Charcoal Production - Revision history

Johanna at 07:45, 24 July 2019

2019-07-24T07:45:26Z

Lisafeldmann: /* Charcoal Briquetting */

2019-07-23T08:55:55Z

‎Charcoal Briquetting

Lisafeldmann: /* Challenges and Potentials to Sustainable Charcoal Production */

2019-07-23T08:53:15Z

‎Challenges and Potentials to Sustainable Charcoal Production

Lisafeldmann: /* Basics on Charcoal */

2019-07-23T08:52:34Z

‎Basics on Charcoal

Johanna at 10:35, 15 July 2019

2019-07-15T10:35:54Z

Villard Guilhem: /* The Industrial Process */

2019-07-14T15:17:42Z

‎The Industrial Process

Villard Guilhem: /* Basics on Charcoal */

2019-07-14T15:08:36Z

‎Basics on Charcoal

Villard Guilhem: /* Further Information */

2019-07-14T14:48:29Z

‎Further Information

Villard Guilhem: /* Further Information */

2019-07-14T14:46:29Z

‎Further Information

Villard Guilhem: /* Further Information */

2019-07-14T14:45:59Z

‎Further Information

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 Charcoal is a prime source of energy in most African countries, and is a driving force in their economies. Worldwide charcoal production has increased, rising by an annual 3.7% from 1990 to reach 44 million tones in 2000 (see: [[:File:FAO 154-Forests and energy-2008.pdf|FAO (2008), Forests and Energy]] (pdf))
 = Challenges and Potentials to Sustainable Charcoal Production<br/> =
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 <br/>
 = Basics on Charcoal<br/> =
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 = Technological Aspects<br/> =
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 = Charcoal Briquetting<br/> =
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 [[File:Briquetting process.jpg|right|215px|Briquetting process.jpg|alt=Briquetting process.jpg]]
-A briquette is a block of flammable matter used as fuel to start and maintain a fire. Residues from agriculture and forestry e.g. bagasse, coffee husks, saw-dust, and coconut husks are a valuable source of raw material and can be used for producing briquettes.The briquetting process entails many steps. After collection, the wood or agro-industrial waste is dried before it is converted to charcoal in a charring kiln. The carbonised biomass is then mixed with water and locally-available binders such as starch, gum arabic, molasses, clay and others. Finally, the mixture (powdered charcoal + binder mixture) is pressed into briquettes. Piston and screw presses are the most widely used technologies where as in the developed countries roll presses are more here[[Biomass_Briquettes_–_Production_and_Marketing|here]]common. The production capacity of screw presses is around 40 to 70 kg per hour. After a subsequent drying step, the briquettes will develop the required strength and stability.Forest and agricultural waste charcoal briquettes, with about 20% of clay, produce about 12 MJ/kg depending on the composition of charcoal.
+A briquette is a block of flammable matter used as fuel to start and maintain a fire. Residues from agriculture and forestry e.g. bagasse, coffee husks, saw-dust, and coconut husks are a valuable source of raw material and can be used for producing briquettes.The briquetting process entails many steps. After collection, the wood or agro-industrial waste is dried before it is converted to charcoal in a charring kiln. The carbonised biomass is then mixed with water and locally-available binders such as starch, gum arabic, molasses, clay and others. Finally, the mixture (powdered charcoal + binder mixture) is pressed into briquettes. Piston and screw presses are the most widely used technologies where as in the developed countries roll presses are more common. The production capacity of screw presses is around 40 to 70 kg per hour. After a subsequent drying step, the briquettes will develop the required strength and stability. Forest and agricultural waste charcoal briquettes, with about 20% of clay, produce about 12 MJ/kg depending on the composition of charcoal.
 Further information on biomass charcoal briquetting for energy based income generation in rural areas can be found in the booklet [http://www.amm-mcrc.org/publications/BiomassCharcoalBriquetting_English.pdf Biomass Charcoal Briquetting].<br/>The GIZ Program to promote rural electrification and a sustainable supply of domestic fuel (PERACOD) in Senegal documented their experience at the [http://www.peracod.sn/?lang=en Peracod website].
-More information about production and marketing of briquettes can also be found [[Biomass_Briquettes_–_Production_and_Marketing|here]] on energypedia.<br/>
+More information about production and marketing of briquettes can also be found [[Biomass Briquettes – Production and Marketing|here]] on energypedia.<br/>
 = Transport and Marketing<br/> =
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 {{#set: Hera category=Woodfuel Supply}}
 [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium_(GIZ_HERA)]]

