Biogas - Costs and Benefits - Revision history

Avinash Kumar at 13:23, 19 April 2016

2016-04-19T13:23:18Z

Ranisha at 09:14, 22 January 2016

2016-01-22T09:14:55Z

Ranisha at 12:09, 9 April 2015

2015-04-09T12:09:04Z

Wiki Gardener at 13:26, 13 October 2014

2014-10-13T13:26:36Z

Show changes

Wiki Gardener: /* Further Information */

2014-10-13T12:57:05Z

‎Further Information

Wiki Gardener at 12:56, 13 October 2014

2014-10-13T12:56:16Z

Ranisha at 14:46, 9 July 2014

2014-07-09T14:46:44Z

Frank Helbig: /* Benefits for the Environment */

2014-01-26T16:55:21Z

‎Benefits for the Environment

Frank Helbig at 19:42, 25 January 2014

2014-01-25T19:42:54Z

Frank Helbig at 19:34, 25 January 2014

2014-01-25T19:34:58Z

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 ► [[Portal:Biogas|Back to Biogas Portal]]
 = Overview =
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 <u>For this, two sets of cost-benefit analyses have to be carried out:</u>
-{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1"
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
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 <br/>
 *'''The [[Economic Viability of a Biogas Plant|micro-economic analysis (financial analysis)]] which judges the profitability of a biogas unit from the point of view of the user.'''
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 <u>Biogas programs (macro-level) and biogas units (micro-level) can serve the following purposes:</u>
 *the production of energy at low cost (mainly micro-level);
 *a crop increase in agriculture by the production of bio-fertilizer (micro-level);
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 <br/>
-<span style="font-size: 19px;  line-height: 23.799999237060547px">Economic Evaluation of a Biogas Plant</span>
+<span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 23.799999237060547px">Economic Evaluation of a Biogas Plant</span>
-{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 100%"
+{| style="width: 100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
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 = Benefits for Biogas Users =
-► [[Benefits_for_Biogas_Users|Benefits for Biogas Users]]
+► [[Benefits for Biogas Users|Benefits for Biogas Users]]
-−
 = Improvement of Sanitary and Health Conditions =
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 <u>This simplistic approach is questionable for four reasons:</u>
 #Rural populations use, as much as possible, dry firewood. Live trees are only harvested, if no dead wood is available. But even then, careful pruning of trees instead of felling may not cause extensive damage.
 #Afforestation sites or firewood plantations can by no means replace a natural forest. They can not re-establish the bio-diversity of a natural forest nor can they provide for the multitude of forest products that rural populations depend on for their nutritional, medical and other needs.
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 For national or regional planning, however, the reduction of deforestation and consequent soil erosion is one of the main arguments to allocate public funds for the dissemination of biogas technology. While a ready-made formula cannot be offered to calculate the monetary value of biogas in terms of reducing deforestation, some guiding questions may assist the planner to realistically assess the profitability of biogas compared to other environmental interventions.
 *What part of the household energy needs is covered by green wood? How much is from forests, how much from sustainable plantations?
 *What part of the household energy needs of the area in question could realistically be covered by biogas?
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 <references />
 [[Category:Biogas]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:14, 22 January 2016
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−	~~[[Category:Biogas]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Impacts]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Impacts_Health]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Impacts_Environmental]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Impacts_Economic]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Impacts_Ecological]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Impacts_Social]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Acceptance]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Deforestation]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Financing_and_Funding]]~~
	[[Category:Financing_Biogas]]		[[Category:Financing_Biogas]]
		+	[[Category:Financing_and_Funding]]
		+	[[Category:Deforestation]]
		+	[[Category:Impacts_Social]]
		+	[[Category:Impacts_Ecological]]
		+	[[Category:Impacts_Economic]]
		+	[[Category:Impacts_Environmental]]
		+	[[Category:Impacts_Health]]
		+	[[Category:Impacts]]
		+	[[Category:Biogas]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+► [[Portal:Biogas|Back to Biogas Portal]]
 = Overview =
 *[[Biogas Basics|Biogas Basics on energypedia]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 211: / Line 210: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Biogas]]

