Biogas in Powering Agriculture - Revision history

Ranisha at 19:19, 14 July 2020

2020-07-14T19:19:21Z

Rebecca Navarro at 16:31, 12 August 2019

2019-08-12T16:31:47Z

Rebecca Navarro: /* Carbon Dioxide */

2019-08-12T16:30:20Z

‎Carbon Dioxide

Rebecca Navarro: /* Methane */

2019-08-12T16:29:13Z

‎Methane

Rebecca Navarro: /* Methane */

2019-08-12T16:28:36Z

‎Methane

Hector Alfaro at 07:25, 19 May 2016

2016-05-19T07:25:40Z

Ranisha at 14:00, 18 April 2016

2016-04-18T14:00:21Z

Ranisha at 12:48, 6 April 2016

2016-04-06T12:48:14Z

Admin at 09:03, 6 April 2016

2016-04-06T09:03:22Z

Admin: /* Conclusion */

2016-04-06T09:02:42Z

‎Conclusion

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 = Background =
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 = Further Reading =
-*[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Portal:Powering Agriculture]]<br/>
+*[[Portal:Water and Energy for Food|Water and Energy for Food (WE4F) portal on energypedia]]
 *[[Portal:Biogas|Portal:Biogas]]<br/>
 *[https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp385P/2624/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/PAEGC_MOOC_COMPILED_READER.pdf Reader of the MOOC "Powering Agriculture - Sustainable Energy for Food"]<br/>
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 <references />
 [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]

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 = Background =
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 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
+<br/>
 = Methane =
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 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
+<br/>
 = Carbon Dioxide =
-Carbon dioxide is a primary greenhouse gas with the chemical formula CO<sub>2</sub>. Carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by many organisms naturally such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. This CO<sub>2</sub> is part of a natural environmental balance. However, when human activities also produce CO<sub>2 </sub>as a byproduct this balance is upset and new ways must be derived to treat CO<sup>2 </sup>in order to mitigate the effects of climate change caused by the release of primary greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.<ref>United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. EPA - Overview of Greenhouse Gases. Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html</ref>
+Carbon dioxide is a primary greenhouse gas with the chemical formula CO<sub>2</sub>. Carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by many organisms naturally such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. This CO<sub>2</sub> is part of a natural environmental balance. However, when human activities also produce CO<sub>2 </sub>as a byproduct this balance is upset and new ways must be derived to treat CO<sub>2 </sub>in order to mitigate the effects of climate change caused by the release of primary greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.<ref>United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. EPA - Overview of Greenhouse Gases. Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html</ref>
 [[File:Carboncycle.jpg|left|500px|alt=Carboncycle.jpg]]
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 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
 = Conclusion =
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 *Some of the main challenges to biogas implementation are: lack of information, lack of government policies, lack of trained labor force, high cost, and cheaper alternative fuel sources.<br/>
 *The methane formation process is 3 steps: acidogenesis, acetogensis, and methanogenesis<br/>
-*When CO2 is formed naturally it is part of the carbon cycle and mitigates itself, but when released from human activity it is a harmful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
+*When CO<sub>2 </sub> is formed naturally it is part of the carbon cycle and mitigates itself, but when released from human activity it is a harmful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
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 <references />
 [[Category:Biogas]]

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
 = Carbon Dioxide =
-Carbon dioxide is a primary greenhouse gas with the chemical formula CO<sup>2</sup>. Carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by many organisms naturally such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. This CO<sup>2</sup> is part of a natural environmental balance. However, when human activities also produce CO<sup>2 </sup>as a byproduct this balance is upset and new ways must be derived to treat CO<sup>2 </sup>in order to mitigate the effects of climate change caused by the release of primary greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.<ref>United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. EPA - Overview of Greenhouse Gases. Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html</ref>
+Carbon dioxide is a primary greenhouse gas with the chemical formula CO<sub>2</sub>. Carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by many organisms naturally such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. This CO<sub>2</sub> is part of a natural environmental balance. However, when human activities also produce CO<sub>2 </sub>as a byproduct this balance is upset and new ways must be derived to treat CO<sup>2 </sup>in order to mitigate the effects of climate change caused by the release of primary greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.<ref>United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. EPA - Overview of Greenhouse Gases. Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html</ref>
 [[File:Carboncycle.jpg|left|500px|alt=Carboncycle.jpg]]
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 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
 = Conclusion =

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 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
 = Methane =
-Methane is combustible gas with the scientific formula CH<sub>4</sub>. It has a heating value of 34.4 MJ/m<sub>3</sub> and a greenhouse gas global warming potential of 25 times that of carbon dioxide when emitted from human activities. Methane is also formed in many natural processes such as in wetlands, natural gas seeps, and intermittently from saturated soils. It is part of the natural carbon cycle. When methane is oxidized to the atmosphere it forms carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O).<br/>
+Methane is combustible gas with the scientific formula CH<sub>4</sub>. It has a heating value of 34.4 MJ/m<sup>3</sup> and a greenhouse gas global warming potential of 25 times that of carbon dioxide when emitted from human activities. Methane is also formed in many natural processes such as in wetlands, natural gas seeps, and intermittently from saturated soils. It is part of the natural carbon cycle. When methane is oxidized to the atmosphere it forms carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O).<br/>
 The methane formation process is comprised of three steps:<br/>

