Energy Access for Refugees - Revision history

Lisafeldmann at 13:55, 6 July 2020

2020-07-06T13:55:41Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini: /* Further Information */

2020-02-03T14:17:34Z

‎Further Information

Ahmed El-Sherbini: /* Further Information */

2020-02-03T14:17:15Z

‎Further Information

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 09:23, 11 February 2019

2019-02-11T09:23:19Z

Johanna at 09:21, 11 July 2018

2018-07-11T09:21:39Z

Lisafeldmann: /* Introduction */

2018-06-19T08:56:34Z

‎Introduction

Lisafeldmann: /* Introduction */

2018-06-19T08:55:34Z

‎Introduction

Ranisha at 14:28, 2 May 2018

2018-05-02T14:28:00Z

Show changes

JanS: /* Further Information */

2018-04-19T09:45:03Z

‎Further Information

Eric Verploegen at 20:01, 29 March 2018

2018-03-29T20:01:13Z

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 </blockquote>
-<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Access to food, water, shelter and medical care are the immediate priorities for people who have been forcefully displaced from their homes, either due to war and conflict or natural disasters. However, having access to energy is another very important factor for refugees and one which has, in the past, not received a lot of attention.&nbsp;</span><ref name="Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref><span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;Luckily this is starting to change because safe and reliable energy access, or the lack of it, plays a central role in the life of many refugees.</span><br/>
+<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Access to food, water, shelter and medical care are the immediate priorities for people who have been forcefully displaced from their homes, either due to war and conflict or natural disasters. However, having access to energy is another very important factor for refugees and one which has, in the past, not received a lot of attention.&nbsp;</span><ref name="Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref><span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;Luckily this is starting to change because safe and reliable energy access, or the lack of it, plays a central role in the life of many refugees.</span><br/>
 Many refugees find shelter in camps. Refugee camps are seen as temporary establishments, because the hope is that at some point the people living there will be able to return to their homes. Therefore, long term investments, such as connecting the camps to the grid or providing them with expensive energy solutions are often discouraged. However, on average, people spend 17 years in a refugee camp. <ref name="Pyper, J., 2015. Solar Power to Light Up Syrian Refugee Camps in Jordan. [Online] Available at: http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-power-to-light-up-syrian-refugee-camps-in-jordan [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Pyper, J., 2015. Solar Power to Light Up Syrian Refugee Camps in Jordan. [Online] Available at: http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-power-to-light-up-syrian-refugee-camps-in-jordan [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref>&nbsp;During this time, they usually have to rely on energy sources, such as biomass or kerosene for cooking and lighting&nbsp; which are mostly used in an unsafe, unhealthy and inefficient way. <ref name="GVEP International, n.d. The Moving Energy Initiative: Sustainable Energy for Refugees and Displaced People. [Online] Available at: http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/moving-energy-initiative-sustainable-energy-refugees-and-displaced-people [Accessed 15 June 2016].">GVEP International, n.d. The Moving Energy Initiative: Sustainable Energy for Refugees and Displaced People. [Online] Available at: http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/moving-energy-initiative-sustainable-energy-refugees-and-displaced-people [Accessed 15 June 2016].</ref>&nbsp;Replacing these energy sources or devices with sustainable energy solutions in camps would have numerous advantages for refugees as well as for the host community and the environment.
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 = Implementing Solutions =
-Providing refugees with sustainable energy solutions, such of efficient stoves, alternative fuels and solar lighting, could have potential huge positive impacts on their lives as well as on the environment and the host communities. Furthermore, sustainable energy solutions could result in huge potential savings for humanitarian agencies.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Introducing improved cookstoves and basic solar lanterns could save </span>'''US$323 million a year'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;in fuel costs in return for a one-time capital investment of US$ 335 million for the equipment. It would also save around&nbsp;</span>'''6.85 million TCO<sub>2</sub>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><sub>&nbsp;</sub>per year.</span><ref name="Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk">Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk</ref><br/>
+Providing refugees with sustainable energy solutions, such of efficient stoves, alternative fuels and solar lighting, could have potential huge positive impacts on their lives as well as on the environment and the host communities. Furthermore, sustainable energy solutions could result in huge potential savings for humanitarian agencies.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Introducing improved cookstoves and basic solar lanterns could save </span>'''US$323 million a year'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;in fuel costs in return for a one-time capital investment of US$ 335 million for the equipment. It would also save around&nbsp;</span>'''6.85 million TCO<sub>2</sub>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><sub>&nbsp;</sub>per year.</span><ref name="Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk">Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk</ref><br/>
 However, humanitarian efforts and business approaches to this topic need to be coordinated. Especially in developing economies there is a risk of disrupting emerging private sector energy markets through the free distributions of products. <ref name="Kleiman, S., 2016.">Kleiman, S., 2016. "With Light there is more life": Energy access for safety, health and well being in emergencies. Boiling Point, Issue 68, pp. 2-5.</ref>&nbsp;Therefore, humanitarian aid should always be carefully planned and, wherever possible, local establishment should be integrated so that the host community can benefit.
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 To add further publications, simply edit this section.
+<br/>
 = Further Information =
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 *[https://unhcr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=1f2c23f25e5d416ebf7c1c0bc8c749ce Clean Energy Challenge Baseline: initial data visualization]
 = References =
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 <references />
 [[Category:Energy_Access]]