@@ Line 294: / Line 294: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
 *[[Portal:Biogas|Biogas Portal on energypedia]]
 *[[Cost Competitiveness of Rural Electrification Solutions|Cost Competitiveness of Rural Electrification Solutions]]<br/>
 *[[Cost and Benefit Relation of Biogas Plants|Cost and Benefit Relation of Biogas Plants]]
 <br/>
 = References =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-*Back to [[Portal:Biogas|Biogas Portal]]
+= Overview =
 = Economy and Financing =
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 <br/>
-<span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 23.799999237060547px;">Economic Evaluation of a Biogas Plant</span>
+<span style="font-size: 19px;  line-height: 23.799999237060547px">Economic Evaluation of a Biogas Plant</span>
 {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 100%"
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 |}
 <br/>
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 = Social Policies =
-Biogas technology not only supports national economies and the environmental protection, but as its main outcome for the local population it provides for a wide range of improvements in overall living conditions. [[Social Benefits and Impacts of Biogas Technology#Improvement of sanitary and health conditions|Sanitary and health conditions]] improve and the [[Social Benefits and Impacts of Biogas Technology#Nutrition|quality of nutrition]] is enhanced by an improved energy availability. Through the provision of lighting and the reduction of time-consuming fuel gathering [[Social Benefits and Impacts of Biogas Technology#Culture and education|cultural and educational activities]] are supported.
+Biogas technology not only supports national economies and the environmental protection, but as its main outcome for the local population it provides for a wide range of improvements in overall living conditions. Sanitary and health conditions improve and the quality of nutrition is enhanced by an improved energy availability. Through the provision of lighting and the reduction of time-consuming fuel gathering cultural and educational activities are supported.
-[[Social Benefits and Impacts of Biogas Technology#Effects on regional employment|Employment, professional qualification and overall food supply]] of the local population can be improved as well. But biogas technology can also contribute to an accentuation of existing differences in family [[Social Benefits and Impacts of Biogas Technology#Distribution of income|income and property]]. Establishing community-level biogas systems is a way to ensure that the technology benefits a greater number of residents.
+Employment, professional qualification and overall food supply of the local population can be improved as well. But biogas technology can also contribute to an accentuation of existing differences in family income and property. Establishing community-level biogas systems is a way to ensure that the technology benefits a greater number of residents.
 If social policies of a developing country are clearly focusing on poverty alleviation, biogas technology may not be the first choice among other "village technologies". It's place is shifting rather towards the rural agricultural middle class, communities (for waste water treatment) and industries.
 <br/>
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 But the incisive doubts of "correct" shadow pricing the benefits in the health sector remain.
 <br/>
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 <u>The following effects, to be documented and provided with a monetary value, should be listed as benefits:</u>
-*expenditure saved by the [https://energypedia.info/Benefits for Biogas Users#Energy substitution of other energy sources] with biogas. If applicable, income from the sale of biogas;
+*expenditure saved by the biogas users with biogas. If applicable, income from the sale of biogas;
-*expenditure saved by the substitution of mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizer. Increased yield by [https://energypedia.info/Benefits for Biogas Users#Bio-fertilizer using bio-fertilizer]. If applicable, income from the sale of bio-fertilizer;
+*expenditure saved by the substitution of mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizer. Increased yield by biogas users. If applicable, income from the sale of bio-fertilizer;
-*savings in the [https://energypedia.info/Benefits for Biogas Users#Saved disposal cost as benefit cost of disposal] and treatment of substrates (mainly for waste-water treatment);
+*savings in the biogas users and treatment of substrates (mainly for waste-water treatment);
-*[https://energypedia.info/Benefits for Biogas Users#Time consumption time saved] for collecting and preparing previously used fuel materials (if applicable), time saved for work in the stable and for spreading manure (if this time can be used to generate income).
+*time saving for collecting and preparing previously used fuel materials (if applicable), time saved for work in the stable and for spreading manure (if this time can be used to generate income).
-−
-<br/>
 <br/>
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 <br/>
-For rural households in the People's Republic of China the daily consumption of firewood is similar: between 0.55 - 0.83 kg per person.
+<u>For rural households in the People's Republic of [[China_Energy_Situation|China]] the daily consumption of firewood is similar: </u>
 Which sources of energy have been used so far and to what extent they can be replaced must be determined for the economic evaluation of biogas by means of calorific value relations. The monetary benefits of biogas depend mainly on how far commercial fuels can be replaced and their respective price on the market.
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 If the benefits of biogas technology are not to be limited to farmers with a number of livestock of above four TLUs (Tropical Livestock Units), biogas programs will have to consider biogas systems that integrate neighborhoods or villages, e.g. by building and operating community biogas systems.
 = Regional Employment =
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 #Between the destruction of a natural forest and the re-establishment of some form of tree cover lies a time gap with negative, often irreversible effects on soils, river beds, fauna and flora.
 #Firewood harvesting does not proceed by clear-felling hectare after hectare. First, dry branches, then dry twigs and leaves are collected. Then, the first green branches are harvested, followed by the cutting of smaller trees. Gradually, a large area is thinned out. Until a certain minor degree of destruction, natural regeneration is still possible, provided there is adequate protection. In this case, it is the cost of protection that determines the value of biogas.
 For national or regional planning, however, the reduction of deforestation and consequent soil erosion is one of the main arguments to allocate public funds for the dissemination of biogas technology. While a ready-made formula cannot be offered to calculate the monetary value of biogas in terms of reducing deforestation, some guiding questions may assist the planner to realistically assess the profitability of biogas compared to other environmental interventions.
@@ Line 293: / Line 297: @@
 = Further Information =
 *[[Cost Competitiveness of Rural Electrification Solutions|Cost Competitiveness of Rural Electrification Solutions]]<br/>
 *[[Cost and Benefit Relation of Biogas Plants|Cost and Benefit Relation of Biogas Plants]]
@@ Line 302: / Line 307: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Biogas]]

