Democratic Republic of the Congo Energy Situation - Revision history

Ranisha at 14:51, 23 March 2020

2020-03-23T14:51:09Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 13:34, 21 January 2020

2020-01-21T13:34:37Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 09:42, 15 August 2019

2019-08-15T09:42:57Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 09:19, 15 August 2019

2019-08-15T09:19:39Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 08:57, 15 August 2019

2019-08-15T08:57:32Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 13:56, 7 August 2019

2019-08-07T13:56:28Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 12:22, 7 August 2019

2019-08-07T12:22:20Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini: /* General Indicators */

2019-08-07T11:53:59Z

‎General Indicators

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 11:49, 7 August 2019

2019-08-07T11:49:37Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 13:45, 6 August 2019

2019-08-06T13:45:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:51, 23 March 2020
Line 510:		Line 510:

	<br/>		<br/>
		+
		+	= Clean Cooking =
		+
		+	More than 90% of the population rely on biomass (charcoal, firewood) for cooking. In Kinshasa and Kisangani alone 4.9 million m3 of firewood was traded whic exceeds the official volume of biomass traded by 12 times.  Cooking is mostly carried out by women in DRC, however, fuel and stove companies are often run by men. [https://spark.adobe.com/page/ZGT1d1PD1oLSV/?fbclid=IwAR1EHQreL05YSV4t1SD3fbmYPQ6yis_hCDEamxGktU37so56cdX4vigbjHQ Read more]

	= Fossil Fuels =		= Fossil Fuels =

@@ Line 583: / Line 583: @@
 = Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
-Even though the DRC possesses prosperous and varied resources for energy generation, the energy sector still falls far behind. This is due to the many problems, which the energy sector faces. In order to expand, improve and develop the country's energy sector, these challenges need to be mitigated and fixed. Some of these challenges are listed below<ref name="Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf">Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf</ref><ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>:&nbsp;&nbsp;
+Even though the DRC possesses prosperous and varied resources for energy generation, the energy sector still falls far behind. This is due to the many problems, which the energy sector faces. In order to expand, improve and develop the country's energy sector, these challenges need to be mitigated and fixed. Some of these challenges are listed below<ref name="Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf">Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf</ref><ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref><ref name="Power Africa. (2018). Democratic Republic of Congo Factsheet. Retrieved from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/DRC-_November_2018_Country_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf">Power Africa. (2018). Democratic Republic of Congo Factsheet. Retrieved from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/DRC-_November_2018_Country_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf</ref>:&nbsp;&nbsp;
 #<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Uncertainty&nbsp;</span>of the country's political <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">situation</span>.
 #Lack of investment interest.
 #Unreliability of current electricity grids.
-#Lack of proper management of the energy sector.
+#Lack of proper management & governance of the energy sector.
 #Insufficiency of the current energy supply.
 #The very poor operating and maintenance conditions of the country's energy sector and power systems.
@@ Line 596: / Line 596: @@
 #Instability of the economic situation in the country.
 #The low level of both proper awareness and needed educational background.
 <br/>
@@ Line 606: / Line 609: @@
 = Further Information =
 = References =
 <references /><br/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:42, 15 August 2019
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	= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =		= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
		+
		+	Even though the DRC possesses prosperous and varied resources for energy generation, the energy sector still falls far behind. This is due to the many problems, which the energy sector faces. In order to expand, improve and develop the country's energy sector, these challenges need to be mitigated and fixed. Some of these challenges are listed below<ref name="Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf">Bertule, M. Hansen, J.I. Karavai, M. Sandbukt, S. Staun, F. Wieben, E. & Lütken, S.E. (2013). Emissions Reduction Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/366216/emissions-reduction-profile-dr_congo.pdf</ref><ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>:
		+
		+	#<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Uncertainty </span>of the country's political <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">situation</span>.
		+	#Lack of investment interest.
		+	#Unreliability of current electricity grids.
		+	#Lack of proper management of the energy sector.
		+	#Insufficiency of the current energy supply.
		+	#The very poor operating and maintenance conditions of the country's energy sector and power systems.
		+	#Lack of needed funds and both financial and technical skills.
		+	#Lack of needed proper policies for the implementation of more renewable energy <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">projects</span>.
		+	#Lack of technological advancements.
		+	#Instability of the economic situation in the country.
		+	#The low level of both proper awareness and needed educational background.