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 To add further publications, simply edit this section.
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 *[[Cooking Energy in Refugee Situations|Cooking Energy in Refugee Situations]]
 *[[Cooking Energy in Refugee Camps- Challenges and Opportunities|Cooking Energy in Refugee Camps - Challenges and Opportunities]]
 *[https://unhcr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=1f2c23f25e5d416ebf7c1c0bc8c749ce Clean Energy Challenge Baseline: initial data visualization]
 [https://unhcr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=1f2c23f25e5d416ebf7c1c0bc8c749ce Clean Energy Challenge Baseline: initial data visualization]

@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 To add further publications, simply edit this section.
 = Further Information =
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 *InterAction’s&nbsp;[https://ngoaidmap.org/ NGO aid map]
 *[http://onlinelearning.unitar.org/conference-energy-for-displaced-people/ Energy for Displaced People] - UNITAR Conference, Berlin, Jan 2018. The aim of the conference was to start developing a Global Plan of Action, to be launched in July 2017. The background papers can be accessed [http://energycop.safefuelandenergy.org/web/energycop/general/-/message_boards/message/54620#_com_liferay_message_boards_web_portlet_MBPortlet_message_54620 here.]
-*[[Cooking_with_Clean_Fuels:_Designing_Solutions_in_Kakuma_Refugee_Camp|Cooking with Clean Fuels: Designing Solutions in Kakuma Refugee Camp]]
+*[[Cooking with Clean Fuels: Designing Solutions in Kakuma Refugee Camp|Cooking with Clean Fuels: Designing Solutions in Kakuma Refugee Camp]]
-*[[Energy_Access_for_Displaced_People|Energy Access for Displaced People]]
+*[[Energy Access for Displaced People|Energy Access for Displaced People]]
-*[[Cooking_Energy_in_Refugee_Situations|Cooking Energy in Refugee Situations]]
+*[[Cooking Energy in Refugee Situations|Cooking Energy in Refugee Situations]]
-*[[Cooking_Energy_in_Refugee_Camps-_Challenges_and_Opportunities|Cooking Energy in Refugee Camps - Challenges and Opportunities]]
+*[[Cooking Energy in Refugee Camps- Challenges and Opportunities|Cooking Energy in Refugee Camps - Challenges and Opportunities]]
 = References =