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 <br/>
 = Charcoal Briquetting<br/> =
@@ Line 265: / Line 266: @@
 [[File:Briquetting process.jpg|right|215px|Briquetting process.jpg|alt=Briquetting process.jpg]]
-A briquette is a block of flammable matter used as fuel to start and maintain a fire. Residues from agriculture and forestry e.g. bagasse, coffee husks, saw-dust, and coconut husks are a valuable source of raw material and can be used for producing briquettes.The briquetting process entails many steps. After collection, the wood or agro-industrial waste is dried before it is converted to charcoal in a charring kiln. The carbonised biomass is then mixed with water and locally-available binders such as starch, gum arabic, molasses, clay and others. Finally, the mixture (powdered charcoal + binder mixture) is pressed into briquettes. Piston and screw presses are the most widely used technologies where as in the developed countries roll presses are more common. The production capacity of screw presses is around 40 to 70 kg per hour. After a subsequent drying step, the briquettes will develop the required strength and stability.Forest and agricultural waste charcoal briquettes, with about 20% of clay, produce about 12 MJ/kg depending on the composition of charcoal.
+A briquette is a block of flammable matter used as fuel to start and maintain a fire. Residues from agriculture and forestry e.g. bagasse, coffee husks, saw-dust, and coconut husks are a valuable source of raw material and can be used for producing briquettes.The briquetting process entails many steps. After collection, the wood or agro-industrial waste is dried before it is converted to charcoal in a charring kiln. The carbonised biomass is then mixed with water and locally-available binders such as starch, gum arabic, molasses, clay and others. Finally, the mixture (powdered charcoal + binder mixture) is pressed into briquettes. Piston and screw presses are the most widely used technologies where as in the developed countries roll presses are more here[[Biomass_Briquettes_–_Production_and_Marketing|here]]common. The production capacity of screw presses is around 40 to 70 kg per hour. After a subsequent drying step, the briquettes will develop the required strength and stability.Forest and agricultural waste charcoal briquettes, with about 20% of clay, produce about 12 MJ/kg depending on the composition of charcoal.
 Further information on biomass charcoal briquetting for energy based income generation in rural areas can be found in the booklet [http://www.amm-mcrc.org/publications/BiomassCharcoalBriquetting_English.pdf Biomass Charcoal Briquetting].<br/>The GIZ Program to promote rural electrification and a sustainable supply of domestic fuel (PERACOD) in Senegal documented their experience at the [http://www.peracod.sn/?lang=en Peracod website].
-<br/>
+More information about production and marketing of briquettes can also be found [[Biomass_Briquettes_–_Production_and_Marketing|here]] on energypedia.<br/>
 = Transport and Marketing<br/> =

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 Charcoal is a prime source of energy in most African countries, and is a driving force in their economies. Worldwide charcoal production has increased, rising by an annual 3.7% from 1990 to reach 44 million tones in 2000 (see: [[:File:FAO 154-Forests and energy-2008.pdf|FAO (2008), Forests and Energy]] (pdf))
 = Challenges and Potentials to Sustainable Charcoal Production<br/> =
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 <br/>
-*the supra-regional Chaposa project (1998-2002) investigating the charcoal potential for Southern Africa:
+*the supra-regional Chaposa project (1998-2002) investigating the charcoal potential for Southern Africa: -> [http://sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/chaposa.pdf Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa CHAPOSA]
-−
 -> [http://sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/chaposa.pdf Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa CHAPOSA]
-−
-<br/>
-−
 *the National Charcoal Survey:Exploring the potential for a sustainable charcoal industry in Kenya (ESD 2005)
 *the study initiated by the Forest Governance Learning Group (FGLG) for Malawi: [http://pubs.iied.org/13544IIED.html Charcoal - the reality: A study of charcoal consumption, trade and production in Malawi]
-*a policy note prepared by Worldbank staff for decision makers in Tanzania summarizing the fundamental characteristics of charcoal use in the country and presenting policy options along the entire value chain of charcoal production and consumption (2010):
+*a policy note prepared by Worldbank staff for decision makers in Tanzania summarizing the fundamental characteristics of charcoal use in the country and presenting policy options along the entire value chain of charcoal production and consumption (2010): [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCC/Resources/PolicyNote_Charcoal_TZ_08-09.pdf ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS OR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY? Transforming the charcoal sector in Tanzania]
-−
 [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCC/Resources/PolicyNote_Charcoal_TZ_08-09.pdf ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS OR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY? Transforming the charcoal sector in Tanzania]
 <br/>

