Climate Change and Transport - Revision history

Ranisha at 15:22, 20 August 2014

2014-08-20T15:22:04Z

Show changes

Katharina Wiedemann at 11:14, 7 August 2014

2014-08-07T11:14:50Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 08:12, 15 May 2013

2013-05-15T08:12:45Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 08:10, 15 May 2013

2013-05-15T08:10:01Z

Bui Anh Ngoc: /* Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) */

2013-05-15T00:39:39Z

‎Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Bui Anh Ngoc: /* Global Environment Facility (GEF) */

2013-05-15T00:38:52Z

‎Global Environment Facility (GEF)

Bui Anh Ngoc at 00:48, 8 April 2013

2013-04-08T00:48:33Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 07:55, 3 April 2013

2013-04-03T07:55:18Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 12:27, 2 April 2013

2013-04-02T12:27:03Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu: /* Further Information */

2013-04-02T12:25:21Z

‎Further Information

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-= Transport’s Contribution to Man-made Emissions =
+= Overview =
-Anthropologic '''greenhouse gas (GHG)''' emissions from transport are key contributor to global climate change. '''Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)''' represents the largest proportion of GHG emissions. Over the past three decades, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from transport have risen faster than those from all other sectors and are projected to rise more rapidly. At present industrialized countries are the main sources of transport emissions. However, the proportion of emissions being produced in developing countries is increasing rapidly. The majority of transport fuel emissions (76%) are from road transport, including four-wheeled vehicles and personal pickup trucks. Air travel produces around 12% of transport CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and its share is growing rapidly.<br/>
+Anthropologic '''greenhouse gas (GHG)''' emissions from transport are key contributor to global climate change. '''Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)''' represents the largest proportion of GHG emissions. Over the past three decades, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from transport have risen faster than those from all other sectors and are projected to rise more rapidly. At present industrialized countries are the main sources of transport emissions. However, the proportion of emissions being produced in developing countries is increasing rapidly. The majority of transport fuel emissions (76%) are from road transport, including four-wheeled vehicles and personal pickup trucks. Air travel produces around 12% of transport CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and its share is growing rapidly.
 In addressing the impacts of climate change through sustainable transport instruments, cities are also able to benefit from a range of advantages including improved air quality, reduced noise disturbance, or increased road safety. Moreover, social and economic benefits can be expected.<br/>
@@ Line 11: / Line 15: @@
 <p style="text-align: center"></p>
 [[File:Sustainable Transport Instruments.png|thumb|center|700px|Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (Dalkmann et. al. 2010)|alt=Figure 1: Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (source Dalkmann et. al. 2010)]]
-<p style="text-align: right;"><ref name="Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.">Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; font-size: 0.85em;"></span></p>
+<p style="text-align: right"><ref name="Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.">Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;  text-align: center;  font-size: 0.85em"></span></p>
-== <span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 23px;">Planning Instruments</span> ==
+== <span style="font-size: 19px;  line-height: 23px">Planning Instruments</span> ==
 ''Land use planning'': Smart infrastructure design will influence both the demand for and the efficiency of transport. “Mixed land use” mixes the various forms of land use like housing, working, shopping, or public services within one city quarter. A smart mixture can significantly reduce the need to travel or distances travelled and thus decrease energy consumption and emissions. Good access to public transport can also be a major contributor to cutting emissions. Parking management can affect the relative price and convenience of driving.
@@ Line 106: / Line 110: @@
 = Further Information =
-Further and more detailed information can be found on the homepage of the '''[http://www.sutp.org/ Sustainable Urban Transport Project (SUTP)]'''. The Sustainable Urban Transport Project aims to help developing world cities achieve their sustainable transport goals, through the dissemination of information about international experience, policy advice, training and capacity building.
+*Further and more detailed information can be found on the homepage of the '''[http://www.sutp.org/ Sustainable Urban Transport Project (SUTP)]'''. The Sustainable Urban Transport Project aims to help developing world cities achieve their sustainable transport goals, through the dissemination of information about international experience, policy advice, training and capacity building.
 <br/>
@@ Line 114: / Line 119: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Mobility]]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 In addressing the impacts of climate change through sustainable transport instruments, cities are also able to benefit from a range of advantages including improved air quality, reduced noise disturbance, or increased road safety. Moreover, social and economic benefits can be expected.<br/>
-<p style="text-align: center">[[File:Surface warming at the end of the 21st century.jpg|frame|center|404px|Surface warming at the end of the 21st century|alt=Surface warming at the end of the 21st century]]</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">[[File:Surface warming at the end of the 21st century.jpg|thumb|center|404px|Surface warming at the end of the 21st century|alt=Surface warming at the end of the 21st century]]</p>
 <br/>
 = Sustainable Transport Instruments<br/> =
 <p style="text-align: center"></p>
-[[File:Sustainable Transport Instruments.png|center|700px|Figure 1: Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (source Dalkmann et. al. 2010)|alt=Figure 1: Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (source Dalkmann et. al. 2010)]]
+[[File:Sustainable Transport Instruments.png|thumb|center|700px|Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (Dalkmann et. al. 2010)|alt=Figure 1: Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (source Dalkmann et. al. 2010)]]
-<p style="text-align: center">Figure 1: Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (Dalkmann et. al., 2010)<ref name="Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.">Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.</ref></p>
+<p style="text-align: right;"><ref name="Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.">Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; font-size: 0.85em;"></span></p>
-<br/>
+== <span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 23px;">Planning Instruments</span> ==
-−
 == Planning Instruments ==