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 </blockquote>
-<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Access to food, water, shelter and medical care are the immediate priorities for people who have been forcefully displaced from their homes, either due to war and conflict or natural disasters. However, having access to energy is another very important factor for refugees and one which has, in the past, not received a lot of attention.&nbsp;</span><ref name="Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref><span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;Luckily this is starting to change because safe and reliable energy access, or the lack of it, plays a central role in the life of many refugees.</span><br/>
+<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Access to food, water, shelter and medical care are the immediate priorities for people who have been forcefully displaced from their homes, either due to war and conflict or natural disasters. However, having access to energy is another very important factor for refugees and one which has, in the past, not received a lot of attention.&nbsp;</span><ref name="Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref><span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;Luckily this is starting to change because safe and reliable energy access, or the lack of it, plays a central role in the life of many refugees.</span><br/>
 Many refugees find shelter in camps. Refugee camps are seen as temporary establishments, because the hope is that at some point the people living there will be able to return to their homes. Therefore, long term investments, such as connecting the camps to the grid or providing them with expensive energy solutions are often discouraged. However, on average, people spend 17 years in a refugee camp. <ref name="Pyper, J., 2015. Solar Power to Light Up Syrian Refugee Camps in Jordan. [Online] Available at: http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-power-to-light-up-syrian-refugee-camps-in-jordan [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Pyper, J., 2015. Solar Power to Light Up Syrian Refugee Camps in Jordan. [Online] Available at: http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-power-to-light-up-syrian-refugee-camps-in-jordan [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref>&nbsp;During this time, they usually have to rely on energy sources, such as biomass or kerosene for cooking and lighting&nbsp; which are mostly used in an unsafe, unhealthy and inefficient way. <ref name="GVEP International, n.d. The Moving Energy Initiative: Sustainable Energy for Refugees and Displaced People. [Online] Available at: http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/moving-energy-initiative-sustainable-energy-refugees-and-displaced-people [Accessed 15 June 2016].">GVEP International, n.d. The Moving Energy Initiative: Sustainable Energy for Refugees and Displaced People. [Online] Available at: http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/moving-energy-initiative-sustainable-energy-refugees-and-displaced-people [Accessed 15 June 2016].</ref>&nbsp;Replacing these energy sources or devices with sustainable energy solutions in camps would have numerous advantages for refugees as well as for the host community and the environment.
-*Migration can contribute to improving access to reliable, affordable modern energy services ([[Energy_and_the_Sustainable_Development_Goals|SDG target 7.1]]) through higher incomes for migrants and the sending of remittances.
+*Migration can contribute to improving access to reliable, affordable modern energy services ([[Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals|SDG target 7.1]]) through higher incomes for migrants and the sending of remittances.
 *The informal or irregular status of many migrants is a barrier to universal access to modern energy services. Migrants in informal settlements and displaced people often experience a worsening in their access to modern energy services.
 *Migrants require knowledge about modern energy services and markets to ensure equitable access to reliable, affordable energy in high-income countries. They may transfer this energy knowledge to their communities of origin.<ref name="Overseas Development Institute (ODI) 2018: Energy, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, https://www.odi.org/publications/11157-energy-migration-and-2030-agenda-sustainable-development">Overseas Development Institute (ODI) 2018: Energy, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, https://www.odi.org/publications/11157-energy-migration-and-2030-agenda-sustainable-development</ref>
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 = Implementing Solutions =
-Providing refugees with sustainable energy solutions, such of efficient stoves, alternative fuels and solar lighting, could have potential huge positive impacts on their lives as well as on the environment and the host communities. Furthermore, sustainable energy solutions could result in huge potential savings for humanitarian agencies.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Introducing improved cookstoves and basic solar lanterns could save </span>'''US$323 million a year'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;in fuel costs in return for a one-time capital investment of US$ 335 million for the equipment. It would also save around&nbsp;</span>'''6.85 million TCO<sub>2</sub>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><sub>&nbsp;</sub>per year.</span><ref name="Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk">Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk</ref><br/>
+Providing refugees with sustainable energy solutions, such of efficient stoves, alternative fuels and solar lighting, could have potential huge positive impacts on their lives as well as on the environment and the host communities. Furthermore, sustainable energy solutions could result in huge potential savings for humanitarian agencies.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Introducing improved cookstoves and basic solar lanterns could save </span>'''US$323 million a year'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;in fuel costs in return for a one-time capital investment of US$ 335 million for the equipment. It would also save around&nbsp;</span>'''6.85 million TCO<sub>2</sub>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><sub>&nbsp;</sub>per year.</span><ref name="Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk">Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk</ref><br/>
 However, humanitarian efforts and business approaches to this topic need to be coordinated. Especially in developing economies there is a risk of disrupting emerging private sector energy markets through the free distributions of products. <ref name="Kleiman, S., 2016.">Kleiman, S., 2016. "With Light there is more life": Energy access for safety, health and well being in emergencies. Boiling Point, Issue 68, pp. 2-5.</ref>&nbsp;Therefore, humanitarian aid should always be carefully planned and, wherever possible, local establishment should be integrated so that the host community can benefit.
@@ Line 145: / Line 145: @@
 *InterAction’s&nbsp;[https://ngoaidmap.org/ NGO aid map]
 *[http://onlinelearning.unitar.org/conference-energy-for-displaced-people/ Energy for Displaced People] - UNITAR Conference, Berlin, Jan 2018. The aim of the conference was to start developing a Global Plan of Action, to be launched in July 2017. The background papers can be accessed [http://energycop.safefuelandenergy.org/web/energycop/general/-/message_boards/message/54620#_com_liferay_message_boards_web_portlet_MBPortlet_message_54620 here.]
+*[[Cooking_with_Clean_Fuels:_Designing_Solutions_in_Kakuma_Refugee_Camp|Cooking with Clean Fuels: Designing Solutions in Kakuma Refugee Camp]]
-<br/>
+*[[Energy_Access_for_Displaced_People|Energy Access for Displaced People]]
+*[[Cooking_Energy_in_Refugee_Situations|Cooking Energy in Refugee Situations]]
-<br/>
+*[[Cooking_Energy_in_Refugee_Camps-_Challenges_and_Opportunities|Cooking Energy in Refugee Camps - Challenges and Opportunities]]
-−
-<br/>
 <br/>
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 <references />
 [[Category:Energy_Access]]

