Distributed Renewables for Energy Access in SADC Countries - Revision history

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Ahmed El-Sherbini: /* Rural Electrification And The Role Of Renewable Energy */

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‎Rural Electrification And The Role Of Renewable Energy

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 14:14, 23 January 2019

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Ahmed El-Sherbini at 12:59, 23 January 2019

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Ahmed El-Sherbini: /* Further Information */

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‎Further Information

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Johanna at 16:50, 17 January 2019

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 To increase energy access, Member States are employing a wide range of strategies, including setting up or continuing their support for dedicated institutions with the mandate to improve electrification and energy access, with a particular focus on rural areas far from the electricity grid.<br/>
 = Rural Electrification And The Role Of Renewable Energy<br/> =
-Rural electrification is a major focus of programme development in the region, and Member States increasingly consider the option of distributed generation and mini-grids as part of their rural electrification programmes. Several SADC Member States have met this challenge by developing specialised agencies to implement these policies. Typically, rural electrification agencies or authorities are based within, or closely associated with, the major national utility. Examples of such agencies are described briefly below.<br/>
+Rural electrification is a major focus of programme development in the region, and Member States increasingly consider the option of distributed generation and mini-grids as part of their [[Rural_Electrification|rural electrification]] programmes. Several SADC Member States have met this challenge by developing specialised agencies to implement these policies. Typically, rural electrification agencies or authorities are based within, or closely associated with, the major national utility. Examples of such agencies are described briefly below.<br/>
 Eswatini has a Rural Electrification Unit within the Department of Energy that aims to electrify a minimum of 10,000 households annually to achieve universal electricity access by 2030.<ref name="Swaziland (Eswatini) submission, SADC Questionnair e.">Swaziland (Eswatini) submission, SADC Questionnair e.</ref> This is subject to the availability of funds on an annual basis.<br/>
-Malawi has developed a slightly different approach, creating a Rural Electrification Fund that is administered by the Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority and funded by a levy on the tariff. Mauritius’ new Renewable Energy Agency (MARENA) is responsible for “creating an enabling environment” for renewable energy in the country.<ref name="Go vernment of the Republic of Mauritius, “The Mauritius Renewable Energy Agency Act No 11 of 2015”, Government Gazette of Mauri - tius , No. 100 (3 October 2015), [http://mauritiusassembly.govmu http://mauritiusassembly.govmu]. org/English/acts/Documents/2015/act1115.pdf.">Go vernment of the Republic of Mauritius, “The Mauritius Renewable Energy Agency Act No 11 of 2015”, Government Gazette of Mauri - tius , No. 100 (3 October 2015), [http://mauritiusassembly.govmu http://mauritiusassembly.govmu]. org/English/acts/Documents/2015/act1115.pdf.</ref> As the population is nearly 100% grid-connected, there is no requirement for an agency promoting grid extension.<br/>
+[[Malawi_Energy_Situation|Malawi]] has developed a slightly different approach, creating a Rural Electrification Fund that is administered by the Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority and funded by a levy on the tariff. [[Mauritius_Energy_Situation|Mauritius]]’ new Renewable Energy Agency (MARENA) is responsible for “creating an enabling environment” for renewable energy in the country.<ref name="Go vernment of the Republic of Mauritius, “The Mauritius Renewable Energy Agency Act No 11 of 2015”, Government Gazette of Mauri - tius , No. 100 (3 October 2015), [http://mauritiusassembly.govmu http://mauritiusassembly.govmu]. org/English/acts/Documents/2015/act1115.pdf.">Go vernment of the Republic of Mauritius, “The Mauritius Renewable Energy Agency Act No 11 of 2015”, Government Gazette of Mauri - tius , No. 100 (3 October 2015), [http://mauritiusassembly.govmu http://mauritiusassembly.govmu]. org/English/acts/Documents/2015/act1115.pdf.</ref> As the population is nearly 100% grid-connected, there is no requirement for an agency promoting grid extension.<br/>