 ''Land use planning'': Smart infrastructure design will influence both the demand for and the efficiency of transport. “Mixed land use” mixes the various forms of land use like housing, working, shopping, or public services within one city quarter. A smart mixture can significantly reduce the need to travel or distances travelled and thus decrease energy consumption and emissions. Good access to public transport can also be a major contributor to cutting emissions. Parking management can affect the relative price and convenience of driving.
@@ Line 116: / Line 114: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Transport]]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 In addressing the impacts of climate change through sustainable transport instruments, cities are also able to benefit from a range of advantages including improved air quality, reduced noise disturbance, or increased road safety. Moreover, social and economic benefits can be expected.<br/>
-<p style="text-align: center">[[File:Surface warming at the end of the 21st century.jpg|none|404px|Surface warming at the end of the 21st century]]<br/></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">[[File:Surface warming at the end of the 21st century.jpg|frame|center|404px|Surface warming at the end of the 21st century|alt=Surface warming at the end of the 21st century]]</p>
 <br/>
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 == Technology Improvements and Instruments ==
-The key aims in order to achieve reduced GHG emissions from transport are to change travel behavior and/or the technology used. Technology improvements often focus on fuels, propulsion technology, other vehicle attributes, and use of communication and information technologies. They may sometimes seem to be easier to implement than policies that may restrain vehicle demand and use, primarily as they require less behavioral and lifestyle change. However, technology improvements are most effective when implemented in conjunction with other instruments within a larger strategy.<br/>
+The key aims in order to achieve reduced GHG emissions from transport are to change travel behavior and/or the technology used. Technology improvements often focus on fuels, propulsion technology, other vehicle attributes, and use of communication and information technologies. They may sometimes seem to be easier to implement than policies that may restrain vehicle demand and use, primarily as they require less behavioral and lifestyle change. However, technology improvements are most effective when implemented in conjunction with other instruments within a larger strategy.
-−
-<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 80: / Line 78: @@
 The largest CO<sub>2</sub> reduction can be achieved by the implementation of a package of measures, including '''Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)''', pedestrian upgrades and cycle ways. This is estimated to result in a reduction of more than 12 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub> from the baseline at mitigation costs of US$30 per ton of CO<sub>2</sub>.<br/>
-A range of co-benefits can be achieved through the implementation of sustainable transport instruments. Co-benefits include health and safety, the economy, accessibility to key services and activities and air pollution.<br/>
+A range of co-benefits can be achieved through the implementation of sustainable transport instruments. Co-benefits include health and safety, the economy, accessibility to key services and activities and air pollution.
-−
-<br/>
 <br/>
 = Financial Mechanisms to Tackle Climate Change =
 == Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) ==
-The [[Assessing_Climate_Finance_for_Sustainable_Transport|CDM]] allows industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries. These are usually alternatives to what is considered to be more costly emission reductions in their own country. CDM projects provide additional funds for investment in developing countries and can lead to better infrastructure and technology. Investment using that mechanism should lead to sustainable development as projects are assessed for their impact on reducing GHG emissions. For developed countries the benefits of getting involved in the CDM is that they will be able to implement GHG emissions at lower costs than in their own country.<br/>
+The [[Assessing Climate Finance for Sustainable Transport|CDM]] allows industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries. These are usually alternatives to what is considered to be more costly emission reductions in their own country. CDM projects provide additional funds for investment in developing countries and can lead to better infrastructure and technology. Investment using that mechanism should lead to sustainable development as projects are assessed for their impact on reducing GHG emissions. For developed countries the benefits of getting involved in the CDM is that they will be able to implement GHG emissions at lower costs than in their own country.
 <br/>
 == Global Environment Facility (GEF)<br/> ==
-The [[Assessing_Climate_Finance_for_Sustainable_Transport|GEF]]was set up to fund projects and programs aimed to protect the global environment. It only proved co-funding; a significant contribution to financing of the project needs to come from other sources. Projects can include biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer and persistent organic pollutants.
+The [[Assessing Climate Finance for Sustainable Transport|GEFwas]] set up to fund projects and programs aimed to protect the global environment. It only proved co-funding; a significant contribution to financing of the project needs to come from other sources. Projects can include biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer and persistent organic pollutants.
-By using the GEF developing countries and cities can mobilize additional funding to implement projects that are their core interest. In the transport sector, co-funding from the GEF can be used to improve public transport or promote non-motorized transport. To be eligible for GEF funding, projects must have a benefit for the global environment and fulfill specific formal criteria.<br/>
+By using the GEF developing countries and cities can mobilize additional funding to implement projects that are their core interest. In the transport sector, co-funding from the GEF can be used to improve public transport or promote non-motorized transport. To be eligible for GEF funding, projects must have a benefit for the global environment and fulfill specific formal criteria.
 <br/>
 = Summary =
@@ Line 112: / Line 103: @@
 Decision-makers and city administrations may have concerns regarding the impact of reducing the level of motorized transport on the economy. But there is evidence to suggest that by encouraging travel by sustainable transport modes GDP can continue to grow and economies can continue to develop. Sustainable urban transport can improve the local environment, reduce local air pollution and congestion levels – and thus make cities more desirable places to live, work, and visit.
 <br/>
@@ Line 120: / Line 109: @@
 Further and more detailed information can be found on the homepage of the '''[http://www.sutp.org/ Sustainable Urban Transport Project (SUTP)]'''. The Sustainable Urban Transport Project aims to help developing world cities achieve their sustainable transport goals, through the dissemination of information about international experience, policy advice, training and capacity building.
 <br/>
@@ Line 129: / Line 116: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Transport]]

