Carbon Finance - Revision history

Lisafeldmann: /* Further Information */

2021-03-02T11:11:00Z

‎Further Information

Lisafeldmann: /* Further Information */

2021-03-02T10:46:51Z

‎Further Information

Ranisha at 11:45, 15 August 2014

2014-08-15T11:45:25Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 20:55, 26 August 2013

2013-08-26T20:55:43Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 19:28, 26 August 2013

2013-08-26T19:28:35Z

Show changes

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 19:21, 26 August 2013

2013-08-26T19:21:54Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu: Created page with "
► Back to Financing and Funding Portal
= Overview = Access to finan..."

2013-08-26T15:35:39Z

Created page with "<div> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">► Back to Financing and Funding Portal</span> </div> = Overview = Access to finan..."

New page

<div>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Portal:Financing_and_Funding|► Back to Financing and Funding Portal]]</span>
</div>
= Overview =

Access to finance is a major constraint to expanding renewable energy technology (RET) projects, especially for small-scale energy projects in developing countries. The availability of carbon finance has created opportunities for entrepreneurs who are developing sustainable energy projects<ref name="Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.">Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.</ref>.

<br/>

= What is Carbon Finance? =

Carbon finance is a general term applied to resources provided to projects that are generating or are expected to generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions in the form of the purchase of such emission reductions which are tradable on the carbon market.

Carbon markets provide an additional source of revenue for sustainable energy projects by creating a commercial value for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This can increase the commercial viability of RET projects and thus can play an important role in sustaining and growing RE enterprises<ref name="Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.">Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.</ref>.

<br/>
<div><div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 14px; width: 100%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189);" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="line-height: 20.39583396911621px;">'''CARBON FINANCING'''</span></font>
|-
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); text-align: center;" | '''Uses'''
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); text-align: center;" | '''Advantages'''
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); text-align: center;" | '''Disadvantages'''
|-
| <div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
*<span style="line-height: 20.390625px;">Allows projects to access expected revenue streams from CERs ahead of commissioning or at start of operations.</span>
</div></div></div>
| <div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
*A possible means of obtaining up-front financing secured against carbon revenues (that is, project financing).<br/>
*<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Used to refinance projects, thus freeing up resources for development of new projects.</span>
</div></div></div>
| <div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
*Only a small number of potential buyers of CERs exist.<br/>
*<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Significant risk is transferred to the public financing agencies, if purchases are made ahead of project registration (under the CDM) or if carbon revenues are uncertain.</span>
*Process of realizing carbon revenues can be complex and costly, particularly for first-of-a-kind projects, and reliance on these may delay project development substantially.<br/>
*<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Front-end loading of carbon finance revenues has been difficult to realize in practice given the regulatory and operational uncertainties of these projects.</span>
*Financing only covers a part of costs and amounts received depend on carbon prices.<br/>
</div></div></div>
|-
| colspan="3" | ''<span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 20.39583396911621px;">Source: </span><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">Adapted from The World Bank, 2013. Financing Renewable Energy - Options for Developing Financing Instruments Using Public Funds</span>''<ref name="The World Bank, 2013. Financing Renewable Energy - Options for Developing Financing Instruments Using Public Funds.">The World Bank, 2013. Financing Renewable Energy - Options for Developing Financing Instruments Using Public Funds.</ref>
|}
</div></div></div></div>

Although carbon markets are currently experiencing a downturn, they generated $215 billion in capital investments until 2012<ref name="Assessing the Impact of the Clean Development Mechanism Report, Commissioned by the High Level Panel on the CDM Policy Dialogue, July 15, 2012.">Assessing the Impact of the Clean Development Mechanism Report, Commissioned by the High Level Panel on the CDM Policy Dialogue, July 15, 2012.</ref> <ref name="Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.">Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.</ref>.

== Carbon Markets ==

A carbon market is one created to buy and sell carbon credits. Under a regulated limit/’cap’ carbon emissions, permits or allowances are given or auctioned to carbon emitters. Entities that emit below their cap can then trade their extra allowances (the carbon credits) to those who need additional capacity, thus creating a market for buying and selling carbon credits<ref name="The World Bank - Carbon Finance Unit, 2012. Carbon Finance for Sustainable Development - 2012 Annual Report, Washington, DC: The World Bank.">The World Bank - Carbon Finance Unit, 2012. Carbon Finance for Sustainable Development - 2012 Annual Report, Washington, DC: The World Bank.</ref>.<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;"></span>

For example, if a company wants to emit more than it is allowed to, then it can buy credits from those who have reduced their emissions below the target level, or also from a project in a developing country which has certified emission reduction credit (CER) to sell. Emission reductions certificates or ‘carbon credits’ are the currency of carbon markets<ref name="Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.">Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.</ref>.