-Mozambique’s Fundo de Energia (FUNAE)i was set up as a financially and administratively autonomous agency to develop renewable energy projects, mostly off-grid. Namibia has a Rural Electrification Programme that is administered by the Electricity Division of the Ministry of Mines and Energy and funded by NamPower and regional electricity distributors ii . In 2017, as part of the Implementation of the Renewable Energy Policy, a proposal was made for the formation of a Rural Energy Agency, but it was rejected by the Cabinet, suggesting that the stakeholders should instead use existing institutions to implement rural electrification, for example the national utility through a special fund maintained by a tariff levy.<ref name="Francis Hangome, Government of Namibia, Windhoek, personal communication with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) and SACREEE, 28 June 2018.">Francis Hangome, Government of Namibia, Windhoek, personal communication with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) and SACREEE, 28 June 2018.</ref> Tanzania’s Rural Energy Agency, which administers the Rural Energy Fund, is independent of the national utility TANESCO and is supported by a 5% levy on commercial energy sales. Zambia’s Rural Electrification Authority is tasked with carrying out the country’s Rural Electrification Master Plan. Zimbabwe’s Rural Electrification Agency operates through a fund derived from an electricity tariff levy of 6% and is administered by a board that reports to the Minister of Energy and Power Development. The use of special tariff levies for funding rural electrification is widespread, and all of the specialised agencies or authorities mentioned above are dependent on a levy of some kind.<br/>
+[[Mozambique_Energy_Situation|Mozambique]]’s Fundo de Energia (FUNAE)i was set up as a financially and administratively autonomous agency to develop renewable energy projects, mostly off-grid. [[Namibia_Energy_Situation|Namibia]] has a Rural Electrification Programme that is administered by the Electricity Division of the Ministry of Mines and Energy and funded by NamPower and regional electricity distributors ii . In 2017, as part of the Implementation of the Renewable Energy Policy, a proposal was made for the formation of a Rural Energy Agency, but it was rejected by the Cabinet, suggesting that the stakeholders should instead use existing institutions to implement rural electrification, for example the national utility through a special fund maintained by a tariff levy.<ref name="Francis Hangome, Government of Namibia, Windhoek, personal communication with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) and SACREEE, 28 June 2018.">Francis Hangome, Government of Namibia, Windhoek, personal communication with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) and SACREEE, 28 June 2018.</ref> [[Tanzania_Energy_Situation|Tanzania]]’s Rural Energy Agency, which administers the Rural Energy Fund, is independent of the national utility TANESCO and is supported by a 5% levy on commercial energy sales. [[Zambia_Energy_Situation|Zambia]]’s Rural Electrification Authority is tasked with carrying out the country’s Rural Electrification Master Plan. [[Zimbabwe_Energy_Situation|Zimbabwe]]’s Rural Electrification Agency operates through a fund derived from an electricity tariff levy of 6% and is administered by a board that reports to the Minister of Energy and Power Development. The use of special tariff levies for funding rural electrification is widespread, and all of the specialised agencies or authorities mentioned above are dependent on a levy of some kind.<br/>
 Table 9 summarises trends in rural electrification in the SADC region and indicates which countries have appointed specialised agencies to address it, and what targets have been established to expand it.<ref name="from REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), p. 43, [http://www.ren21.net/ http://www.ren21.net/] wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf , and from additional updates from Member States.">from REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), p. 43, [http://www.ren21.net/ http://www.ren21.net/] wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf , and from additional updates from Member States.</ref><br/>
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 [[File:REN21 SADC Table 9.png|border|700px|Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States|alt=Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States]]
-Countries with specific rural electrification targets include Angola, Botswana, the DRC, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The target date for South Africa’s rural electrification plans has shifted to 2025 considering the universal access date stated in the National Development Plan of 2013.
+Countries with specific rural electrification targets include [[Angola_Energy_Situation|Angola]], [[Botswana_Energy_Situation|Botswana]], [[Congo_(Democratic_Republic)_Energy_Situation|the DRC]], [[Madagascar_Energy_Situation|Madagascar]], [[Mozambique_Energy_Situation|Mozambique]], [[Namibia_Energy_Situation|Namibia]], [[South_Africa_Energy_Situation|South Africa]], [[Tanzania_Energy_Situation|Tanzania]],[[Zambia_Energy_Situation|Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe_Energy_Situation|Zimbabwe]]. The target date for South Africa’s rural electrification plans has shifted to 2025 considering the universal access date stated in the National Development Plan of 2013.