@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 = Financial Mechanisms to Tackle Climate Change =
 == Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) ==
-The CDM allows industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries. These are usually alternatives to what is considered to be more costly emission reductions in their own country. CDM projects provide additional funds for investment in developing countries and can lead to better infrastructure and technology. Investment using that mechanism should lead to sustainable development as projects are assessed for their impact on reducing GHG emissions. For developed countries the benefits of getting involved in the CDM is that they will be able to implement GHG emissions at lower costs than in their own country.<br/>
+The [[Assessing_Climate_Finance_for_Sustainable_Transport|CDM]] allows industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries. These are usually alternatives to what is considered to be more costly emission reductions in their own country. CDM projects provide additional funds for investment in developing countries and can lead to better infrastructure and technology. Investment using that mechanism should lead to sustainable development as projects are assessed for their impact on reducing GHG emissions. For developed countries the benefits of getting involved in the CDM is that they will be able to implement GHG emissions at lower costs than in their own country.<br/>
 <br/>

@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 <br/>
 == Global Environment Facility (GEF)<br/> ==
-The GEF was set up to fund projects and programs aimed to protect the global environment. It only proved co-funding; a significant contribution to financing of the project needs to come from other sources. Projects can include biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer and persistent organic pollutants.
+The [[Assessing_Climate_Finance_for_Sustainable_Transport|GEF]]was set up to fund projects and programs aimed to protect the global environment. It only proved co-funding; a significant contribution to financing of the project needs to come from other sources. Projects can include biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer and persistent organic pollutants.
 By using the GEF developing countries and cities can mobilize additional funding to implement projects that are their core interest. In the transport sector, co-funding from the GEF can be used to improve public transport or promote non-motorized transport. To be eligible for GEF funding, projects must have a benefit for the global environment and fulfill specific formal criteria.<br/>
@@ Line 103: / Line 104: @@
 <br/>
 = Summary =

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 [[File:Sustainable Transport Instruments.png|center|700px|Figure 1: Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (source Dalkmann et. al. 2010)|alt=Figure 1: Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (source Dalkmann et. al. 2010)]]
-<p style="text-align: center;">Figure 1: Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (source Dalkmann et. al. 2010)</p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Figure 1: Overview of Sustainable Transport Instruments (Dalkmann et. al., 2010)<ref name="Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.">Dalkmann, H. et al., 2010. Transport and Climate Change, Module 5e. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.</ref></p>
 <br/>
@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 = References<br/> =
-Dalkmann, Brannigan, Sivell, Leben, Reeves, Bongardt, Kebeck, Thielmann 2010, ''Transport and Climate Change'', re-edition, Eschborn, Germany<br/>
+<references /><br/>
-−
-<br/>
-−
-<br/><references /><br/>
 [[Category:Mobility]]
 [[Category:Transport]]