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+= Introduction<br/> =
 = Introduction =
 A large number of people are forced to leave their country and live as refugees due to war and persecution. In 2013 the total number of refugees exceeded those after World War II. This number has continued to rise since then. <ref name="Global refugee figures highest since WW2, UN says. (2014, June 20). Retrieved December 9, 2015, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-27921938">Global refugee figures highest since WW2, UN says. (2014, June 20). Retrieved December 9, 2015, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-27921938</ref> According to UNHCR, there were around 68,5 million forcefully displaced people worldwide in 2017, around 25,4 million of which were refugees, 40 mio. internally displaced people, and 3.1 mio. asylum seekers. It is the highest level of human displacement on record. <ref name="UNHCR (2018) - Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2017: http://www.unhcr.org/dach/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2018/06/GlobalTrends2017.pdf">UNHCR (2018) - Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2017: http://www.unhcr.org/dach/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2018/06/GlobalTrends2017.pdf</ref>
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 Many refugees find shelter in camps. Refugee camps are seen as temporary establishments, because the hope is that at some point the people living there will be able to return to their homes. Therefore, long term investments, such as connecting the camps to the grid or providing them with expensive energy solutions are often discouraged. However, on average, people spend 17 years in a refugee camp. <ref name="Pyper, J., 2015. Solar Power to Light Up Syrian Refugee Camps in Jordan. [Online] Available at: http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-power-to-light-up-syrian-refugee-camps-in-jordan [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Pyper, J., 2015. Solar Power to Light Up Syrian Refugee Camps in Jordan. [Online] Available at: http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-power-to-light-up-syrian-refugee-camps-in-jordan [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref>&nbsp;During this time, they usually have to rely on energy sources, such as biomass or kerosene for cooking and lighting&nbsp; which are mostly used in an unsafe, unhealthy and inefficient way. <ref name="GVEP International, n.d. The Moving Energy Initiative: Sustainable Energy for Refugees and Displaced People. [Online] Available at: http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/moving-energy-initiative-sustainable-energy-refugees-and-displaced-people [Accessed 15 June 2016].">GVEP International, n.d. The Moving Energy Initiative: Sustainable Energy for Refugees and Displaced People. [Online] Available at: http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/moving-energy-initiative-sustainable-energy-refugees-and-displaced-people [Accessed 15 June 2016].</ref>&nbsp;Replacing these energy sources or devices with sustainable energy solutions in camps would have numerous advantages for refugees as well as for the host community and the environment.
 = Energy for Cooking =
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 |}
 = Energy for Lighting =
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 [[File:GIZ EnDev Nepal Boy with Light-reduced02.jpg|center|500px|alt=GIZ EnDev Nepal Boy with Light-reduced02.jpg]]
 = Financial Implications =
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 According to an assessment by the Women's Refugee Commission (WRC) in 2005, in humanitarian setting, refugees are provided with food, shelter but rarely with cooking energy. Energy access for refugees is a basic humanitarian need but has been mostly ignored/undermined. Additionally, a global total of '''US$2.1 billion''' is spend per year for energy access among displaced people.&nbsp;The majority of this cost is borne by the refugees themselves.<ref name="Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk">Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk</ref>
 = Environmental Degradation and Health Implications =
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 Similarly, burning traditional biomass for cooking is one of the major cause of indoor air pollution. The WHO estimates that around&nbsp;20,000 forcibly displaced people die prematurely each year from diseases caused by&nbsp;[[Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)|indoor air pollution]].<ref name="Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) in Nyarugusu, Tanzania: A Rapid Assessment Report. (2014).">Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) in Nyarugusu, Tanzania: A Rapid Assessment Report. (2014).</ref>