-Many Member States have specifically included renewable energy as part of efforts to meet their targets. For example, Zimbabwe includes [[Photovoltaic_(PV)|solar PV]], small-scale hydropower, and bagasse-based and [[Portal:Biogas|biogas]] generation, while Zambia includes mini-hydropower, solar PV systems and solar mini-grids. Lesotho has received support from UNDP/GEF for a Renewable Energy-Based Rural Electrification Project and also from Japan for using renewable energy in income-generating activities in off-grid area.
+Many Member States have specifically included renewable energy as part of efforts to meet their targets. For example, Zimbabwe includes [[Photovoltaic (PV)|solar PV]], small-scale hydropower, and bagasse-based and [[Portal:Biogas|biogas]] generation, while Zambia includes mini-hydropower, solar PV systems and solar mini-grids. [[Lesotho_Energy_Situation|Lesotho]] has received support from UNDP/GEF for a Renewable Energy-Based Rural Electrification Project and also from [[Japan_Energy_Situation|Japan]] for using renewable energy in income-generating activities in off-grid area.
 The trend in rural electrification in the SADC region is moving strongly towards the use of mini-grids and/or household solar systems and other mini- and pico-scale technologies, as national utilities face significant financial constraints that have hampered their capacity to meet government targets for energy access and grid extension.
 = Off-Grid Power Generation<br/> =

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 = Introduction<br/> =
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 '''Table 7: Renewable Energy Share Targets in Selected SADC Member States, 2020/30'''<ref name="Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.">Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.</ref><br/>
-[[File:REN21 SADC Table 7.png|border|700px|Renewable Energy Share Targets in Selected
+[[File:REN21 SADC Table 7.png|border|700px|Renewable Energy Share Targets in Selected SADC Member States, 2020/30|alt=Renewable Energy Share Targets in Selected   SADC Member States, 2020/30]]
 SADC Member States, 2020/30]]
 As shown in table 8, the national targets are not uniform across Member States and are set for different time frames, with some Member States not having specific targets. Overall, average electricity access in the region in 2016 was 48%.<ref name="Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.">Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.</ref><br/>
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 '''Table 8: Electricity Access in SADC Member States, 2016, and Targets for Energy Access for 2020/2030'''<ref name="Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.">Table 7 and table 8 from the following sources: electricity access data from United Nations (UN) Statistics, “Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity”, SDG Indicators database, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database;other data from Member State and third-party sources, including Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), United Nations Environment, the European Union, the World Bank and Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report.</ref><br/>
-[[File:REN21 SADC Table 8.png|border|700px|Electricity Access in SADC Member States, 2016, and Targets for Energy Access for 2020/2030]]
+[[File:REN21 SADC Table 8.png|border|700px|Electricity Access in SADC Member States, 2016, and Targets for Energy Access for 2020/2030|alt=Electricity Access in SADC Member States, 2016, and Targets for Energy Access for 2020/2030]]
 To increase energy access, Member States are employing a wide range of strategies, including setting up or continuing their support for dedicated institutions with the mandate to improve electrification and energy access, with a particular focus on rural areas far from the electricity grid.<br/>
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 '''Table 9: Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States'''<ref name="from REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), p. 43, [http://www.ren21.net/ http://www.ren21.net/] wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf , and from additional updates from Member States.">from REN21, SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), p. 43, [http://www.ren21.net/ http://www.ren21.net/] wp-content/uploads/2015/10/REN21_SADC_Report_web.pdf , and from additional updates from Member States.</ref><br/>
-[[File:REN21 SADC Table 9.png|border|700px|Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States]]
+[[File:REN21 SADC Table 9.png|border|700px|Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States|alt=Rural Electrification Targets and Programmes in SADC Member States]]
 Countries with specific rural electrification targets include Angola, Botswana, the DRC, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The target date for South Africa’s rural electrification plans has shifted to 2025 considering the universal access date stated in the National Development Plan of 2013.