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 = Basics on Charcoal<br/> =
-Charcoal is produced following several processes, artisanal and industrial. The best known industrial processes are '''slow pyrolysis''' and '''supra-carbonization'''.<br/>
+Charcoal is produced following several processes, artisanal and industrial. The best known industrial processes are slow pyrolysis and supra-carbonization.<br/>
-During combustion, the wood will undergo 2 to 3 different chemical reactions: 2 for pyrolysis with endothermic and exothermic; we must add a third for supra-carbonization, that is, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">endothermic</span> again. Because of this, charcoal has a higher fixed carbon content.
+During combustion, the wood will undergo 2 to 3 different chemical reactions: 2 for pyrolysis with endothermic and exothermic; we must add a third for supra-carbonization, that is, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">endothermic</span> again. Because of this, charcoal has a higher fixed carbon content.<br/>
-#Pyrolysis consists of heating wood or other substances, in the absence of oxygen, with external energy.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Pyrolysis is initiated by heating a pile of wood under controlled conditions in a closed space such as a charcoal kiln with a very limited supply of air triggering endothermic and exothermic reactions. The biomass produces a a result of the pyrolysis process, a mixture of gas, liquid and charcoal.</span>
+#Pyrolysis consists of heating wood or other substances, in the absence of oxygen, with external energy.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Pyrolysis is initiated by heating a pile of wood under controlled conditions in a closed space such as a charcoal kiln with a very limited supply of air triggering endothermic and exothermic reactions. The biomass produces, as a result of the pyrolysis process, a mixture of gas, liquid and charcoal.</span><br/>
 #Supra-carbonisation ("MAGE" technology) does not require external energy, unlike pyrolysis, since it is the wood itself which serves as ignition for the furnaces and is done by the upper part; and with the help of high chimneys, this allows to control the process during the carbonization phase. As the fresh air intake is located below the furnaces, the carbonization front goes downhill because the air at the top of the furnaces is consumed first. The combustion phase is followed by a carbonizer, in order to avoid the total ignition of the wood inside the oven, as well as the evaporation of the water present in the raw material (up to 100 ° C). The energy required for this step comes from the partial combustion of the wood, giving CO, CO2, acetic acid and methanol (up to 270 ° C). Then, the exothermic decomposition of the wood begins, between 270 and 300 ° C, causing an increase in the temperature inside the furnace up to 400 ° C, with the production of charcoal, plant tar and pyroligneous extracts. At this stage, the charcoal still contains a large amount of volatile compounds (about 30%), with a fixed carbon content of 60 to 65%. At + 800 ° C, the fixed carbon content reaches 82 to 84% for 3 to 7% of volatile compounds.<br/>
-Charcoal is first of all characterized by its density which can vary between 0.2 and 0.6 t/m<sup>3</sup> depending on the density of wood used as raw material. Charcoal produced from hardwood is heavy and strong, whereas produced from softwood is soft and light. The coefficient of transformation is about half (example: eucalyptus with a density of about 0.6 gives charcoal with a density of around 0.25 to 0.35).<br/>The bulk density of charcoal does not only depend on the apparent density but also on the size distribution, and is in the range of 180 - 220 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br/>Charcoal has a relatively low moisture content of around 3 to 10%. The gross calorific value of charcoal is linked to the amount of fixed carbon and depends strongly on the carbonization temperature varying from 27 to 33 MJ/kg. Low carbonization temperatures give a higher yield of charcoal but this charcoal is low grade, is corrosive due to its content of acidic tars, and does not burn with a clean smoke-free flame. Good commercial charcoal should have a fixed carbon content of about 75% and a final carbonization temperature of around 500°C.
+Charcoal is first of all characterized by its density which can vary between 0.2 and 0.6 t/m<sup>3</sup> depending on the density of wood used as raw material. Charcoal produced from hardwood is heavy and strong, whereas produced from softwood is soft and light. The coefficient of transformation is about half (example: eucalyptus with a density of about 0.6 gives charcoal with a density of around 0.25 to 0.35).<br/>The bulk density of charcoal does not only depend on the apparent density but also on the size distribution, and is in the range of 180 - 220 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br/>Charcoal has a relatively low moisture content of around 3 to 10%. The gross calorific value of charcoal is linked to the amount of fixed carbon and depends strongly on the carbonization temperature varying from 27 to 33 MJ/kg. Low carbonization temperatures give a higher yield of charcoal but this charcoal is low grade, is corrosive due to its content of acidic tars, and does not burn with a clean smoke-free flame. Good commercial charcoal should have a fixed carbon content of about 75% and a final carbonization temperature of around 500°C.<br/>
 <br/>
 = Technological Aspects<br/> =