	<br/>		<br/>

@@ Line 576: / Line 576: @@
 [[File:14- DRC's final consumption of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|750px|DRC's final consumption of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/>
 = Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
 = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations =

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:57, 15 August 2019
Line 512:		Line 512:

	= Fossil Fuels =		= Fossil Fuels =
		+
		+	== Oil ==
		+
		+	There are proven oil reserves in the country's western coastal basin, in addition to other unexplored two basins<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. The DRC ranked as the 2nd largest country with oil reserves in Africa, following Angola, back in the year 2009, with about 180 million barrels worth of <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background: white;">reserves<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. </span>
		+
		+	<br/>
		+
		+	During 2017, the country's production of crude oil averaged 19160 bbl/day, and in 2015, its export average of the same product was about 20000 bbl/day<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html</ref>.
		+
		+	<br/>
		+
		+	{\| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
		+	\|+ Table: DRC's Different Final Consumption Rates of Oil Generally & in Different Sectors 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref>
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Oil Consumption
		+	! scope="col" \| Unit
		+	! scope="col" \| 2000
		+	! scope="col" \| 2005
		+	! scope="col" \| 2013
		+	! scope="col" \| 2014
		+	! scope="col" \| 2015
		+	! scope="col" \| 2016
		+	! scope="col" \| 2017
		+	! scope="col" \| 2018
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Final
		+	\| kt
		+	\| 269
		+	\| 404
		+	\| 1096
		+	\| 1467
		+	\| 863
		+	\| 626
		+	\| 658
		+	\| 693
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Industrial
		+	\| kt
		+	\| 14
		+	\| 42
		+	\| 41
		+	\| 41
		+	\| 20
		+	\| 26
		+	\| 27
		+	\| 29
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| In transport
		+	\| kt
		+	\| 250
		+	\| 351
		+	\| 1045
		+	\| 1423
		+	\| 841
		+	\| 599
		+	\| 630
		+	\| 663
		+	\|}
		+
		+	<br/>
		+
		+	[[File:13- DRC's total production of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019).PNG\|thumb\|center\|750px\|DRC's total production of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/>
		+
		+	[[File:14- DRC's final consumption of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019).PNG\|thumb\|center\|750px\|DRC's final consumption of crude oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)]]<br/>

	= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =		= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 7 August 2019
Line 476:		Line 476:

	== Solar ==		== Solar ==
		+
		+	With an average solar radiation of 6 kWh/m2/day, the DRC has great potential for implementing photovoltaics (PV) and solar heating systems through the entire country<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>. Yet, that's not the case, as through the whole country there are only a total of 836 installed solar PV systems, accounting altogether for a total operating power of 83 kW<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>.
		+
		+	<br/>
		+
		+	{\| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
		+	\|+ Table: DRC's Total Solar Energy Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref>
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Year
		+	! scope="col" \| 2009
		+	! scope="col" \| 2010
		+	! scope="col" \| 2011
		+	! scope="col" \| 2012
		+	! scope="col" \| 2013
		+	! scope="col" \| 2014
		+	! scope="col" \| 2015
		+	! scope="col" \| 2016
		+	! scope="col" \| 2017
		+	! scope="col" \| 2018
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Capacity
		+	\| 0
		+	\| 0
		+	\| 0
		+	\| 0
		+	\| 0
		+	\| 1
		+	\| 1
		+	\| 3
		+	\| 5
		+	\| 7
		+	\|}