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 Table 10: Estimated Market Sizes in Mozambique for Grid Extension, Mini-grids and Stand-alone Systems<ref name="Green Mini-Grid Market Development Programme, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Mozambique (April 2017), https://green-minigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/166/download .">Green Mini-Grid Market Development Programme, Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Mozambique (April 2017), https://green-minigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/166/download . </ref><br/>
-[[File:REN21 SADC Table 10.png|border|700px|Estimated Market Sizes in Mozambique for Grid Extension, Mini-grids and Stand-alone Systems]]
+[[File:REN21 SADC Table 10.png|border|700px|Estimated Market Sizes in Mozambique for Grid Extension, Mini-grids and Stand-alone Systems|alt=Estimated Market Sizes in Mozambique for Grid Extension, Mini-grids and Stand-alone Systems]]
+<br/><br/>In Namibia, a country with low population density, the challenge is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.<ref name="Ministr y of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan , http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/ pdf/National/REDMP%20National%20Overview%20&%20Methodol- ogy%20-50%20Part%201.pdf .">Ministr y of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan , http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/ pdf/National/REDMP%20National%20Overview%20&%20Methodol- ogy%20-50%20Part%201.pdf . </ref><br/>
 <br/>In Namibia, a country with low population density, the challenge is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.<ref name="Ministr y of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan , http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/ pdf/National/REDMP%20National%20Overview%20&%20Methodol- ogy%20-50%20Part%201.pdf .">Ministr y of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan , http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/ pdf/National/REDMP%20National%20Overview%20&%20Methodol- ogy%20-50%20Part%201.pdf . </ref><br/>
 So far the country has developed several pilot mini-grids, including three off-grid systems: Gobabeb, Tsumkwe Mini Grid and Gam Solar PV Mini Grid. In rural and remote areas where neither the main grid nor mini- grids are available, consumers depend on stand-alone electricity sources, mainly diesel generators. The use of solar technologies has been increasing, and hybrid solar/diesel systems have proved to be technically sound off-grid solutions.<ref name="European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip .">European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip . </ref><br/>
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 == SIDEBAR: Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves ==
 <div class="box_content">Six SADC Member States are now designated as “partner countries” in the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC) – the DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe – as compared to four in 2015. Partnership requires a commitment to support the adoption of clean cook stoves and fuels within national borders, taking a leadership role in employing clean cooking best practices and disseminating clean cook stoves and fuels. Two Member States working with GACC also have established Lead Organisations that will guide their efforts to introduce improved cook stoves: the DRC (Alliance Congolaise pour les Foyers et Combustibles Améliorés i ) and Malawi (the National Cook Stove Steering Committee). GACC also distributes a Partner Country Toolkit that aims to assist partner countries by promoting a “10 Step Plan for Catalysing a Clean Cook Stoves and Fuels Market”, including a number of specific policy initiatives, such as periodic status assessments and adopting technology standards and product testing.<ref name="Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Annual Report 2017 (Harare, Zimbabwe: 2017), http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de- http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de-] fault/files/SAPP.pdf .">Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Annual Report 2017 (Harare, Zimbabwe: 2017), http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de- http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de-] fault/files/SAPP.pdf . </ref><br/></div></div>
 = Further Information =
 *REN21, 2018. SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat) [http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf]
-*[[Portal:Energy_Access|Energy Access Portal]]
+*[[Portal:Energy Access|Energy Access Portal]]
-*[[Rural_Electrification|Rural Electrification]]
+*[[Rural Electrification|Rural Electrification]]
 *[[Portal:Mini-grid|Mini-Grid Portal]]
 *[[Portal:Solar|Solar]]
-*[[Portal:Improved_Cooking|Cooking Portal]]
+*[[Portal:Improved Cooking|Cooking Portal]]
 = References =
@@ Line 144: / Line 143: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Improved_Cooking]]

@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 == SIDEBAR: Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves ==
