Burkina Faso Energy Situation - Revision history

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 13:12, 21 January 2020

2020-01-21T13:12:18Z

Ranisha at 19:31, 10 July 2018

2018-07-10T19:31:33Z

Henry Lüthi: /* Renewable Energy */

2018-07-05T22:33:04Z

‎Renewable Energy

Henry Lüthi: /* Renewable Energy */

2018-07-05T22:25:34Z

‎Renewable Energy

Johanna at 09:19, 8 September 2017

2017-09-08T09:19:40Z

Show changes

Lisafeldmann: /* Alternative Cooking Energy */

2016-12-07T13:11:27Z

‎Alternative Cooking Energy

Lisafeldmann: /* Introduction */

2016-12-07T13:10:23Z

‎Introduction

Ranisha at 09:50, 19 October 2016

2016-10-19T09:50:41Z

Ranisha at 09:32, 19 October 2016

2016-10-19T09:32:38Z

Ranisha at 09:32, 19 October 2016

2016-10-19T09:32:32Z

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 {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Burkina Faso
 |CES Country Capital=Ouagadougou
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 SONABEL, the national utility, depends on subsidies since several years to recover costs as the tariffs do not recover costs. In 2015, cost of electricity service = CFA 142 per kWh compared to average of CFA 90.5 per kWh).<ref name="Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download">Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download</ref>
+<br/>
 == Renewable Energy ==
@@ Line 35: / Line 36: @@
 Because of low wind speed, wind energy is the least favourable energy in Burkina Faso. Although hydropower provides 10% of total power generated i.e 80 GWh of average production, it also has limited potential due to irregular and unfavourable hydro-meterological conditions.&nbsp;<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;'''Therefore, investing in solar energy could be a strategy to tackle energy poverty issue in Burkina Faso.'''
-With Lagazel [http://www.lagazel.com/burkina-faso], Burina Faso also has a local manufacturer of solar lanterns.
+With Lagazel [http://www.lagazel.com/burkina-faso [1]], Burina Faso also has a local manufacturer of solar lanterns.
 == Alternative Cooking Energy ==
@@ Line 53: / Line 55: @@
 [[Burkina Faso Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Rural cooperatives (COOPELs) ==
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 *Local cooperatives (COOPELs) face difficulties: volunteers do not have the technical capabilities therfore rely on external technical providers (fermiers in French) to manage the distribution network. Relationships and responsible tasks vary, they are based on contracts or not. Lack of financial capabilities: Most local cooperatives are not financially sustainable and suffer losses; despite financial support and concessional loans provided by FDE.<ref name="Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download">Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download</ref><br/>
 = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> =
@@ Line 80: / Line 92: @@
 More indicative for further DGIS interventions are the regional development plans and strategies that are mostly considering environmental and energy issues in the sense that they are aiming at a sustainable management to assure provision even for future generations. In its 2008 version, the development plan of the capital‘s region lists the "access to modern energy" as a measure of poverty reduction. According to this, FAFASO has already undertaken joint activities with the Regional Council of the Central (the capital‘s) region to enlarge access to improved stoves to wider population groups, mainly in the semi-rural parts around the capital. Regarding access to biomass, the environmental services have as mission to regulate the access to wood fuel (and to tax any fresh wood cut anyway) even for individual cutting in the villages, but they are too poorly equipped to assume this role. Nevertheless, and as a "heritage" of the 1980s revolutionary period, the control of big scale wood transport is still functional (in large parts of the country: only specially accredited trucks (painted in green and white) are allowed to transport fire-wood and they are still controlled on the overland streets. For the charcoal sector, the government decreed, in 2005, a nationwide stop of artisan production for several months and gave afterwards licenses to some defined production areas. This system seems to work more or less.
+<br/>
 [http://www.sips.gov.bf/img_tmp_fichiers/MME-PS-52.pdf ENERGY SECTOR POLICY] (2014-2025), 2013<br/>The Energy Sector Policy serves as a reference document for the energy sector in Burkina Faso. This document sets<br/>the energy sector’s national strategies and targets for 2014-2025 including 50% renewable generation by 2025 and<br/>opportunities for solar and biomass technologies.
@@ Line 88: / Line 100: @@
 [http://www.arse.bf/IMG/pdf/decre_n2014-636_mefb.pdf DECREE NO. 2014-636], 2014 (Decree No. 2014-636/PRES/PM/MME/MEF)<br/>This 2014 decree establishes the framework to issue concession, licensing, authorization and submission contracts for<br/>power installations. This includes defining generation as being open for competition in both the urban and rural segments.<ref name="Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download">Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download</ref><br/>
+<br/>
 [[Burkina Faso Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector =
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 [[Burkina Faso Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Other Donor Activities ==
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 [[Burkina Faso Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Other Major Activities in the Country ==
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 [[Burkina Faso Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
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 *[https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2013/11/18/iob-impact-evaluation-of-improved-cooking-stoves-in-burkina-faso/iob-impact-evaluation-improved-cooking-stoves-burkina-faso.pdf IOB - Impact Evaluation of Improved Cooking Stoves in Burkina Faso]
 *The Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs evaluated the impact of improved cooking stoves for domestic use and artisanal beer brewing in two cities in Burkina Faso. In this context, the impact of these stoves on the workload of women or health was found to be negligible, but users spend less on energy and a vast volume of fuel wood is saved each year.
 <br/>