== The Clean Development Mechanism<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;"></span> ==

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is one of the available flexible mechanisms provided by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol.<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;"></span>

It is intended to reduce the concentration of GHG emissions in the atmosphere in a cost effective way. The CDM allows developed countries to use CERs generated from sustainable development projects in developing countries to meet part of their emission reduction (ER) targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Developing Countries in turn receive investments in clean technology and revenues from the sale of these ERs once they are generated and delivered. One CER is equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e)<ref name="Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.">Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.</ref>.

== Joint Implementation ==

This is a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol through which a developed country can receive emission reduction units when it helps to finance produce that reduce net GHG emissions in another developed country. In practice the recipient country is likely to be one with an economy in transition. An Annex 1 Party (countries listed in Annex 1 of the UNFCCC and in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol.) must meet specific eligibility requirements to participate in Joint Implementation<ref name="The World Bank - Carbon Finance Unit, 2012. Carbon Finance for Sustainable Development - 2012 Annual Report, Washington, DC: The World Bank.">The World Bank - Carbon Finance Unit, 2012. Carbon Finance for Sustainable Development - 2012 Annual Report, Washington, DC: The World Bank.</ref>.<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;"></span>

= Carbon Finance for RET Projects =

RET project developers can sell CERs in advance as a way of managing the risks associated with the sale of CERs and also mobilise funding. Such sales can be made on the basis that the purchaser will be responsible for obtaining the necessary registration under the CDM (which will reduce the price offered) or that the project developer will do so.

The risk involved with advance purchase of CERs is that the expected volumes of emissions reductions will not be forthcoming. To manage this carbon delivery guarantees might be used to cover the losses resulting from the actual emissions reductions being less than expected<ref name="The World Bank, 2013. Financing Renewable Energy - Options for Developing Financing Instruments Using Public Funds.">The World Bank, 2013. Financing Renewable Energy - Options for Developing Financing Instruments Using Public Funds.</ref>.

Various commercial entities are engaged in such purchases. The World Bank administers a number of trust funds for the purposes of purchasing CERs. The Carbon Partnership Facility under the World Bank will further enhance this capability as well be a mechanism for post-2012 funding by providing guaranteed commitments to purchase certified reductions in emissions on a standard basis rather than negotiating individually on a project-by-project basis, as is common at present<ref name="The World Bank, 2013. Financing Renewable Energy - Options for Developing Financing Instruments Using Public Funds.">The World Bank, 2013. Financing Renewable Energy - Options for Developing Financing Instruments Using Public Funds.</ref>.

<br/>

= Further Information =

*[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves|Carbon Funding for Cookstoves]]<br/>
*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Biogas_Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]<br/>
*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Energy_Access_Projects|Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects]]<br/>
*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Improved_Cooking_Stoves_(ICS)|Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)]]<br/>
*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Systems|Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems]]<br/>
*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Small_Hydro_Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power]]

<br/>

= References =

<references /><br/>

[[Category:Financing_and_Funding]]
[[Category:Carbon_Market]]

@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
-*[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves|Carbon Funding for Cookstoves]]<br/>
+*[[Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]
-*[[Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]<br/>
 *[[Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects|Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects]]<br/>
-*[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves|Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)]]<br/>
+*[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves|Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)]]<br/>
 *[[Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems]]<br/>
 *[[Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power]]

@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 127: / Line 128: @@
 *[[Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]<br/>
 *[[Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects|Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects]]<br/>
-*[[Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)|Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)]]<br/>
+*[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves|Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)]]<br/>
 *[[Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems]]<br/>
 *[[Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power]]
@@ Line 133: / Line 134: @@
 <br/>
 = References =

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 <br/>
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[The_Clean_Development_Mechanism|► Read more about the Clean Development Mechanism]]<br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Clean_Development_Mechanism_(CDM)|► Read more about the Clean Development Mechanism]]<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 === Program of Activities ===
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Programme_of_Activities_(PoA)|►Learn more about the Programme of Activities]]<br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Programme of Activities (PoA)|►Learn more about the Programme of Activities]]<br/>
 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves#Programme of Activities|► Read more here...]]<br/>
@@ Line 138: / Line 138: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Carbon_Market]]

