Cashew Nut Shells as Fuel - Revision history

Ranisha at 19:28, 14 July 2020

2020-07-14T19:28:21Z

Johanna: /* Biochar as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product */

2017-04-05T10:35:11Z

‎Biochar as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product

Alexander Kornich: /* Biochar as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product */

2017-04-04T21:37:28Z

‎Biochar as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product

Johanna at 14:25, 31 March 2017

2017-03-31T14:25:25Z

Johanna at 13:52, 31 March 2017

2017-03-31T13:52:08Z

Johanna at 09:57, 31 March 2017

2017-03-31T09:57:15Z

Johanna at 09:52, 31 March 2017

2017-03-31T09:52:11Z

Johanna at 14:46, 27 March 2017

2017-03-27T14:46:15Z

Johanna at 09:42, 27 March 2017

2017-03-27T09:42:03Z

Chloe Hill: /* Using Waste from Cashew Nut Processing in Burkina Faso */

2017-03-27T06:50:33Z

‎Using Waste from Cashew Nut Processing in Burkina Faso

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 = Introduction&nbsp; =
@@ Line 88: / Line 87: @@
 = Further Information =
-*[[Portal:Powering_Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal]] on energypedia
+*[[Portal:Water and Energy for Food|Water and Energy for Food (WE4F) portal on energypedia]]
 *[[Cooking_with_Agricultural_Residues|Cooking with Agricultural Residues]]
 *[[Biomass_Energy_Resources_in_Kenya|Biomass Energy Resources in Kenya]]
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biomass]]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 to 35% of this hard cashew is comprised of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), a viscous and caustic substance. CNSL has a similar quality and heat content to Light Fuel Oil (LFO).&nbsp;Both the CNSL and CNS are used as biomass fuels for clean power generation.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref> There is a growing demand and for this CNSL due to its other multiple uses (including for: paints, laminating resins and intermediates for chemical industry). The scope and varied opportunities for the development of other tailor-made polymers the CNSL offerse is subsequently increasing its value.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref>
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 Biochars are created in the processing of cashew nut shells along with other bioproducts.&nbsp;Biochars have a high carbon content (70–75 wt%) and high heating values in the range of 25–28 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;and can therefore be used as an energy source. Biochars also contain significant quantities of Potassium along with smaller amounts of Magnesium, Calcium, Copper, Zinc and Iron. These minerals result in biochar being a potential fertilizer.<ref>http://www.suez-environnement.com/news/news/cajouvalor-produce-energy-from-cashew-nut-shells</ref><br/>
-[2] &nbsp;' ...&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><u>The local transformation of the cashew nuts faces numerous difficulties, </u>such as <u>high energy costs,</u> that are an obstacle to the development of specialised businesses. The pyrolytic combustion, that is <u>well adapted to small and medium-sized cashew nut recovery operators</u>, has been developed to allow them to transform the shells into fuel that powers their activities. &nbsp;... "</span>
+=== Pyrolytic combustion ===
-−
-I believe that DPC as mechanical prime mover (without any fuels or electricity) can be used for various applicandions
-http://dpc-renewable-energy.com/?page_id=28&nbsp;<br/>
+"...The local transformation of the cashew nuts faces numerous difficulties, such as <u>high energy costs,</u> that are an obstacle to the development of specialised businesses. The pyrolytic combustion, that is <u>well adapted to small and medium-sized cashew nut recovery operators</u>, has been developed to allow them to transform the shells into fuel that powers their activities. &nbsp;... "
-in small and medium-size housholds / farmer communities&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">to transform the &nbsp;cashew shells into fuel. However each specific application should be developed and designed properly in details.</span>
+I believe that DPC as mechanical prime mover (without any fuels or electricity) can be used for various applications in small and medium-size households / farmer communities to transform the &nbsp;cashew shells into fuel. However each specific application should be developed and designed properly in details.<ref name="http://dpc-renewable-energy.com/?page_id=28 ">http://dpc-renewable-energy.com/?page_id=28 </ref>

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 to 35% of this hard cashew is comprised of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), a viscous and caustic substance. CNSL has a similar quality and heat content to Light Fuel Oil (LFO).&nbsp;Both the CNSL and CNS are used as biomass fuels for clean power generation.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref> There is a growing demand and for this CNSL due to its other multiple uses (including for: paints, laminating resins and intermediates for chemical industry). The scope and varied opportunities for the development of other tailor-made polymers the CNSL offerse is subsequently increasing its value.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref>
 == Biochar as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product ==
 Biochars are created in the processing of cashew nut shells along with other bioproducts.&nbsp;Biochars have a high carbon content (70–75 wt%) and high heating values in the range of 25–28 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;and can therefore be used as an energy source. Biochars also contain significant quantities of Potassium along with smaller amounts of Magnesium, Calcium, Copper, Zinc and Iron. These minerals result in biochar being a potential fertilizer.<ref>http://www.suez-environnement.com/news/news/cajouvalor-produce-energy-from-cashew-nut-shells</ref><br/>
 == Bio-oil as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product ==