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 {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Burkina Faso
 |CES Country Capital=Ouagadougou
-|CES Country Region=Africa
+|CES Country Region Africa = Sub-Saharan Africa
 |CES Country Coordinates=12.3333° N, 1.6667° W
 }}

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 SONABEL, the national utility, depends on subsidies since several years to recover costs as the tariffs do not recover costs. In 2015, cost of electricity service = CFA 142 per kWh compared to average of CFA 90.5 per kWh).<ref name="Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download">Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download</ref>
 == Renewable Energy ==
-In terms of renewable energy, the installed solar energy potential in 2014, was around 400 kWp; 342 kWp on Solar Home systems and three hybrid PV-diesel mini-grid (each with a installed capacity of 15kWp). Although Burkina Faso has high solar energy potential but in 2014, solar energy represented only 0.1% of the total national energy consumption.<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;In November 2017, the 33 MW Zagtouli Solar Power Station near Ouagadougou got connected to the grid&nbsp;[https://www.pv-magazine.com/2017/11/28/burkina-faso-commissions-33-mw-pv-plant/]. In January 2018, the Ministry of Energy announced plans to build eight further solar parks totaling 100 MW [https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/01/26/burkina-faso-announces-plan-to-build-eight-solar-parks-totaling-100-mw/].&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+In terms of renewable energy, the installed solar energy potential in 2014, was around 400 kWp; 342 kWp on Solar Home systems and three hybrid PV-diesel mini-grid (each with a installed capacity of 15kWp). Although Burkina Faso has high solar energy potential but in 2014, solar energy represented only 0.1% of the total national energy consumption.<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;In November 2017, the 33 MW Zagtouli Solar Power Station near Ouagadougou got connected to the grid, contributing about 5% to the national electricity production at production costs of 6 US-cent/kWh&nbsp;[https://www.pv-magazine.com/2017/11/28/burkina-faso-commissions-33-mw-pv-plant/ [1]]. In January 2018, the Ministry of Energy announced plans to build eight further solar parks totaling 100 MW [https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/01/26/burkina-faso-announces-plan-to-build-eight-solar-parks-totaling-100-mw/ [2]].&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 Because of low wind speed, wind energy is the least favourable energy in Burkina Faso. Although hydropower provides 10% of total power generated i.e 80 GWh of average production, it also has limited potential due to irregular and unfavourable hydro-meterological conditions.&nbsp;<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;'''Therefore, investing in solar energy could be a strategy to tackle energy poverty issue in Burkina Faso.'''
-<br/>
+With Lagazel [http://www.lagazel.com/burkina-faso], Burina Faso also has a local manufacturer of solar lanterns.