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 The Clean Development Mechanism (<span data-scaytid="19" data-scayt_word="CDM">CDM</span>) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (<span data-scaytid="26" data-scayt_word="UNFCCC">UNFCCC</span>) is one of the available flexible mechanisms provided by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol.<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;"></span>
-It is intended to reduce the concentration of <span data-scaytid="21" data-scayt_word="GHG">GHG</span> emissions in the atmosphere in a cost effective way. The <span data-scaytid="22" data-scayt_word="CDM">CDM</span> allows developed countries to use <span data-scaytid="23" data-scayt_word="CERs">CERs</span> generated from sustainable development projects in developing countries to meet part of their emission reduction (ER) targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Developing Countries in turn receive investments in clean technology and revenues from the sale of these ERs once they are generated and delivered. One <span data-scaytid="24" data-scayt_word="CER">CER</span> is equivalent to one <span data-scaytid="31" data-scayt_word="tonne">tonne</span> of carbon dioxide equivalent (<span data-scaytid="32" data-scayt_word="tCO2e">tCO2e</span>)<ref name="Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.">Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.</ref>.
+It is intended to reduce the concentration of <span data-scaytid="21" data-scayt_word="GHG">GHG</span> emissions in the atmosphere in a cost effective way. The <span data-scaytid="22" data-scayt_word="CDM">CDM</span> allows developed countries to use <span data-scaytid="23" data-scayt_word="CERs">CERs</span> generated from sustainable development projects in developing countries to meet part of their emission reduction (ER) targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Developing Countries in turn receive investments in clean technology and revenues from the sale of these ERs once they are generated and delivered. One <span data-scaytid="24" data-scayt_word="CER">CER</span> is equivalent to one <span data-scaytid="31" data-scayt_word="tonne">tonne</span> of carbon dioxide equivalent (<span data-scaytid="32" data-scayt_word="tCO2e">tCO2e</span>)<ref name="Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.">Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.</ref>.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 66: / Line 70: @@
 === The <span data-scaytid="33" data-scayt_word="CDM">CDM</span> Project Cycle ===
-[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves#The_CDM_Project_Cycle|► Read more here...]]
+[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves#The CDM Project Cycle|► Read more here...]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 72: / Line 76: @@
 === Program of Activities ===
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves#Programme_of_Activities|► Read more here...]]<br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Programme_of_Activities_(PoA)|►Learn more about the Programme of Activities]]<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 78: / Line 84: @@
 === <span data-scaytid="9" data-scayt_word="Additionality">Additionality</span> ===
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves#Additionality|► Read more here...]]<br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves#Additionality|► Read more here...]]<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 84: / Line 90: @@
 === Leakage ===
-[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves#Leakage|► Read more here...]]
+[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves#Leakage|► Read more here...]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 90: / Line 96: @@
 === Monitoring ===
-[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves#Monitoring|► Read more here...]]
+[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves#Monitoring|► Read more here...]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 112: / Line 118: @@
 = Voluntary Carbon Markets =
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves#The_Voluntary_Market|► Read more here...]]<br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span>[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves#The Voluntary Market|► Read more here...]]<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 124: / Line 130: @@
 *[[Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems]]<br/>
 *[[Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power]]
-*[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves#General_Information_on_Carbon_Markets|General Information on Carbon Markets]]<br/>
+*[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves#General Information on Carbon Markets|General Information on Carbon Markets]]<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 132: / Line 138: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Financing_and_Funding]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <div>
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Portal:Financing_and_Funding|► Back to Financing and Funding Portal]]</span>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[[Portal:Financing and Funding|► Back to Financing and Funding Portal]]</span>
 </div>
 = Overview =
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 Carbon finance is a general term applied to resources provided to projects that are generating or are expected to generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions in the form of the purchase of such emission reductions which are tradable on the carbon market.
+<br/>
 Carbon markets provide an additional source of revenue for sustainable energy projects by creating a commercial value for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This can increase the commercial viability of RET projects and thus can play an important role in sustaining and growing RE enterprises<ref name="Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.">Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.</ref>.
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 |}
 </div></div></div></div>
+<br/>