 <div class="box_content">Six SADC Member States are now designated as “partner countries” in the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC) – the DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe – as compared to four in 2015. Partnership requires a commitment to support the adoption of clean cook stoves and fuels within national borders, taking a leadership role in employing clean cooking best practices and disseminating clean cook stoves and fuels. Two Member States working with GACC also have established Lead Organisations that will guide their efforts to introduce improved cook stoves: the DRC (Alliance Congolaise pour les Foyers et Combustibles Améliorés i ) and Malawi (the National Cook Stove Steering Committee). GACC also distributes a Partner Country Toolkit that aims to assist partner countries by promoting a “10 Step Plan for Catalysing a Clean Cook Stoves and Fuels Market”, including a number of specific policy initiatives, such as periodic status assessments and adopting technology standards and product testing.<ref name="Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Annual Report 2017 (Harare, Zimbabwe: 2017), http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de- http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de-] fault/files/SAPP.pdf .">Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), Annual Report 2017 (Harare, Zimbabwe: 2017), http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de- http://www.sapp.co.zw/sites/de-] fault/files/SAPP.pdf . </ref><br/></div></div>
 = Further Information =
 *REN21, 2018. SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat) [http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf]
-*Energy Access Portal
+*[[Portal:Energy_Access|Energy Access Portal]]
-*Rural Electrification
+*[[Rural_Electrification|Rural Electrification]]
-*Mini-Grid Portal
+*[[Portal:Mini-grid|Mini-Grid Portal]]
-*Solar
+*[[Portal:Solar|Solar]]
-*Cooking Portal
+*[[Portal:Improved_Cooking|Cooking Portal]]
 = References =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Introduction<br/> =
@@ Line 98: / Line 97: @@
 Additionally, a 1 MW small-scale hydropower plant at Shiwang’andu in the Chinsali District links reliable energy services with productive use activities to enhance employment opportunities in the rural areas of Zambia. <ref name="Luc Payen at al., Developing Mini-grids in Zambia: How to Build Sustainable and Scalable Business Models? prepared for Practical Action by ENEA (Paris: February 2016), www.enea-consulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ENEA-Practical-Action-Developing-mini-grids-in-Zambia2.pdf . ">Luc Payen at al., Developing Mini-grids in Zambia: How to Build Sustainable and Scalable Business Models? prepared for Practical Action by ENEA (Paris: February 2016), www.enea-consulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ENEA-Practical-Action-Developing-mini-grids-in-Zambia2.pdf . </ref> SNV has instigated a revival of the biogas industry in Zambia. <ref name="Jobs In Zambia, “Consultant – Str engthening Investment Climate for Biomass Technology In Zambia”, 16 May 2016, http://www.zambia.jobsportal-career.com/2016/05/19/consultant-strengthen-ing-investment-climate-for-biomass-technology-in-zambia/ . ">Jobs In Zambia, “Consultant – Str engthening Investment Climate for Biomass Technology In Zambia”, 16 May 2016, http://www.zambia.jobsportal-career.com/2016/05/19/consultant-strengthen-ing-investment-climate-for-biomass-technology-in-zambia/ . </ref> For example, the Energy for Agriculture project, implemented during 2015-2018, has supported the construction of 3,375 bio- digesters in the Southern, Lusaka, Western, Central, Northern, Eastern and Copperbelt provinces. Its purpose is to provide farming households with access to clean energy, increased employment and income, and improved living conditions through the productive use of waste products (biogas and bio-slurry). Dairy farmers are expected to be able to use biogas as a fuel for powering milk chillers, and households will be able to use biogas for cooking. The size of the digesters ranges from 4 cubic metres (m 3 ) to 100 m 3 , producing 1 m 3 to 25 m3 of biogas per day at a cost of between USD 600 and USD 7,000, depending on the size and location of the installation. <ref name="Kabanda Chulu, “Sweden, SNV sign biogas pact”, Zambia Daily Mail , 22 September 2015, https:/ /www.daily-mail.co.zm/sweden-snv- sign-biogas-pact/ . ">Kabanda Chulu, “Sweden, SNV sign biogas pact”, Zambia Daily Mail , 22 September 2015, https:/ /www.daily-mail.co.zm/sweden-snv- sign-biogas-pact/ . </ref><br/>