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 SONABEL, the national utility, depends on subsidies since several years to recover costs as the tariffs do not recover costs. In 2015, cost of electricity service = CFA 142 per kWh compared to average of CFA 90.5 per kWh).<ref name="Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download">Sampablo, Marcos, Luke Walley, Yuri Lima Handem, and Eugene Ochieng. ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Burkina Faso. Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017. http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/187/download</ref>
 == Renewable Energy ==
-In terms of renewable energy, the installed solar energy potential in 2014, was around 400 kWp; 342 kWp on Solar Home systems and three hybrid PV-diesel mini-grid (each with a installed capacity of 15kWp). Although Burkina Faso has high solar energy potential but solar energy represents only 0.1% of the total national energy consumption.<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>
+In terms of renewable energy, the installed solar energy potential in 2014, was around 400 kWp; 342 kWp on Solar Home systems and three hybrid PV-diesel mini-grid (each with a installed capacity of 15kWp). Although Burkina Faso has high solar energy potential but in 2014, solar energy represented only 0.1% of the total national energy consumption.<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;In November 2017, the 33 MW Zagtouli Solar Power Station near Ouagadougou got connected to the grid&nbsp;[https://www.pv-magazine.com/2017/11/28/burkina-faso-commissions-33-mw-pv-plant/]. In January 2018, the Ministry of Energy announced plans to build eight further solar parks totaling 100 MW [https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/01/26/burkina-faso-announces-plan-to-build-eight-solar-parks-totaling-100-mw/].&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 Because of low wind speed, wind energy is the least favourable energy in Burkina Faso. Although hydropower provides 10% of total power generated i.e 80 GWh of average production, it also has limited potential due to irregular and unfavourable hydro-meterological conditions.&nbsp;<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;'''Therefore, investing in solar energy could be a strategy to tackle energy poverty issue in Burkina Faso.'''
 <br/>
 == Alternative Cooking Energy ==

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 Because of low wind speed, wind energy is the least favourable energy in Burkina Faso. Althought hydropower provides 10% of total power generated i.e 80 GWh of averge production, it also has limited potential due to irregular and unfavourable hydro-meterological conditions.&nbsp;<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;'''Therefore, investing in solar energy could be a strategy to tackle energy poverty issue in Burkina Faso.'''
 == Alternative Cooking Energy ==
-The most used alternative energy for household cooking is [[Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas_(LPG)|gas (LPG)]].Nearly 35&nbsp;% of households in big towns and still some 10 – 25&nbsp;% in smaller towns own LPG equipment. The government officially supports a further increase in the use of LPG for domestic cooking. However, this is unlikely to happen. Already now, '''LPG only accounts for 0,4&nbsp;% of the urban consumption '''due to lack of LPG provisions. The government fails to provide further funding for subsidies required to keep the LPG affordable. And for new customers, the investment cost for the equipment is another disincentive next to the unreliability of the LPG supply.
+The most used alternative energy for household cooking is [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)|gas (LPG)]].Nearly 35&nbsp;% of households in big towns and still some 10 – 25&nbsp;% in smaller towns own LPG equipment. The government officially supports a further increase in the use of LPG for domestic cooking. However, this is unlikely to happen. Already now, '''LPG only accounts for 0,4&nbsp;% of the urban consumption '''due to lack of LPG provisions. The government fails to provide further funding for subsidies required to keep the LPG affordable. And for new customers, the investment cost for the equipment is another disincentive next to the unreliability of the LPG supply.
 Even if shift to LPG is foreseen in some official government papers, thus not very likely to happen in a big extend as the same government has started to phase out from LPG subsidies. LPG is thus becoming more expensive and less accessible for larger populations groups.
@@ Line 41: / Line 42: @@
 There are a number of [[Improved Cookstoves|improved stoves]] which were introduced in Burkina Faso at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. They take this aspects into account, and cost today around 5 30 years, they were not really to be found or used in the households at the onset of FAFASO.
-Today, there are also factory finished firewood and [[Cooking with Charcoal|charcoal cook stoves]] available from China. Many of them are not really adjusted to the local cooking equipment (round bottom cast aluminium cooking pots) and the cooking practice (vigorous cooking). Furthermore, the investment costs are too high to really compete with the very cheap baseline stoves which are currently in use.
+Today, there are also factory finished firewood and [[Charcoal_Cookstoves|charcoal cookstoves]] available from China. Many of them are not really adjusted to the local cooking equipment (round bottom cast aluminium cooking pots) and the cooking practice (vigorous cooking). Furthermore, the investment costs are too high to really compete with the very cheap baseline stoves which are currently in use.
 Hence the challenge is to create a strong awareness for the need of firewood saving in and outside the big cities as well as the support of the producers to supply of stable, efficient, durable and affordable stoves even for poorer parts of the population even if they are living in remote parts of the country.<br/>
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 <br/>
 = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> =

