Lungudi | 1949 | 1.56 | 0.78 |} <br/> == Solar == With an average solar radiation of 6 kWh/m2/day, the DRC has great potential for implementing photovoltaics (PV) and solar heating systems through the entire country<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. Yet, that's not the case, as through the whole country there are only a total of 836 installed solar PV systems, accounting altogether for a total operating power of 83 kW<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. <br/> {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |+ Table: DRC's Total Solar Energy Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Year ! scope="col" | 2009 ! scope="col" | 2010 ! scope="col" | 2011 ! scope="col" | 2012 ! scope="col" | 2013 ! scope="col" | 2014 ! scope="col" | 2015 ! scope="col" | 2016 ! scope="col" | 2017 ! scope="col" | 2018 |- ! scope="row" | Capacity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 |} <br/> = Clean Cooking = More than 90% of the population rely on biomass (charcoal, firewood) for cooking. In Kinshasa and Kisangani alone 4.9 million m3 of firewood was traded whic exceeds the official volume of biomass traded by 12 times. Cooking is mostly carried out by women in DRC, however, fuel and stove companies are often run by men. [https://spark.adobe.com/page/ZGT1d1PD1oLSV/?fbclid=IwAR1EHQreL05YSV4t1SD3fbmYPQ6yis_hCDEamxGktU37so56cdX4vigbjHQ Read more] = Fossil Fuels = == Oil == There are proven oil reserves in the country's western coastal basin, in addition to other unexplored two basins<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. The DRC ranked as the 2nd largest country with oil reserves in Africa, following Angola, back in the year 2009, with about 180 million barrels worth of <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background: white;">reserves<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. </span> <br/> During 2017, the country's production of crude oil averaged 19160 bbl/day, and in 2015, its export average of the same product was about 20000 bbl/day<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html</ref>. <br/> {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |+ Table: DRC's Different Final Consumption Rates of Oil Generally & in Different Sectors 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Oil Consumption ! scope="col" | Unit ! scope="col" | 2000 ! scope="col" | 2005 ! scope="col" | 2013 ! scope="col" | 2014 ! scope="col" | 2015 ! scope="col" | 2016 ! scope="col" | 2017 ! scope="col" | 2018 |- ! scope="row" | Final | kt | 269 | 404 | 1096 | 1467 | 863 | 626 | 658 | 693 |- ! scope="row" | Industrial | kt | 14 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 20 | 26 | 27 | 29 |- ! scope="row" | In transport | kt | 250 | 351 | 1045 | 1423 | 841 | 599 | 630 | 663 |} <br/> [[File:13- DRC's total production of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|750px|DRC's total production of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/> [[File:14- DRC's final consumption of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|750px|DRC's final consumption of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/> Despite the significant production capacity of crude oil in the DRC, there exist no refineries in the countries<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. Therefore, the DRC exports all of its oil production capacity, and imports all the refined products such as gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, aviation gas, fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. <br/> = Key Problems of the Energy Sector = Even though the DRC possesses prosperous and varied resources for energy generation, the energy sector still falls far behind. This is due to the many problems, which the energy sector faces. In order to expand, improve and develop the country's energy sector, these challenges need to be mitigated and fixed. Some of these challenges are listed below<ref name="Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf">Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf</ref><ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref><ref name="Power Africa. (2018). Democratic Republic of Congo Factsheet. Retrieved from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/DRC-_November_2018_Country_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf">Power Africa. (2018). Democratic Republic of Congo Factsheet. Retrieved from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/DRC-_November_2018_Country_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf</ref>: #<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Uncertainty </span>of the country's political <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">situation</span>. #Lack of investment interest. #Unreliability of current electricity grids. #Lack of proper management & governance of the energy sector. #Insufficiency of the current energy supply. #The very poor operating and maintenance conditions of the country's energy sector and power systems. #Lack of needed funds and both financial and technical skills. #Lack of needed proper policies for the implementation of more renewable energy <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">projects</span>. #Lack of technological advancements. #Instability of the economic situation in the country. #The low level of both proper awareness and needed educational background. #Absence of a regulatory agency<br/> #Absence of a Rural Electrification Agency<br/> #High taxes, VAT, and import duties <br/> <br/> = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations = = Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector = = <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_Key_Actors_.2F_Activities_of_Donors.2C_Implementing_Agencies.2C_Civil_Society_Organisations">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span> = = Further Information = *USAID Power Africa: [https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/DRC-_November_2018_Country_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf Democratic Republic of Congo Factsheet] <br/> = References = <references /><br/>
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