-Zimbabwe offers a 100% subsidy for rural electrification at schools, health centres and chief's homesteads, although in practice a lack of funding has slowed implementation. The Rural Electrification Agency provides for the extension of the national grid to rural communities and also supports off-grid renewable energy solutions, such as solar mini-grids and biomass activities, through the Rural Electrification Fund. The Fund aimed to erect 50 mini-grids during 2018 in areas located at least 20 kilometres from the national grid. Numerous potential micro-hydropower sites exist in Zimbabwe, particularly in the Eastern Highlands and at agricultural dams throughout the country. Practical Action has helped to install at least five schemes that are now operational: Himalaya (75 kW); NyaMWanga (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Hlabiso (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Ngarura (20 kW, with 5,500 beneficiaries); and Chipendeke (25 kW, with 4,000 beneficiaries and connecting 35 households, 5 businesses, a clinic, a school and a health centre). <ref name="Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Ac-tion_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Em-ploying_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . ">Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Ac-tion_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Em-ploying_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . </ref><br/>
+Zimbabwe offers a 100% subsidy for rural electrification at schools, health centres and chief's homesteads, although in practice a lack of funding has slowed implementation. The Rural Electrification Agency provides for the extension of the national grid to rural communities and also supports off-grid renewable energy solutions, such as solar mini-grids and biomass activities, through the Rural Electrification Fund. The Fund aimed to erect 50 mini-grids during 2018 in areas located at least 20 kilometres from the national grid. Numerous potential micro-hydropower sites exist in Zimbabwe, particularly in the Eastern Highlands and at agricultural dams throughout the country. Practical Action has helped to install at least five schemes that are now operational: Himalaya (75 kW); NyaMWanga (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Hlabiso (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Ngarura (20 kW, with 5,500 beneficiaries); and Chipendeke (25 kW, with 4,000 beneficiaries and connecting 35 households, 5 businesses, a clinic, a school and a health centre). <ref name="Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Action_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Employing_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . ">Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Action_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Employing_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . </ref><br/>
 However, these community-based schemes often struggle to deliver effective service due to challenges of governance and lack of professionalisation of the service. The role of the private sector is important in such schemes, but the absence of economies of scale makes them unattractive for private companies.

@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 Additionally, a 1 MW small-scale hydropower plant at Shiwang’andu in the Chinsali District links reliable energy services with productive use activities to enhance employment opportunities in the rural areas of Zambia. <ref name="Luc Payen at al., Developing Mini-grids in Zambia: How to Build Sustainable and Scalable Business Models? prepared for Practical Action by ENEA (Paris: February 2016), www.enea-consulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ENEA-Practical-Action-Developing-mini-grids-in-Zambia2.pdf . ">Luc Payen at al., Developing Mini-grids in Zambia: How to Build Sustainable and Scalable Business Models? prepared for Practical Action by ENEA (Paris: February 2016), www.enea-consulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ENEA-Practical-Action-Developing-mini-grids-in-Zambia2.pdf . </ref> SNV has instigated a revival of the biogas industry in Zambia. <ref name="Jobs In Zambia, “Consultant – Str engthening Investment Climate for Biomass Technology In Zambia”, 16 May 2016, http://www.zambia.jobsportal-career.com/2016/05/19/consultant-strengthen-ing-investment-climate-for-biomass-technology-in-zambia/ . ">Jobs In Zambia, “Consultant – Str engthening Investment Climate for Biomass Technology In Zambia”, 16 May 2016, http://www.zambia.jobsportal-career.com/2016/05/19/consultant-strengthen-ing-investment-climate-for-biomass-technology-in-zambia/ . </ref> For example, the Energy for Agriculture project, implemented during 2015-2018, has supported the construction of 3,375 bio- digesters in the Southern, Lusaka, Western, Central, Northern, Eastern and Copperbelt provinces. Its purpose is to provide farming households with access to clean energy, increased employment and income, and improved living conditions through the productive use of waste products (biogas and bio-slurry). Dairy farmers are expected to be able to use biogas as a fuel for powering milk chillers, and households will be able to use biogas for cooking. The size of the digesters ranges from 4 cubic metres (m 3 ) to 100 m 3 , producing 1 m 3 to 25 m3 of biogas per day at a cost of between USD 600 and USD 7,000, depending on the size and location of the installation. <ref name="Kabanda Chulu, “Sweden, SNV sign biogas pact”, Zambia Daily Mail , 22 September 2015, https:/ /www.daily-mail.co.zm/sweden-snv- sign-biogas-pact/ . ">Kabanda Chulu, “Sweden, SNV sign biogas pact”, Zambia Daily Mail , 22 September 2015, https:/ /www.daily-mail.co.zm/sweden-snv- sign-biogas-pact/ . </ref>