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 |CES Country Coordinates=12.3333° N, 1.6667° W
 }}
 = Introduction =
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 In Burkina Faso, more than 80&nbsp;% of the energy supply derives from biomass ([[Cooking with Woodfuels (Firewood and Charcoal)|mainly firewood and charcoal]]). In rural areas nearly all energy consumed is [[Basics on Biomass|biomass]] based. Hence the national average is a consumption of 0,69 kg of firewood per person per day. This ratio can rise in some areas up to more than 1 kg, e.g. if there is no incentive to save fuel or if moisture in the wood fuel reduces the efficiency hence causing a higher wood fuel consumption.
-Urban households prefer [[Cooking with Charcoal|charcoal]] to wood because it is perceived as more clean and modern. However, because of the application of low efficient technologies in the charcoal production, the use of charcoal in towns is implicating a high wood consumption in rural areas. In recognition of this effect, the charcoal production has been re-organized and concentrated in five production areas in 2005. Still, the impact of inefficient charcoal production can be observed.
+Urban households prefer [[Cooking with Charcoal|charcoal]] to wood because it is perceived as more clean and modern. However, because of the application of low efficient technologies in the [[Charcoal_Production|charcoal production]], the use of charcoal in towns is implicating a high wood consumption in rural areas. In recognition of this effect, the charcoal production has been re-organized and concentrated in five production areas in 2005. Still, the impact of inefficient charcoal production can be observed.
 Despite the population growth, there are no real wood fuel shortages felt in most parts of the country at this point in time. Rural families can pick firewood on their way back from the fields without the need of specific wood collection trips towards far away forests.
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 [[Burkina Faso Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Energy Situation =