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 '''Figure: Low-cost electricity generation from cashew shells and apples for the processing of the fruits.'''<ref name="http://www.africancashewinitiative.org/imglib/downloads/Study_Cashew%20Byproduct%20_Regional_Sept%202010_Eng_%20Final.pdf">http://www.africancashewinitiative.org/imglib/downloads/Study_Cashew%20Byproduct%20_Regional_Sept%202010_Eng_%20Final.pdf</ref>
-[[File:Cashews electricityproduction ACI.png|border|center|600pxpx]]<br/>
+[[File:Cashews electricityproduction ACI.png|border|center|600px|alt=Cashews electricityproduction ACI.png]]<br/>
 = References =
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biofuel]]

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 So far, there are no publications on generating electricity with cashew shells. If you have any experiences, please feel free to tell your story here or send us an email!
-<br/>
+They analyzed the potentials of other by-products such as Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) processing and directly supported two companies in the extraction of CNSL.<ref name="http://www.africancashewinitiative.org">http://www.africancashewinitiative.org</ref>
 = References =
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biomass]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:57, 31 March 2017
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	<references /><br/>		<references /><br/>

−	~~[[Category:Biomass]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Burkina_Faso]]~~
	[[Category:Biofuel]]		[[Category:Biofuel]]
		+	[[Category:Productive_Use]]
		+	[[Category:Bioenergy]]
		+	[[Category:Energy_Use]]
		+	[[Category:Impacts_Economic]]
		+	[[Category:Waste-to-energy]]
		+	[[Category:Burkina_Faso]]
		+	[[Category:Biomass]]

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 == Using Waste from Cashew Nut Processing in Burkina Faso&nbsp; ==
-[[Burkina_Faso_Energy_Situation|Burkina Faso]], a landlocked country in Africa with a population of almost 18 million, produces 35,000 tonnes of cashew products in annually with a third being processed locally.
+[[Burkina Faso Energy Situation|Burkina Faso]], a landlocked country in Africa with a population of almost 18 million, produces 35,000 tonnes of cashew products in annually with a third being processed locally.
 Dakoro is an industrial cashew nut production facility that utilizes LPG (butane) and non-renewable wood fuel as power sources. However, recently Dakoro installed a '''biogas-powered water-steam system''' as a pilot project. This pilot project was coordinated by SNV and was hosted by WOUOL, the association of agricultural producers that owns Dakoro.
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 <br/>
-== Can cashew shells be used to generate electricity? Are there experiences? ==
+= Can cashew shells be used to generate electricity? Are there experiences? =
 So far, there are no publications on generating electricity with cashew shells. If you have any experiences, please feel free to tell your story here or send us an email!
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biomass]]