-Zimbabwe offers a 100% subsidy for rural electrification at schools, health centres and chief's homesteads, although in practice a lack of funding has slowed implementation. The Rural Electrification Agency provides for the extension of the national grid to rural communities and also supports off-grid renewable energy solutions, such as solar mini-grids and biomass activities, through the Rural Electrification Fund. The Fund aimed to erect 50 mini-grids during 2018 in areas located at least 20 kilometres from the national grid. Numerous potential micro-hydropower sites exist in Zimbabwe, particularly in the Eastern Highlands and at agricultural dams throughout the country. Practical Action has helped to install at least five schemes that are now operational: Himalaya (75 kW); NyaMWanga (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Hlabiso (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Ngarura (20 kW, with 5,500 beneficiaries); and Chipendeke (25 kW, with 4,000 beneficiaries and connecting 35 households, 5 businesses, a clinic, a school and a health centre). 56
+Zimbabwe offers a 100% subsidy for rural electrification at schools, health centres and chief's homesteads, although in practice a lack of funding has slowed implementation. The Rural Electrification Agency provides for the extension of the national grid to rural communities and also supports off-grid renewable energy solutions, such as solar mini-grids and biomass activities, through the Rural Electrification Fund. The Fund aimed to erect 50 mini-grids during 2018 in areas located at least 20 kilometres from the national grid. Numerous potential micro-hydropower sites exist in Zimbabwe, particularly in the Eastern Highlands and at agricultural dams throughout the country. Practical Action has helped to install at least five schemes that are now operational: Himalaya (75 kW); NyaMWanga (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Hlabiso (30 kW, with 3,800 beneficiaries); Ngarura (20 kW, with 5,500 beneficiaries); and Chipendeke (25 kW, with 4,000 beneficiaries and connecting 35 households, 5 businesses, a clinic, a school and a health centre). <ref name="Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Ac-tion_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Em-ploying_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . ">Practical Action , “Micro-hydro for irrigation in Himalaya, Zimbabwe”, https://practicalaction.org/rused-himalaya , viewed 19 June 2018; EUEI PDF and RERA, Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Zimbabwe Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), https://energypedia.info/wiki/Zimbabwe_Case_Study_-_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Ac-tion_Plan_-_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Em-ploying_Renewable_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region . </ref>
 However, these community-based schemes often struggle to deliver effective service due to challenges of governance and lack of professionalisation of the service. The role of the private sector is important in such schemes, but the absence of economies of scale makes them unattractive for private companies.
@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
 = Access To Clean Cooking =
-To reduce rapid deforestation from the use of fuelwood for cooking, governments, the donor community and non-governmental organisations have heightened efforts to increase the manufacture, use and uptake of more-efficient cook stoves in the SADC region. Several Member States also have explored the use of domestic biogas systems for cooking. Eswatini continues to promote the use of wood-efficient cook stoves in households and public institutions, such as schools. In Lesotho, through collaboration with the EU under the 11th European Development Fund, the government signed a EUR 7 million (USD 8.1 million) financing agreement; a call for proposals for the distribution of energy-efficient appliances was advertised, and companies were identified to undertake the task of distributing improved cook stoves and other energy-efficient appliances. 57 Manufacturers and distributors of improved cook stoves in Lesotho include Fairtrade International (FLO) and atmosfair (the Save80 model).<ref name="Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref><br/>
+To reduce rapid deforestation from the use of fuelwood for cooking, governments, the donor community and non-governmental organisations have heightened efforts to increase the manufacture, use and uptake of more-efficient cook stoves in the SADC region. Several Member States also have explored the use of domestic biogas systems for cooking. Eswatini continues to promote the use of wood-efficient cook stoves in households and public institutions, such as schools. In Lesotho, through collaboration with the EU under the 11th European Development Fund, the government signed a EUR 7 million (USD 8.1 million) financing agreement; a call for proposals for the distribution of energy-efficient appliances was advertised, and companies were identified to undertake the task of distributing improved cook stoves and other energy-efficient appliances. <ref name="European Union, “Lesotho and the EU”, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/1427/lesotho-and-eu_fr . ">European Union, “Lesotho and the EU”, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/1427/lesotho-and-eu_fr . </ref> Manufacturers and distributors of improved cook stoves in Lesotho include Fairtrade International (FLO) and atmosfair (the Save80 model).<ref name="Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref><br/>