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 {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Burkina Faso
 |CES Country Capital=Ouagadougou
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 The electrification rate in the country is still very low. Considerable investments done by the government and international donors are so far insufficient to meet the rising demand in the two biggest urban centres, Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. By consequence, the average connection rates are merely the same for years now: whereas in these cities the electrification rate turns around 20&nbsp;%, the connection rate is around 5&nbsp;% for the small towns and “near to zero” (report UNDP and Ministry of Energy 2012) in the countryside.Similarly, less than 5% of the rural population have access to electricity.<ref name="https://irenanewsroom.org/2016/10/17/renewable-energy-in-burkina-faso-improving-living-conditions-and-alleviating-poverty/">https://irenanewsroom.org/2016/10/17/renewable-energy-in-burkina-faso-improving-living-conditions-and-alleviating-poverty/</ref><span style="font-size: 0.85em;">&nbsp;</span>
-In terms of electricity,it'''&nbsp;relies heavily on thermal -fossil &nbsp;fuel (70% &nbsp;of total power generation)''' and hydropower. It also consists of 28 fossil fuel power stations and 4 hydropower stations.<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;'''The main electricity supply strategy is to establish interconnections with neighbouring countries and to extend and repair the existing network'''.<br/>
+In terms of electricity,it'''&nbsp;relies heavily on thermal-fossil &nbsp;fuel (70% &nbsp;of total power generation)''' and hydropower. It also consists of 28 fossil fuel power stations and 4 hydropower stations.&nbsp;'''The main electricity supply strategy is to establish interconnections with neighbouring countries and to extend and repair the existing network'''.<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref><br/>
 == Renewable Energy ==
-In terms of renewable energy in 2014, the installed solar energy potetnial was around 400 kWp; 342 kWp on Solar Home systems and three hybrid PV-diesel mini-grid (each with a installed capacity of 15kWp). Althought Burkina Faso has high solar energy potential but solar energy represents only 0.1% of the total national energy consumption.<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>
+In terms of renewable energy, the installed solar energy potetnial in 2014, was around 400 kWp; 342 kWp on Solar Home systems and three hybrid PV-diesel mini-grid (each with a installed capacity of 15kWp). Althought Burkina Faso has high solar energy potential but solar energy represents only 0.1% of the total national energy consumption.<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>
-Because of low wind speed, wind energy is the least favourable energy in Burkina Faso. Althought hydropower provides 10% of total power generated i.e 80 GWh of averge production, it also has limited potential due to irregular and unfavourable hydro-meterological conditions.&nbsp;<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;Therefore, investing in solar energy could be a strategy to tackle energy poverty issue in Burkina Faso
+Because of low wind speed, wind energy is the least favourable energy in Burkina Faso. Althought hydropower provides 10% of total power generated i.e 80 GWh of averge production, it also has limited potential due to irregular and unfavourable hydro-meterological conditions.&nbsp;<ref name="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084010</ref>&nbsp;'''Therefore, investing in solar energy could be a strategy to tackle energy poverty issue in Burkina Faso.'''
-== Alternative Energy ==
+== Alternative Cooking Energy ==
-The most used alternative energy for household cooking is gas ([[Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)|LPG]]).Nearly 35&nbsp;% of households in big towns and still some 10 – 25&nbsp;% in smaller towns own LPG equipment. The government officially supports a further increase in the use of LPG for domestic cooking. However, this is unlikely to happen. Already now, '''LPG only accounts for 0,4&nbsp;% of the urban consumption '''due to lack of LPG provisions. The government fails to provide further funding for subsidies required to keep the LPG affordable. And for new customers, the investment cost for the equipment is another disincentive next to the unreliability of the LPG supply.
+The most used alternative energy for household cooking is [[Liquefied_Petroleum_Gas_(LPG)|gas (LPG)]].Nearly 35&nbsp;% of households in big towns and still some 10 – 25&nbsp;% in smaller towns own LPG equipment. The government officially supports a further increase in the use of LPG for domestic cooking. However, this is unlikely to happen. Already now, '''LPG only accounts for 0,4&nbsp;% of the urban consumption '''due to lack of LPG provisions. The government fails to provide further funding for subsidies required to keep the LPG affordable. And for new customers, the investment cost for the equipment is another disincentive next to the unreliability of the LPG supply.
 Even if shift to LPG is foreseen in some official government papers, thus not very likely to happen in a big extend as the same government has started to phase out from LPG subsidies. LPG is thus becoming more expensive and less accessible for larger populations groups.
-If the fuel switch (wood fuel to LPG) is not realistic, the alternative for "modern energy for cooking" is the provision of more efficient wood fuel cook stoves.The baseline stoves for firewood (3-stone-stove) and charcoal (simple metal stove called "le Malgache") are very cheap. Hence any "new" technology has to compete with the expectation of low product prices. In addition, stoves have to be of small height and very stable because of the vigorous preparation process of the traditional daily food (a millet porridge that has to be "beaten" during preparation).
+If the fuel switch (wood fuel to LPG) is not realistic, the alternative for "''modern energy for cooking''" is the provision of more efficient wood fuel cook stoves.The baseline stoves for firewood (3-stone-stove) and charcoal (simple metal stove called "le Malgache") are very cheap. Hence any "new" technology has to compete with the expectation of low product prices. In addition, stoves have to be of small height and very stable because of the vigorous preparation process of the traditional daily food (a millet porridge that has to be "beaten" during preparation).
 There are a number of [[Improved Cookstoves|improved stoves]] which were introduced in Burkina Faso at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. They take this aspects into account, and cost today around 5 30 years, they were not really to be found or used in the households at the onset of FAFASO.