	<br/>		<br/>

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 == Overview of the Country's Energy Sources ==
-The DRC's potential to generate energy is high, having a wide range of both renewable and non-renewable energy sources<ref name="Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy">Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy</ref>. The DRC's potential renewable sources are hydropower, biomass, solar, wind and geothermal, while the non-renewables would be oil, natural gas & uranium<ref name="Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy">Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy</ref>.
+The DRC's potential to generate energy is high, having a wide range of both renewable and non-renewable energy sources<ref name="Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy">Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy</ref>. The DRC's potential renewable sources are hydropower, biomass, solar, wind and geothermal, while the non-renewables would be oil, natural gas & uranium<ref name="Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy">Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy</ref>.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Approximatrely 9% of the country's generated domestic power comes from hydropower, specially the two Inga dams (Inga I & Inga II)</span><ref name="Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy">Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy</ref><ref name="Reegle. (2012). Democratic Republic of Congo (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/CD">Reegle. (2012). Democratic Republic of Congo (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/CD</ref><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span>
-−
-<br/>
-−
 Approximatrely 9% of the country's generated domestic power comes from hydropower, specially the two Inga dams (Inga I & Inga II)<ref name="Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy">Export. (2017). Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Country Commercial Guide. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?Id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy</ref><ref name="Reegle. (2012). Democratic Republic of Congo (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/CD">Reegle. (2012). Democratic Republic of Congo (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/CD</ref>.
 <br/>
@@ Line 286: / Line 282: @@
 = Renewable Energy =
 == <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">General Indicators</span><br/> ==
@@ Line 344: / Line 339: @@
 <br/>
 = Fossil Fuels =

@@ Line 286: / Line 286: @@
 = Renewable Energy =
 == <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">General Indicators</span><br/> ==
-As mentioned earlier, the country possesses a significant potential for renewable power generation, which is illustrated further as follows<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>:
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 13.6px; width: 762.667px;"
-−
-*[[Portal:Hydro|Hydropower]]: For which the Congo River is the main source, with an average flow rate 42,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s.
-*[[Portal:Biogas|Biogas]]: Coming mainly from both plant and animal waste.
-*[[Portal:Solar|Solar]]: The DRC has <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">noticeably&nbsp;</span>high solar radiation averaging 6 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day.
-*[[Portal:Wind|Wind]]: There exist several potential hotspot for moderate wind power harnessing, where the wind speed <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">averaging&nbsp;</span>6-6.6m/s.
-*:On the eastern parts of the DRC, there are many active volcanoes and geothermal sites, which significantly gives the country huge potential for this particular sort of energy.
-−
-*<span dir="LTR"></span>Geothermal: On the eastern parts of the DRC, there are many active volcanoes and geothermal sites, which significantly gives the country huge potential for this particular sort of energy.
-−
-<br/>
-−
-[[File:09- DRC's renewable energy share of the country's total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|DRC's renewable energy share of the country's total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/>
-−
-The previous figure shows the rate which represents the ratio of the renewable energy consumption of the country's total final consumption from the 1990s until 2015. As shown, during that period, the renewables consumption has never been less than 92%, which comes mainly from hydropower.
-−
-<br/>
-−
-{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
 |+ Table: DRC's Total Renewable Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref>
 |-
@@ Line 336: / Line 319: @@
 <br/>
 [[File:10- DRC's energy consumption of different renewable sources during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|DRC's energy consumption of different renewable sources during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]
 <br/>
 = Fossil Fuels =

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 7 August 2019
Line 286:		Line 286:

	= Renewable Energy =		= Renewable Energy =
		+
		+	== <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">General Indicators</span><br/> ==
		+
		+	As mentioned earlier, the country possesses a significant potential for renewable power generation, which is illustrated further as follows<ref name="Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Kusakana, K. (2016). A Review of Energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306380971_A_Review_of_Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo</ref>:
		+
		+	*[[Portal:Hydro\|Hydropower]]: For which the Congo River is the main source, with an average flow rate 42,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s.
		+	*[[Portal:Biogas\|Biogas]]: Coming mainly from both plant and animal waste.
		+	*[[Portal:Solar\|Solar]]: The DRC has <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">noticeably </span>high solar radiation averaging 6 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day.
		+	*[[Portal:Wind\|Wind]]: There exist several potential hotspot for moderate wind power harnessing, where the wind speed <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">averaging </span>6-6.6m/s.
		+	*:On the eastern parts of the DRC, there are many active volcanoes and geothermal sites, which significantly gives the country huge potential for this particular sort of energy.
		+
		+	*<span dir="LTR"></span>Geothermal: On the eastern parts of the DRC, there are many active volcanoes and geothermal sites, which significantly gives the country huge potential for this particular sort of energy.
		+
		+	<br/>
		+
		+	[[File:09- DRC's renewable energy share of the country's total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG\|thumb\|center\|500px\|DRC's renewable energy share of the country's total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/>
		+
		+	The previous figure shows the rate which represents the ratio of the renewable energy consumption of the country's total final consumption from the 1990s until 2015. As shown, during that period, the renewables consumption has never been less than 92%, which comes mainly from hydropower.
		+
		+	<br/>
		+
		+	{\| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
		+	\|+ Table: DRC's Total Renewable Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref>
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Year
		+	! scope="col" \| 2009
		+	! scope="col" \| 2010
		+	! scope="col" \| 2011
		+	! scope="col" \| 2012
		+	! scope="col" \| 2013
		+	! scope="col" \| 2014
		+	! scope="col" \| 2015
		+	! scope="col" \| 2016
		+	! scope="col" \| 2017
		+	! scope="col" \| 2018
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Capacity
		+	\| 2514
		+	\| 2514
		+	\| 2514
		+	\| 2514
		+	\| 2515
		+	\| 2516
		+	\| 2529
		+	\| 2551
		+	\| 2566
		+	\| 2750
		+	\|}
		+
		+	<br/>
		+
		+	[[File:10- DRC's energy consumption of different renewable sources during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG\|thumb\|center\|500px\|DRC's energy consumption of different renewable sources during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]
		+
		+	<br/>

	= Fossil Fuels =		= Fossil Fuels =

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 6 August 2019
Line 210:		Line 210:

	== Electricity ==		== Electricity ==
		+
		+	{\| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
		+	\|+ Table: DRC's Electricity General Indicators 2015-2016<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html</ref>
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Indicator
		+	! scope="col" \| Production
		+	! scope="col" \| Consumption
		+	! scope="col" \| Exports
		+	! scope="col" \| Imports
		+	! scope="col" \| Generation
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Capacity
		+	\| 9.046 billion kWh
		+	\| 7.43 billion kWh
		+	\| 422 million kWh
		+	\| 20 million kWh
		+	\| 2.587 million kW
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| World Ranking
		+	\| 106
		+	\| 106
		+	\| 70
		+	\| 113
		+	\| 105
		+	\|}
		+
		+	<br/>
		+
		+	DRC's total produced electricity comes mainly from two sources; hydropower, which counts for 98%, and fossil fuels with 2%<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html</ref>.
		+
		+	<br/>
		+
		+	{\| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
		+	\|+ Table: DRC's Total Produced Electricity from Different Energy Sources 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref>
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| Source
		+	! scope="col" \| Unit
		+	! scope="col" \| 2000
		+	! scope="col" \| 2005
		+	! scope="col" \| 2013
		+	! scope="col" \| 2014
		+	! scope="col" \| 2015
		+	! scope="col" \| 2016
		+	! scope="col" \| 2017
		+	! scope="col" \| 2018
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| From Fossil Fuels
		+	\| GWh
		+	\| 19
		+	\| 23
		+	\| 9
		+	\| 11
		+	\| 16
		+	\| 14
		+	\| 14
		+	\| 14
		+	\|-
		+	! scope="row" \| From Hydropower
		+	\| GWh
		+	\| 6001
		+	\| 7396
		+	\| 8231
		+	\| 8820
		+	\| 8916
		+	\| 9099
		+	\| 9770
		+	\| 10516
		+	\|}
		+
		+	<br/>

	== Energy Security ==		== Energy Security ==