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 [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCC/Resources/PolicyNote_Charcoal_TZ_08-09.pdf ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS OR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY? Transforming the charcoal sector in Tanzania]
 = Basics on Charcoal<br/> =
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 Charcoal is produced following several processes, artisanal and industrial. The best known industrial processes are '''slow pyrolysis''' and '''supra-carbonization'''.<br/>
-During combustion, the wood will undergo 2 to 3 different chemical reactions: 2 for pyrolysis with endothermic and exothermic; we must add a third for supra-carbonization, that is, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">endothermic</span> again. Because of this, charcoal has a higher fixed carbon content.
+During combustion, the wood will undergo 2 to 3 different chemical reactions: 2 for pyrolysis with endothermic and exothermic; we must add a third for supra-carbonization, that is, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">endothermic</span> again. Because of this, charcoal has a higher fixed carbon content.
-#Pyrolysis consists of heating wood or other substances, in the absence of oxygen, with external energy.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pyrolysis is initiated by heating a pile of wood under controlled conditions in a closed space such as a charcoal kiln with a very limited supply of air triggering endothermic and exothermic reactions. The biomass produces a a result of the pyrolysis process, a mixture of gas, liquid and charcoal.</span>
+#Pyrolysis consists of heating wood or other substances, in the absence of oxygen, with external energy.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Pyrolysis is initiated by heating a pile of wood under controlled conditions in a closed space such as a charcoal kiln with a very limited supply of air triggering endothermic and exothermic reactions. The biomass produces a a result of the pyrolysis process, a mixture of gas, liquid and charcoal.</span>
 #Supra-carbonisation ("MAGE" technology) does not require external energy, unlike pyrolysis, since it is the wood itself which serves as ignition for the furnaces and is done by the upper part; and with the help of high chimneys, this allows to control the process during the carbonization phase. As the fresh air intake is located below the furnaces, the carbonization front goes downhill because the air at the top of the furnaces is consumed first. The combustion phase is followed by a carbonizer, in order to avoid the total ignition of the wood inside the oven, as well as the evaporation of the water present in the raw material (up to 100 ° C). The energy required for this step comes from the partial combustion of the wood, giving CO, CO2, acetic acid and methanol (up to 270 ° C). Then, the exothermic decomposition of the wood begins, between 270 and 300 ° C, causing an increase in the temperature inside the furnace up to 400 ° C, with the production of charcoal, plant tar and pyroligneous extracts. At this stage, the charcoal still contains a large amount of volatile compounds (about 30%), with a fixed carbon content of 60 to 65%. At + 800 ° C, the fixed carbon content reaches 82 to 84% for 3 to 7% of volatile compounds.<br/>
 Charcoal is first of all characterized by its density which can vary between 0.2 and 0.6 t/m<sup>3</sup> depending on the density of wood used as raw material. Charcoal produced from hardwood is heavy and strong, whereas produced from softwood is soft and light. The coefficient of transformation is about half (example: eucalyptus with a density of about 0.6 gives charcoal with a density of around 0.25 to 0.35).<br/>The bulk density of charcoal does not only depend on the apparent density but also on the size distribution, and is in the range of 180 - 220 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br/>Charcoal has a relatively low moisture content of around 3 to 10%. The gross calorific value of charcoal is linked to the amount of fixed carbon and depends strongly on the carbonization temperature varying from 27 to 33 MJ/kg. Low carbonization temperatures give a higher yield of charcoal but this charcoal is low grade, is corrosive due to its content of acidic tars, and does not burn with a clean smoke-free flame. Good commercial charcoal should have a fixed carbon content of about 75% and a final carbonization temperature of around 500°C.
 = Technological Aspects<br/> =
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 == The "mobile adam-retort" ==
-[[File:Mobile Adam Retort Testrun Trailer Small.JPG|thumb|right|200px|alt=Mobile Adam Retort Testrun Trailer Small.JPG]]This lately developed '''mobile retort''' by Dr.Chris Adam is available since 2015 and its design is based on 2 oil drums. These oil drums are replacable.Charcoal Briquetting
+[[File:Mobile Adam Retort Testrun Trailer Small.JPG|thumb|right|200px|alt=Mobile Adam Retort Testrun Trailer Small.JPG]]This lately developed '''mobile retort''' by Dr.Chris Adam is available since 2015 and its design is based on 2 oil drums. These oil drums are replacable.
 The mobile retort burns most of the smoke and works with high efficiency of about 30% referring to the dry mass of the wood. About 140kg of wet wood (corresponding to about 120kg of wood without water) can be loaded and about 35kg of charcoal (high temperature burnt) can be harvested.<br/>
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 = Industrial Process<br/> =
-== <span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: -webkit-standard;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial;">The supra-carbonization technology "MAGE"</span></span><br/> ==
+== <span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: -webkit-standard"><span style="font-size: 13pt;  font-family: Arial">The supra-carbonization technology "MAGE"</span></span><br/> ==
 [[File:Fours MAGE.jpg|thumb|left|180px|alt=Fours MAGE.jpg]]The innovative character of the "MAGE" supra-carbonization process ([https://www.blukarb.com/english/ https://www.blukarb.com/english/]) is based on the use of vertical cylindrical metal furnaces, intended for the carbonization of wood at temperatures of around 800 °C, to reach a fixed carbon content in charcoal between 82 and 84%, higher than the standard NF EN 1860-2 June 2005.
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 *A factory of 10 furnaces can be installed on a site of only 10,764 sq m; it generates about 40,000 carbon credits over the year;
-The volume of the furnace is about 16m³ of wood and at least 1,500 KGs of charcoal are produced per carbonization cycle, for 1 oven&nbsp;: 36,000 KGs for 24 carbonizations per month.
+The volume of the furnace is about 16m³ of wood and at least 1,500 KGs of charcoal are produced per carbonization cycle, for 1 oven&nbsp;: 36,000 KGs for 24 carbonizations per month.<ref>Blu Karb https://www.blukarb.com</ref>
 = Charcoal Briquetting<br/> =
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+<br/>
-−
 = Further Information<br/> =
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 |}
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 = References<br/> =
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 {{#set: Hera category=Woodfuel Supply}}
 [[Category:Cooking_Energy]]