-There are today also factory finished firewood and [[Cooking with Charcoal|charcoal cook stoves]] available if import from China. Many of them are not really adjusted to the local cooking equipment (round bottom cast aluminium cooking pots) and the cooking practice (vigorous cooking). Furthermore, the investment costs are too high to really compete with the very cheap baseline stoves which are currently in use.
+Today, there are also factory finished firewood and [[Cooking with Charcoal|charcoal cook stoves]] available from China. Many of them are not really adjusted to the local cooking equipment (round bottom cast aluminium cooking pots) and the cooking practice (vigorous cooking). Furthermore, the investment costs are too high to really compete with the very cheap baseline stoves which are currently in use.
-<br/>
+Hence the challenge is to create a strong awareness for the need of firewood saving in and outside the big cities as well as the support of the producers to supply of stable, efficient, durable and affordable stoves even for poorer parts of the population even if they are living in remote parts of the country.<br/>
-−
-Comparing all the options it was decided to build on the existing technical concept of the known improved stoves in the country and to promote them with the application of a new, market based dissemination approach.Hence the challenge is the creation of a strong awareness for the need of firewood saving in and outside the big cities as well as the support of the producers to supply of stable, efficient, durable and affordable stoves even for poorer parts of the population even if they are living in remote parts of the country.<br/>
 [[Burkina Faso Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
@@ Line 52: / Line 49: @@
 = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> =
-In Burkina Faso‘s '''Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)''' there is no specific mention of energy or environment issues. The current version (2009-2011) has chapters on "reduction of pollution" and on "sustainable management of natural resources" without reference to energy issues. The solutions proposed are only dealing with the enlargement of urban street capacities and the maintenance of natural resources for pastoral respectively.<br/>
+In Burkina Faso‘s '''Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)''' there is no specific mention of energy or environment issues. The current version (2009-2011) has chapters on "''reduction of pollution''" and on "''sustainable management of natural resources''" without reference to energy issues. The solutions proposed are only dealing with the enlargement of urban street capacities and the maintenance of natural resources for pastoral respectively.<br/>
 From 2010 inwards, the PRSP format shall be replaced by a "Strategy of accelerated growth that focuses merely exclusively on economic growth relying on the development of some urban economic pools and counting on a "trickle down effect" for the urban poor and the rural areas.
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 = Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector =
-Since the 1970s, Burkina Faso has been one of the leading countries in the sub region in regards to the development and the dissemination of improved stoves. As a result, the country has today a huge experience in terms of technology. A considerable choice of adapted stove types is available. On the other hand, most of the projects of the past have been donor or state driven – they collapsed the moment when the donor retired or state politics changed (as it was the case after the revolution in the 1980s).
+Since the 1970s, Burkina Faso has been one of the leading countries in the sub region with regards to the development and the dissemination of improved stoves. As a result, the country has today a huge experience in terms of technology. A considerable choice of adapted stove types is available. On the other hand, most of the projects of the past have been donor or state driven – they collapsed the moment when the donor retired or state politics changed (as it was the case after the revolution in the 1980s).
 This lead to an ambivalent situation: on the one hand there is a kind of institutional setup with a history of involvement of (failed) stove promotion programs. These institutions assume and demand that new stove programs in the country should be forced to be implemented with or through them. At the same time, they do not have the financial and personal capacities to fill this self-assumed role.
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 On the other side, the Ministry of Environment is seeing itself as the agency to be implied in stoves‘ dissemination, eventual assisted by the Ministry of Women‘s Rights. In this, the Ministry of Environment is contested by other governmental departments (e.g. the Ministry of Energy, not only in charge with a World Bank Program for the Dissemination of improved stoves at the moment, but also responsible for the implementation of the national strategy for domestic energies, developed by CILSS-PREDAS). In reality, the Ministry of Environment so far failed to provide evidence about their capacity to successfully lead sustainable stove programs in the past. All strategies relying on the Ministry of Environment for the dissemination of stoves broke down at latest when the donor retired (despite the efforts of the donors to strengthen the Ministry‘s capacities).
 [[Burkina Faso Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
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 = Further Information =
-[https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2013/11/18/iob-impact-evaluation-of-improved-cooking-stoves-in-burkina-faso/iob-impact-evaluation-improved-cooking-stoves-burkina-faso.pdf IOB - Impact Evaluation of Improved Cooking Stoves in Burkina Faso]
+*[https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2013/11/18/iob-impact-evaluation-of-improved-cooking-stoves-in-burkina-faso/iob-impact-evaluation-improved-cooking-stoves-burkina-faso.pdf IOB - Impact Evaluation of Improved Cooking Stoves in Burkina Faso]
+*The Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs evaluated the impact of improved cooking stoves for domestic use and artisanal beer brewing in two cities in Burkina Faso. In this context, the impact of these stoves on the workload of women or health was found to be negligible, but users spend less on energy and a vast volume of fuel wood is saved each year.
 The Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs evaluated the impact of improved cooking stoves for domestic use and artisanal beer brewing in two cities in Burkina Faso. In this context, the impact of these stoves on the workload of women or health was found to be negligible, but users spend less on energy and a vast volume of fuel wood is saved each year.
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 <br/>[[Burkina Faso Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 [[Category:Africa]]

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		+	[[Category:Africa]]
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