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 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
 = Methane =
-Methane is combustible gas with the scientific formula CH<sup>4</sup>. It has a heating value of 34.4 MJ/m<sup>3</sup> and a greenhouse gas global warming potential of 25 times that of carbon dioxide when emitted from human activities. Methane is also formed in many natural processes such as in wetlands, natural gas seeps, and intermittently from saturated soils. It is part of the natural carbon cycle. When methane is oxidized to the atmosphere it forms carbon dioxide (CO<sup>2</sup>) and water (H<sup>2</sup>O).<br/>
+Methane is combustible gas with the scientific formula CH<sub>4</sub>. It has a heating value of 34.4 MJ/m<sub>3</sub> and a greenhouse gas global warming potential of 25 times that of carbon dioxide when emitted from human activities. Methane is also formed in many natural processes such as in wetlands, natural gas seeps, and intermittently from saturated soils. It is part of the natural carbon cycle. When methane is oxidized to the atmosphere it forms carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O).<br/>
 The methane formation process is comprised of three steps:<br/>
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 Further reduction of the products produced in Step 2 to methane and carbon dioxide.<br/>
-This process is part of the global carbon cycle, which involves the fixation of carbon as CO<sup>2</sup> by photosynthesis and the subsequent release as the organic matter synthesized decomposes anaerobically. The microorganisms responsible for Steps 1 & 2 reproduce more rapidly than the methane forming bacteria. If the population of methane forming bacteria is not adequate to reduce the organic acids and alcohols as they are produced, accumulation will occur.<br/>
+This process is part of the global carbon cycle, which involves the fixation of carbon as CO<sub>2</sub> by photosynthesis and the subsequent release as the organic matter synthesized decomposes anaerobically. The microorganisms responsible for Steps 1 & 2 reproduce more rapidly than the methane forming bacteria. If the population of methane forming bacteria is not adequate to reduce the organic acids and alcohols as they are produced, accumulation will occur.<br/>
 Although the organic acids are sources of energy and carbon at low concentrations, they become toxic at higher concentrations. Thus, the absence in balance between the fermentation and methane forming bacterial populations can cause methane formation to be inhibited.<br/>
 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
 = Carbon Dioxide =

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 = Background =
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 Because of its composition, biogas is a greenhouse gas that is detrimental to the environment and an important factor in climate change. Another byproduct that is produced, called “digestate” also provides a rich fertilizer that can be used in agricultural and gardening practices.
 = Global Distribution =
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 *Health<br/>
 *Climate change mitigation & pollution reduction<br/>
 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
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 *The methane formation process is 3 steps: acidogenesis, acetogensis, and methanogenesis<br/>
 *When CO2 is formed naturally it is part of the carbon cycle and mitigates itself, but when released from human activity it is a harmful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
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 *<span class="mw-headline" id="hydro">[[Agro Industrial Biogas in Kenya - DBFZ Study|Agro Industrial Biogas in Kenya - DBFZ Study]]</span>
 *[http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy]<br/>
 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
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 <references />
 [[Category:Biogas]]

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 = Background =
 Biogas is a gas that is produced during the anaerobic degradation of organic materials. It is primarily composed of methane (60%-70%) and carbon dioxide (30%-40%). Biogas also has trace amounts of other components such as water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.<br/>
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 *High capital costs for commercial scale plants;
 *Natural gas is a cheaper alternative; and
-*Government policies and programs do not adequately filitate/support biogas programs<br/>
+*Government policies and programs do not adequately facilitate/support biogas programs<br/>
 Global data on current installed capacity of biogas plants does not exist, but the World Bioenergy Association estimates that 40 billion m<sup>3</sup> biomethane equivalent – equal to 1080-1440 PJ of energy - is produced annually. India and China are global leaders in the biogas field with an estimated 4.5 million biogas plants in India and over 40 million biogas plants in China. While these plants range in size and technology from a few m<sup>3</sup> to large commercial scale plants, the majority are small household systems that are used to produce gas for cooking, heating water, and lighting.<ref>World Bioenergy Association, 2013. Biogas - An Important Renewable Energy Source , Stockholm: World Bioenergy Association.
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 = Anaerobic Digestion =
-The high organic content of municipal solid waste in low- and middleincome countries (up to 60%) causes numerous problems in the handling and disposal of the waste. Banning the dumping or landfilling of organic waste is therefore of great benefit: it reduces the generation of landfill gas, relieves the pressure on scarce landfill capacities and mitigates all of the conflicts, costs and social burdens involved.<br/>
+The high organic content of municipal solid waste in low- and middle income countries (up to 60%) causes numerous problems in the handling and disposal of the waste. Banning the dumping or landfilling of organic waste is therefore of great benefit: it reduces the generation of landfill gas, relieves the pressure on scarce landfill capacities and mitigates all of the conflicts, costs and social burdens involved.<br/>
 By reintroducing recyclables into value chains, the use of a biogas technology that uses waste as feedstock promotes a circular economy. The advantages are twofold: (1) energy is recovered and (2) the nutrient cycle is closed.<br/>
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 *The methane formation process is 3 steps: acidogenesis, acetogensis, and methanogenesis<br/>
 *When CO2 is formed naturally it is part of the carbon cycle and mitigates itself, but when released from human activity it is a harmful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
 = Further Reading =
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 <br/>
 [[Category:Biogas]]

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 [[File:Carboncycle.jpg|left|500px|alt=Carboncycle.jpg]]
 = Conclusion =
@@ Line 68: / Line 67: @@
 *The methane formation process is 3 steps: acidogenesis, acetogensis, and methanogenesis<br/>
 *When CO2 is formed naturally it is part of the carbon cycle and mitigates itself, but when released from human activity it is a harmful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
 = References =
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-= Further Reading<br/> =
+= Further Reading =
 *[[Portal:Powering_Agriculture|Portal:Powering Agriculture]]<br/>
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 <br/>
 [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]