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 |-
+|
-*'''The [[Macro-economic evaluation of Biogas Plants|macro-economic analysis (economic analysis)]] which compares the costs of a biogas program and the benefits for the country or the society.'''
+*'''The [[Macro-economic Evaluation of Biogas Plants|macro-economic analysis (economic analysis)]] which compares the costs of a biogas program and the benefits for the country or the society.'''
 <br/>
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 *'''[[Costs of a Biogas Plant|Costs of a biogas plant (production, running and capital costs)]]'''
 *'''[[Cost and Benefit Relation of Biogas Plants|Cost and benefit relation]]'''
-*'''[[Macro-economic evaluation of Biogas Plants|Macro-economic evaluation (ecological and social effects, etc.)]]'''
+*'''[[Macro-economic Evaluation of Biogas Plants|Macro-economic evaluation (ecological and social effects, etc.)]]'''
 *'''[[Financing & Public Support of Biogas Plants|Financing and public support]]'''
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 <br/>
 = Benefits for Health Sector =
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 <br/>
 = Benefits for Biogas Users =
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 <references />
 [[Category:Financing_Biogas]]

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 <br/>
 = Benefits for Biogas Users =
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 <br/>
-= Monetarizing Individual Benefits =
+== Monetarizing Individual Benefits ==
 The economic evaluation of the individual benefits of biogas plants is relatively simple if the users cover their energy and fertilizer demands commercially. In general, the monetary benefits from biogas plants for enterprises and institutions as well as from plants for well-to-do households should be quite reliably calculable. These groups normally purchase commercial fuels e.g. oil, gas and coal as well as mineral fertilizers. In industrialized countries, it is common practice to feed surplus electric energy, produced by biogas-driven generators, in the grid. Biogas slurry is a marketable product and the infrastructure allows it's transport at reasonable cost. Furthermore, treatment of waste and waste water is strictly regulated by law, causing communes, companies and farmers expenses which, if reduced with the help of biogas technology, are directly calculable benefits.
@@ Line 112: / Line 114: @@
 <br/>
-= Acceptance by the Target Group =
+== Acceptance by the Target Group ==
 Besides the willingness and ability to invest considerable funds in biogas technology, there is a complex process of decision making involved when moving from traditional practices to a 'modern' way of producing fertilizer and acquiring energy. Hopes and fears, expected reactions from the society, previous experiences with modern technology, all these feature in a decision. For a biogas program, it is important to realize that economic considerations are only part of the deciding factors in favor or against biogas technology. All these factors can be subsumed under ''acceptance''.
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 <br/>
-= Energy =
+== Energy ==
 The main problem in the economic evaluation is to allocate a suitable monetary value to the non-commercial fuels which have so far no market prices. For the majority of rural households biogas is primarily a means of supplying energy for daily cooking and for lighting. They use mainly firewood, dried cow dung and harvest residues as fuel. But even if the particular household does not purchase the required traditional fuel, it's value can be calculated with the help of fuel prices on the local market. Theoretically, the firewood collector of the family could sell the amount that is no longer needed in the household
@@ Line 145: / Line 147: @@
 <br/>
-= Bio-fertilizer =
+== Bio-fertilizer ==
 If and to which extent biogas slurry can be monetarized as benefit, depends largely on the previous use of the substrate to be digested. The more wasteful the present method of utilizing farmyard manure is, the easier it is to monetarize benefits. In most traditional systems, for example, the urine of livestock is not collected as manure. Often, the dung and fodder residues are heaped in the open, leading to heavy losses of minerals through sun radiation and wash-out by rain.
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 <br/>
-= Increased Yield =
+== Increased Yield ==
 Biogas programs, however, should not neglect the argument of improved yields. Increases in agricultural production as a result of the use of bio-fertilizer of 6 - 10 % and in some cases of up to 20 % have been reported. Although improved yields through biogas slurry are difficult to capture in a stringent economic calculation, for demonstration and farmer-to-farmer extension they are very effective. Farmers should be encouraged to record harvests on their plots, before and after the introduction of biogas.
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 <br/>
-= Saved Disposal Cost as Benefit =
+== Saved Disposal Cost as Benefit ==
 Saving disposal cost as a benefit of a biogas system applies mainly in countries where the disposal of waste and waste water is regulated by law and where disposal opportunities exist. In industrialized countries, these costs are known and calculable.
@@ Line 184: / Line 186: @@
 <br/>
-= Time Consumption =
+== Time Consumption ==
 A critical shortage of energy, primarily of firewood, is reflected less in the market prices than in the time the households - especially women and children - need to collect fuelwood. The time commonly spent for collection varies from several hours per week to several hours per day. In some areas of Africa and Asia, firewood collection is the single most time consuming activity for a housewife. The open fire has to be attended almost permanently, in particular if low grade fuels like cow-dung or straw is burnt. Additional work is caused by the soot of an open fire - clean, shiny pots are a status symbol in many cultures. Compared to this, the time needed to operate a biogas plant is normally low so that in most cases a considerable net saving can be realized.
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 <references />
 [[Category:Financing_Biogas]]