 = Gender Based Violence (GBV) =
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 In most of the refugees camps, women and children are mainly responsible for collecting firewood and in many cases, they travel up to 20 km into unsafe areas to collect firewood. This could lead to cases of sexual assault and robbery among women and children while collecting firewood. In most cases, the women and children, do not report the sexual assault as they are afraid of social stigma as well as further persecution by the police and the local security authority.&nbsp;<ref name="Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) in Nyarugusu, Tanzania: A Rapid Assessment Report. (2014).">Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) in Nyarugusu, Tanzania: A Rapid Assessment Report. (2014).</ref>
 = Implementing Solutions =
-Providing refugees with sustainable energy solutions, such of efficient stoves, alternative fuels and solar lighting, could have potential huge positive impacts on their lives as well as on the environment and the host communities. Furthermore, sustainable energy solutions could result in huge potential savings for humanitarian agencies.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Introducing improved cookstoves and basic solar lanterns could save </span>'''US$323 million a year'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;in fuel costs in return for a one-time capital investment of US$ 335 million for the equipment. It would also save around&nbsp;</span>'''6.85 million TCO<sub>2</sub>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><sub>&nbsp;</sub>per year.</span><ref name="Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk">Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk</ref><br/>
+Providing refugees with sustainable energy solutions, such of efficient stoves, alternative fuels and solar lighting, could have potential huge positive impacts on their lives as well as on the environment and the host communities. Furthermore, sustainable energy solutions could result in huge potential savings for humanitarian agencies.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Introducing improved cookstoves and basic solar lanterns could save </span>'''US$323 million a year'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;in fuel costs in return for a one-time capital investment of US$ 335 million for the equipment. It would also save around&nbsp;</span>'''6.85 million TCO<sub>2</sub>'''<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><sub>&nbsp;</sub>per year.</span><ref name="Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk">Lahn, G., & Grafham, O. (2015). Heat, Light and Power for Refugees Saving Lives, Reducing Costs. Chatham House Report for the Moving Energy Initiative. http://bit.ly/1l6cCEk</ref><br/>
 However, humanitarian efforts and business approaches to this topic need to be coordinated. Especially in developing economies there is a risk of disrupting emerging private sector energy markets through the free distributions of products. <ref name="Kleiman, S., 2016.">Kleiman, S., 2016. "With Light there is more life": Energy access for safety, health and well being in emergencies. Boiling Point, Issue 68, pp. 2-5.</ref>&nbsp;Therefore, humanitarian aid should always be carefully planned and, wherever possible, local establishment should be integrated so that the host community can benefit.
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 Recently, FAO has released a [http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5762e.pdf new handbook] on&nbsp;assessing the woodfuel supply and demand in displacement settings. The methodology presented in this handbook presents global data sources that are applicable in any country and are tailored for data collection in and around displacement camps.<ref name="FAO (2016): http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5762e.pdf">FAO (2016): http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5762e.pdf</ref><ref name="http://cleancookstoves.org/about/news/08-26-2016-un-agencies-launch-new-tool-to-help-displaced-populations-manage-fuel-needs.html">http://cleancookstoves.org/about/news/08-26-2016-un-agencies-launch-new-tool-to-help-displaced-populations-manage-fuel-needs.html</ref>
 = Publications<br/> =
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 <br/>
 = References =
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 <references />
 [[Category:Energy_Access]]