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 == Biochar as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product ==
-Biochars are created in the processing of cashew nut shells along with other bioproducts.&nbsp;Biochars have a high carbon content (70–75 wt%) and high heating values in the range of 25–28 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;and can therefore be used as an energy source. Biochars also contain significant quantities of Potassium along with smaller amounts of Magnesium, Calcium, Copper, Zinc and Iron. These minerals result in biochar being a potential fertilizer.<ref>http://www.suez-environnement.com/news/news/cajouvalor-produce-energy-from-cashew-nut-shells</ref> <br/>
+Biochars are created in the processing of cashew nut shells along with other bioproducts.&nbsp;Biochars have a high carbon content (70–75 wt%) and high heating values in the range of 25–28 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;and can therefore be used as an energy source. Biochars also contain significant quantities of Potassium along with smaller amounts of Magnesium, Calcium, Copper, Zinc and Iron. These minerals result in biochar being a potential fertilizer.<ref>http://www.suez-environnement.com/news/news/cajouvalor-produce-energy-from-cashew-nut-shells</ref><br/>
 == Bio-oil as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product ==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 == Using Waste from Cashew Nut Processing in Burkina Faso&nbsp; ==
-Burkina Faso, is a landlocked country in Africa with a population of almost 18 million, produces 35,000 tonnes of cashew products in annually with a third being processed locally.
+[[Burkina_Faso_Energy_Situation|Burkina Faso]], a landlocked country in Africa with a population of almost 18 million, produces 35,000 tonnes of cashew products in annually with a third being processed locally.
 Dakoro is an industrial cashew nut production facility that utilizes LPG (butane) and non-renewable wood fuel as power sources. However, recently Dakoro installed a '''biogas-powered water-steam system''' as a pilot project. This pilot project was coordinated by SNV and was hosted by WOUOL, the association of agricultural producers that owns Dakoro.
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 Similar technology is available in other countries (mostly Asia and the US), however,&nbsp; it eas the first of its kind in Burkina Faso. As of 2010 three different agro-businesses have replicated the technology for the drying and processing of cassava, rice and mango. Cotton stalks, rice husks and peanut shells have all been suggested as addition biomass fuel for the system<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">.</span><ref>http://www.wisions.net/projects/using-waste-from-cashew-nut-processing-in-burkina-faso</ref>
-== Cajouvalor Project ==
+== Cajouvalor Project, Burkina Faso ==
 This project utilized cashew nut shells to generate energy using a High Calorific Cashew Pyrolyser H2CP. A H2CP transforms waste from cashew nut shells into two types of fuel:
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 The gas and biochar can then go on to be used in other small scale industries such as in mango drying, in cotton oil factories or even by local soap producers. There is also potential to produce electricity from the gas and the biochar to supply local households with electricity.
-The Cajouvalor project recently received the SUEZ – Institut de France Award in the “Access to essential services” category.<ref>http://www.suez-environnement.com/news/news/cajouvalor-produce-energy-from-cashew-nut-shells</ref>
+In 2016, the Cajouvalor project received the SUEZ – Institut de France Award in the “Access to essential services” category.<ref>http://www.suez-environnement.com/news/news/cajouvalor-produce-energy-from-cashew-nut-shells</ref>
 <br/>
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 So far, there are no publications on generating electricity with cashew shells. If you have any experiences, please feel free to tell your story here or send us an email!
+<br/>
-−
-−
-−
-−
 = References =
@@ Line 75: / Line 71: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biomass]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Introduction&nbsp; =
-Cashew nut shells are one of the most abundant forms of tropical biomass waste which can be used for energy generation. The cashew nut tree (Western Anacardium) grows both naturally and through planned agricultural practices in subtropical countries, such as: &nbsp;Brazil, Nigeria and Ghana.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref><br/>
+Cashew nut shells are one of the most abundant forms of tropical biomass waste which can be used for energy generation. The cashew nut tree (Western Anacardium) grows both naturally and through planned agricultural practices in subtropical countries, such as: Brazil, Nigeria and Ghana.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref><br/>The cashew comprises of approximately 30% nut and 70% shell.&nbsp;While the nut is eaten throughout the world, the Cashew nut shells is very hard, with a thickness of 1 to 2mm is commonly discarded. &nbsp;Cashew shells typically contain: 10.8% water and 2.6% ash. Cashews shells have a net calorific value of 18.9 MJ/kg, placing them right in the middle of the biomass fuel mean range (14 - 21 MJ/kg).<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref>
-−
-<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">The cashew comprises of approximately 30% nut and 70% shell.&nbsp;While the nut is eaten throughout the world, the Cashew nut shells is very hard, with a thickness of 1 to 2mm is commonly discarded. &nbsp;Cashew shells typically contain: 10.8% water and 2.6% ash. Cashews shells have a net calorific value of 18.9 MJ/kg, placing them right in the middle of the biomass fuel mean range (14 - 21 MJ/kg).</span><ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref><span style="font-size: 0.85em;"></span>
-−
-<br/>
-−
-<br/>
 == Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) ==