 In 2013 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization assessed a project that trained farmers on stove construction using cow dung. Appropriate Technology Services has promoted the Mabotle, Thaba-Tseka and Nkokonono stove models, but uptake has been limited due to the multi-functionality of the traditional three-stone fire, which provides cooking, heating and light. <ref name="Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref> African Clean Energy has developed a stove manufactured in Lesotho that combines efficient cooking with a battery pack for a light and solar phone charging, but it is much more expensive than the simple stoves, at roughly EUR 40 (USD 46).<ref name="Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref><br/>
-In Malawi , more than 500,000 improved cook stoves were estimated to be in use in the country as of early 2017. 61 In Mozambique efficient cook stoves have been distributed in Tete province in the vicinity of the bio-coal briquette factory. In Namibia , efficient cook stoves are being promoted annually at platforms such as trade fairs/shows. In South Africa , a Biomass Action Plan is being developed with technical support from the Dutch government, and a newly launched Bioenergy Atlas is available online i .<ref name="Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref> The technical support facility will support potential project developers in identifying potentials and exploiting them. Businesses are also using various distribution channels and models to market improved cook stoves and other renewable energy systems. For example, Restio Energy has distributed more than 32,000 stoves in addition to 1,700 household energy kits that include a solar light and phone charging capability. 63 A new wood pellet technology was tried in South Africa but failed to take off, indicating the need to potentially subsidise the early stages of wood pellet market development and distribution until the market is large enough to maintain viability. The International Institute for Environment and Development suggests focusing on smaller-scale community-based biomass models, using local communities to establish distribution channels in combination with stove producers. 64<br/>
+In Malawi , more than 500,000 improved cook stoves were estimated to be in use in the country as of early 2017. <ref name="Ingrid Gercama and Nathalie Bertrams, “Illegal logging in Malawi: can clean cooking stoves save its forests? The Guardian (UK), 23 February 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/feb/23/illegal-logging-in-malawi-can-clean-cooking- stoves-save-its-forests . ">Ingrid Gercama and Nathalie Bertrams, “Illegal logging in Malawi: can clean cooking stoves save its forests? The Guardian (UK), 23 February 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/feb/23/illegal-logging-in-malawi-can-clean-cooking- stoves-save-its-forests . </ref> In Mozambique efficient cook stoves have been distributed in Tete province in the vicinity of the bio-coal briquette factory. In Namibia , efficient cook stoves are being promoted annually at platforms such as trade fairs/shows. In South Africa , a Biomass Action Plan is being developed with technical support from the Dutch government, and a newly launched Bioenergy Atlas is available online i .<ref name="Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref> The technical support facility will support potential project developers in identifying potentials and exploiting them. Businesses are also using various distribution channels and models to market improved cook stoves and other renewable energy systems. For example, Restio Energy has distributed more than 32,000 stoves in addition to 1,700 household energy kits that include a solar light and phone charging capability. 63 A new wood pellet technology was tried in South Africa but failed to take off, indicating the need to potentially subsidise the early stages of wood pellet market development and distribution until the market is large enough to maintain viability. The International Institute for Environment and Development suggests focusing on smaller-scale community-based biomass models, using local communities to establish distribution channels in combination with stove producers. 64<br/>
 In Tanzania , a campaign is being carried out to promote alternative energy sources for cooking, including LPG, biogas, briquettes and ethanol. The use of biomass is a major concern in Tanzania, representing 90% of total primary energy consumption in 2010 – primarily for cooking – and contributing to severe environmental (deforestation) impacts. 65 The country’s SEforALL Action Agenda emphasises operationalising the Biomass Energy Strategy (BEST) to better regulate and reduce biomass use. 66 The Tanzania Improved Cook Stove programme, implemented by SNV in collaboration with EnDev, has exceeded its target of reaching more than 60,000 households. 67