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 = Introduction =
-A large number of people are forced to leave their country and live as refugees due to war and persecution. In 2013 the total number of refugees exceeded those after World War II. This number has continued to rise since then. <ref name="Global refugee figures highest since WW2, UN says. (2014, June 20). Retrieved December 9, 2015, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-27921938">Global refugee figures highest since WW2, UN says. (2014, June 20). Retrieved December 9, 2015, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-27921938</ref>&nbsp;In 2017, UNHCR estimated that there were around 65,3 million forcefully displaced people worldwide, around 21 million of which were refugees. It is the highest level of human displacement on record. <ref>UNHCR (2017) - Figures at a glance 2017. [Online] Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/uk/figures-at-a-glance.html [Accessed 04 April 2017].</ref>
+A large number of people are forced to leave their country and live as refugees due to war and persecution. In 2013 the total number of refugees exceeded those after World War II. This number has continued to rise since then. <ref name="Global refugee figures highest since WW2, UN says. (2014, June 20). Retrieved December 9, 2015, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-27921938">Global refugee figures highest since WW2, UN says. (2014, June 20). Retrieved December 9, 2015, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-27921938</ref> According to UNHCR, there were around 68,5 million forcefully displaced people worldwide in 2017, around 25,4 million of which were refugees, 40 mio. internally displaces people, and 3.1 mio. asylum seekers. It is the highest level of human displacement on record. <ref name="UNHCR (2018) - Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2017: http://www.unhcr.org/dach/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2018/06/GlobalTrends2017.pdf">UNHCR (2018) - Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2017: http://www.unhcr.org/dach/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2018/06/GlobalTrends2017.pdf</ref>
 This article aims to explore the situation of energy access among refugee camps by consolidating the information from different publications.
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 We invite you to edit this article and enrich it with your valuable contributions. Please feel free to include a new publication, your personal experience, as well as other information in this article.
 == Setting the Context ==
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-<span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Access to food, water, shelter and medical care are the immediate priorities for people who have been forcefully displaced from their homes, either due to war and conflict or natural disasters. However, having access to energy is another very important factor for refugees and one which has, in the past, not received a lot of attention.&nbsp;</span><ref name="Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref><span style="font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 20.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;Luckily this is starting to change because safe and reliable energy access, or the lack of it, plays a central role in the life of many refugees.</span><br/>
+<span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Access to food, water, shelter and medical care are the immediate priorities for people who have been forcefully displaced from their homes, either due to war and conflict or natural disasters. However, having access to energy is another very important factor for refugees and one which has, in the past, not received a lot of attention.&nbsp;</span><ref name="Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Chatham House, n.d. Moving Energy Initiative. [Online] Available at: https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref><span style="font-size: 13.6px;  line-height: 20.4px;  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;Luckily this is starting to change because safe and reliable energy access, or the lack of it, plays a central role in the life of many refugees.</span><br/>
 Many refugees find shelter in camps. Refugee camps are seen as temporary establishments, because the hope is that at some point the people living there will be able to return to their homes. Therefore, long term investments, such as connecting the camps to the grid or providing them with expensive energy solutions are often discouraged. However, on average, people spend 17 years in a refugee camp. <ref name="Pyper, J., 2015. Solar Power to Light Up Syrian Refugee Camps in Jordan. [Online] Available at: http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-power-to-light-up-syrian-refugee-camps-in-jordan [Accessed 16 June 2016].">Pyper, J., 2015. Solar Power to Light Up Syrian Refugee Camps in Jordan. [Online] Available at: http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-power-to-light-up-syrian-refugee-camps-in-jordan [Accessed 16 June 2016].</ref>&nbsp;During this time, they usually have to rely on energy sources, such as biomass or kerosene for cooking and lighting&nbsp; which are mostly used in an unsafe, unhealthy and inefficient way. <ref name="GVEP International, n.d. The Moving Energy Initiative: Sustainable Energy for Refugees and Displaced People. [Online] Available at: http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/moving-energy-initiative-sustainable-energy-refugees-and-displaced-people [Accessed 15 June 2016].">GVEP International, n.d. The Moving Energy Initiative: Sustainable Energy for Refugees and Displaced People. [Online] Available at: http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/moving-energy-initiative-sustainable-energy-refugees-and-displaced-people [Accessed 15 June 2016].</ref>&nbsp;Replacing these energy sources or devices with sustainable energy solutions in camps would have numerous advantages for refugees as well as for the host community and the environment.

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 = Further Information =
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 *[[Preparation Guide for a Sustainable Energy Project in Refugee Settings|Preparation Guide for a Sustainable Energy Project in Refugee Settings]] - article on energypedia
 *[http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/energy.html UNCHR -Energy]<br/>
 *[http://www.safefuelandenergy.org SAFE]<br/>
 *[https://mei.chathamhouse.org/?section=intro Moving Energy Initiative]<br/>
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 = References =