-to 35% of this hard cashew is comprised of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), a viscous and caustic substance. <span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;CNSL has a similar quality and heat content to Light Fuel Oil (LFO).&nbsp;Both the CNSL and CNS are used as biomass fuels for clean power generation</span><span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref></span>There is a growing demand and for this CNSL due to its other multiple uses (including for: paints, laminating resins and intermediates for chemical industry). The scope and varied opportunities for the development of other tailor-made polymers the CNSL offerse is subsequently increasing its value.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref>
+to 35% of this hard cashew is comprised of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), a viscous and caustic substance. CNSL has a similar quality and heat content to Light Fuel Oil (LFO).&nbsp;Both the CNSL and CNS are used as biomass fuels for clean power generation.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref> There is a growing demand and for this CNSL due to its other multiple uses (including for: paints, laminating resins and intermediates for chemical industry). The scope and varied opportunities for the development of other tailor-made polymers the CNSL offerse is subsequently increasing its value.<ref name="Venture Renewable Energy">http://www.venturerenewable.com/our-products/cashew-nut.html</ref>
-−
-<br/>
 == Biochar as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product ==
-<span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Biochars are created in the processing of cashew nut shells along with other bioproducts.&nbsp;</span>Biochars have a high carbon content (70–75 wt%) and high heating values in the range of 25–28 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;and can therefore be used as an energy source. Biochars also contain significant quantities of Potassium along with smaller amounts of Magnesium, Calcium, Copper, Zinc and Iron. These minerals result in biochar being a potential fertilizer.<ref>http://www.suez-environnement.com/news/news/cajouvalor-produce-energy-from-cashew-nut-shells</ref>&nbsp;
+Biochars are created in the processing of cashew nut shells along with other bioproducts.&nbsp;Biochars have a high carbon content (70–75 wt%) and high heating values in the range of 25–28 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;and can therefore be used as an energy source. Biochars also contain significant quantities of Potassium along with smaller amounts of Magnesium, Calcium, Copper, Zinc and Iron. These minerals result in biochar being a potential fertilizer.<ref>http://www.suez-environnement.com/news/news/cajouvalor-produce-energy-from-cashew-nut-shells</ref> <br/>
-−
 <br/>
 == Bio-oil as a Cashew Nut Shell By-product ==
-Bio-oils have been shown to have a higher heating value than biochar with 32 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>. Bio-oil is not suitable for use in pure form but can be used in mixtures with Diesel. &nbsp;The gas phase of bio-oil is predominantly CO<sub>2</sub> and CO below 400 °C with a greater formation of H<sub>2</sub><span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'''[2]'''</sup><span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span>
+Bio-oils have been shown to have a higher heating value than biochar with 32 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>. Bio-oil is not suitable for use in pure form but can be used in mixtures with Diesel. &nbsp;The gas phase of bio-oil is predominantly CO<sub>2</sub> and CO below 400 °C with a greater formation of H<sub>2</sub>.<ref>Source???</ref>
-<br/>
+== Cashew Nut Shell Gasifier Stove<br/> ==
-== <span style="background-color: initial; font-size: 19.04px;">Cashew Nut Shell Gasifier Stove</span><br/> ==
+Gasification is thermo-chemical process that converts carbon-containing fuels into a combustible gas through incomplete combustion and reduction. The combustible gas can then be used in internal combustion engines or gas turbines, burned directly or used in the production of methanol or hydrogen. When used as fuel in a gas engine it can be used to generate electricity''.''&nbsp;There are three types Gasifiers which are classified according to the way air or oxygen is bought into the system:&nbsp; Downdraft, Updraft, and Crossdraft.&nbsp; The Cashew Nut Shell Gasifier Stove was found to have a thermal efficiency of 35.5&nbsp;% and an energy output of 2.19 kW (Singh et al. 2006). While the corresponding values for LPG and Kerosene stoves higher with 53.5 3% (0.69 kW) and 39.3&nbsp;% (0.6 kW) respectively, cashew nut shells are still a viable alternative.<ref>http://ijsr.net/archive/v3i7/MDIwMTU2Mg%3D%3D.pdf.</ref>
 <br/>
 = Case Studies: Examples<br/> =
 == Using Waste from Cashew Nut Processing in Burkina Faso&nbsp; ==
@@ Line 59: / Line 44: @@
 <u>Replicability</u>
-Similar technology is available in other countries (mostly Asia and the US), however,&nbsp; it eas the first of its kind in Burkina Faso. As of 2010 three different agro-businesses have replicated the technology for the drying and processing of cassava, rice and mango. Cotton stalks, rice husks and peanut shells have all been suggested as addition biomass fuel for the system<span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><ref>http://www.wisions.net/projects/using-waste-from-cashew-nut-processing-in-burkina-faso</ref>
+Similar technology is available in other countries (mostly Asia and the US), however,&nbsp; it eas the first of its kind in Burkina Faso. As of 2010 three different agro-businesses have replicated the technology for the drying and processing of cassava, rice and mango. Cotton stalks, rice husks and peanut shells have all been suggested as addition biomass fuel for the system<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">.</span><ref>http://www.wisions.net/projects/using-waste-from-cashew-nut-processing-in-burkina-faso</ref>
-<br/>
+== Cajouvalor Project ==
-−
-<br/>
-−
-−
-== &nbsp;Cajouvalor Project ==
 This project utilized cashew nut shells to generate energy using a High Calorific Cashew Pyrolyser H2CP. A H2CP transforms waste from cashew nut shells into two types of fuel:
@@ Line 80: / Line 60: @@
 <br/>
 = References =
-<references /><references /><br/>
+<references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biomass]]