-Although carbon markets are currently experiencing a downturn, they generated $215 billion in capital investments until 2012<ref name="Assessing the Impact of the Clean Development Mechanism Report, Commissioned by the High Level Panel on the CDM Policy Dialogue, July 15, 2012.">Assessing the Impact of the Clean Development Mechanism Report, Commissioned by the High Level Panel on the CDM Policy Dialogue, July 15, 2012.</ref> <ref name="Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.">Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.</ref>.
-−
-−
 == Carbon Markets ==
@@ Line 54: / Line 52: @@
 A carbon market is one created to buy and sell carbon credits. Under a regulated limit/’cap’ carbon emissions, permits or allowances are given or auctioned to carbon emitters. Entities that emit below their cap can then trade their extra allowances (the carbon credits) to those who need additional capacity, thus creating a market for buying and selling carbon credits<ref name="The World Bank - Carbon Finance Unit, 2012. Carbon Finance for Sustainable Development - 2012 Annual Report, Washington, DC: The World Bank.">The World Bank - Carbon Finance Unit, 2012. Carbon Finance for Sustainable Development - 2012 Annual Report, Washington, DC: The World Bank.</ref>.<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;"></span>
 For example, if a company wants to emit more than it is allowed to, then it can buy credits from those who have reduced their emissions below the target level, or also from a project in a developing country which has certified emission reduction credit (CER) to sell. Emission reductions certificates or ‘carbon credits’ are the currency of carbon markets<ref name="Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.">Disch, D., Rai, K. & Maheshwari, S., 2010. Carbon Finance - A Guide for Sustainable Energy Enterprises and NGOs, s.l.: Ashden, GVEP International.</ref>.
-−
 == The Clean Development Mechanism<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;"></span> ==
@@ Line 64: / Line 62: @@
 It is intended to reduce the concentration of GHG emissions in the atmosphere in a cost effective way. The CDM allows developed countries to use CERs generated from sustainable development projects in developing countries to meet part of their emission reduction (ER) targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Developing Countries in turn receive investments in clean technology and revenues from the sale of these ERs once they are generated and delivered. One CER is equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e)<ref name="Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.">Boukerche, S., Dulal, H., Brodnig, G. & Quesnel, B., 2013. CDCF Making an Impact - Carbon Finance Delivers Benefits for the Poor, Washington, DC: World Bank.</ref>.
 == Joint Implementation ==
@@ Line 70: / Line 74: @@
 This is a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol through which a developed country can receive emission reduction units when it helps to finance produce that reduce net GHG emissions in another developed country. In practice the recipient country is likely to be one with an economy in transition. An Annex 1 Party (countries listed in Annex 1 of the UNFCCC and in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol.) must meet specific eligibility requirements to participate in Joint Implementation<ref name="The World Bank - Carbon Finance Unit, 2012. Carbon Finance for Sustainable Development - 2012 Annual Report, Washington, DC: The World Bank.">The World Bank - Carbon Finance Unit, 2012. Carbon Finance for Sustainable Development - 2012 Annual Report, Washington, DC: The World Bank.</ref>.<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;"></span>
+<br/>
 = Carbon Finance for RET Projects =
@@ Line 79: / Line 83: @@
 Various commercial entities are engaged in such purchases. The World Bank administers a number of trust funds for the purposes of purchasing CERs. The Carbon Partnership Facility under the World Bank will further enhance this capability as well be a mechanism for post-2012 funding by providing guaranteed commitments to purchase certified reductions in emissions on a standard basis rather than negotiating individually on a project-by-project basis, as is common at present<ref name="The World Bank, 2013. Financing Renewable Energy - Options for Developing Financing Instruments Using Public Funds.">The World Bank, 2013. Financing Renewable Energy - Options for Developing Financing Instruments Using Public Funds.</ref>.
 <br/>
@@ Line 84: / Line 94: @@
 = Further Information =
-*[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves|Carbon Funding for Cookstoves]]<br/>
+*[[Carbon Funding for Cookstoves|Carbon Funding for Cookstoves]]<br/>
-*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Biogas_Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]<br/>
+*[[Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]<br/>
-*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Energy_Access_Projects|Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects]]<br/>
+*[[Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects|Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects]]<br/>
-*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Improved_Cooking_Stoves_(ICS)|Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)]]<br/>
+*[[Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)|Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)]]<br/>
-*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Systems|Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems]]<br/>
+*[[Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems]]<br/>
-*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Small_Hydro_Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power]]
+*[[Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 96: / Line 106: @@
 <references /><br/>

Carbon Finance - Revision history

Lisafeldmann: /* Further Information */

Lisafeldmann: /* Further Information */

Ranisha at 11:45, 15 August 2014

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 20:55, 26 August 2013

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 19:28, 26 August 2013

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 19:21, 26 August 2013

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu: Created page with " ► Back to Financing and Funding Portal = Overview = Access to finan..."

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu: Created page with "
► Back to Financing and Funding Portal
= Overview = Access to finan..."