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 <br/>
 == <span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: -webkit-standard;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial;">The supra-carbonization technology "MAGE"</span></span><br/> ==
-[[File:Fours MAGE.jpg|thumb|left|180px|alt=Fours MAGE.jpg]]The innovative character of the "MAGE" supra-carbonization process (https://www.blukarb.com/english/) is based on the use of vertical cylindrical metal furnaces, intended for the carbonization of wood at temperatures of around 800 °C, to reach a fixed carbon content in charcoal between 82 and 84%, higher than the standard NF EN 1860-2 June 2005.
+[[File:Fours MAGE.jpg|thumb|left|180px|alt=Fours MAGE.jpg]]The innovative character of the "MAGE" supra-carbonization process ([https://www.blukarb.com/english/ https://www.blukarb.com/english/]) is based on the use of vertical cylindrical metal furnaces, intended for the carbonization of wood at temperatures of around 800 °C, to reach a fixed carbon content in charcoal between 82 and 84%, higher than the standard NF EN 1860-2 June 2005.
 '''The production process does not contaminate soil or air. All gases from carbonization are destroyed by a flare.'''

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 |-
-| style="width: 597px;" | More information on "MAGE" technology<span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: -webkit-standard;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span>
+| style="width: 621px;" | More information on "MAGE" technology<span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: -webkit-standard;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial;">&nbsp;:&nbsp;</span></span>
 <br/><span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: -webkit-standard;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial;"></span></span><span style="font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: medium;"></span>
-| style="width: 172px;" |
+| style="width: 148px;" |
 *<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">www.blukarb.com</span><br/>