Energy Needs in Smallholder Agriculture - Revision history

Ranisha at 19:00, 14 July 2020

2020-07-14T19:00:51Z

Rebecca Navarro: /* Conclusion and way forward */

2019-07-07T17:40:57Z

‎Conclusion and way forward

Rebecca Navarro: /* Agri-food sector */

2019-07-07T17:36:36Z

‎Agri-food sector

Rebecca Navarro: /* Energy sector */

2019-07-07T17:34:09Z

‎Energy sector

Rebecca Navarro: /* Impacts of energy access on smallholders */

2019-07-07T17:32:26Z

‎Impacts of energy access on smallholders

Rebecca Navarro: /* Recommendations for projects promoting a "productive use of energy" */

2019-07-07T17:28:38Z

‎Recommendations for projects promoting a "productive use of energy"

Rebecca Navarro: /* Smallholder Energy Needs */

2019-07-07T17:26:00Z

‎Smallholder Energy Needs

Rebecca Navarro: /* Overview */

2019-07-07T17:21:21Z

‎Overview

Rebecca Navarro: /* Recommendations for projects promoting "productive use of energy" */

2019-07-06T22:01:36Z

‎Recommendations for projects promoting "productive use of energy"

Rebecca Navarro: /* Recommendatons for projects promoting "productive use of energy" */

2019-07-06T21:52:59Z

‎Recommendatons for projects promoting "productive use of energy"

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 = Overview<br/> =
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 *<span dir="auto">[[Energy_within_Food_and_Agricultural_Value_Chains|Energy within Food and Agricultural Value Chains]]</span>
 *[http://poweringag.org/sites/default/files/giz2011-en-energy-services-for-modern-agriculture.pdf Utz, V., GIZ, 2011. Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture: A Review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries]
-*[[Portal:Powering_Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]
+*[[Portal:Water and Energy for Food|Water and Energy for Food (WE4F) portal on energypedia]]
 *[[Portal:Productive_Use|Productive Use Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
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 <references />
 [[Category:Water-Energy-Food_Nexus]]

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 *Addressing bottlenecks to take-up new technologies or farming practices (capacity, finance, maintenance and repair services, market access, land rights)<br/>
 *Promoting energy literacy among farmer organisations
 = Conclusion and way forward<br/> =
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 The paper concludes that there is some good experience on the technical options for access to modern energy services for smallholders and rural enterprises in developing countries. Lessons learnt include the importance of capactiy building and addressing end-user finance constraints, and the demand for tailored approaches for agricultural and processing activities.<br/>
-Another lessons learnt is the need to involve users strongly in project design in order to ensure a needs-based approach. One concrete idea is to implement energy literacy campaigns in order to help people understand opportunities, articulate their needs and demand for high quality services from government and providers.<br/>
+Another lesson learnt is the need to involve users strongly in project design in order to ensure a needs-based approach. One concrete idea is to implement energy literacy campaigns in order to help people understand opportunities, articulate their needs and demand for high quality services from government and providers.<br/>
-The paper identifies a knowledge gap&nbsp;with regards to economically viable '''delivery models '''for different energy needs in farming, as well as concerning the role of the private sector in providing energy services to smallholders. Moreover,&nbsp;further analysis are needed on the impacts of energy access on smallholder productivity, livelihoods and well-being.<br/>
+The paper identifies a knowledge gap&nbsp;with regards to economically viable '''delivery models '''for different energy needs in farming, as well as concerning the role of the private sector in providing energy services to smallholders. Moreover,&nbsp;further analyses are needed on the impacts of energy access on smallholder productivity, livelihoods and well-being.<br/>
 One main aim of the paper is bringing together approaches and experiences of the energy and the agri-food sector&nbsp;by addressing energy needs and challenges in smallholder farming. Integration is thus essential for the way forward regarding the challenge of increasing access to modern energy for smallholders, while supporting a transition to more environmentally sustainable food and energy systems.<br/>
 <br/>
 = Download<br/> =

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 #'''Large-scale rural electrification programmes''': typically focus on electricity grid extension, but also include mini-grid and off-grid supply.<br/>
 #'''Standalone, off-grid energy systems''': (mechanical, thermal, electrical) often small-scale; overlap with agricultural mechanization activities.<br/>
 == Agri-food sector<br/> ==
-Main targets of the agri-food sector are improving farmer livlihoods, agricultural productivity and other sustainability outcomes. Thereby, energy is both an input and an output of farming. Next to modern energy services, the agri-food sector is interested in human and animal power. Strategies of addressing power deficits include increasing supply power as well as reducing&nbsp;its need:<br/>
+Main targets of the agri-food sector are improving farmer livelihoods, agricultural productivity and other sustainability outcomes. Thereby, energy is both an input and an output of farming. Next to modern energy services, the agri-food sector is interested in human and animal power. Strategies of addressing power deficits include increasing supply power as well as reducing&nbsp;its need:<br/>
-#'''Agricultural mechanization''': increases productivity by focusing on the appropriate technology (i.e. appropriate to the social and economic conditions of the local area, environmentally sustainable, and cost effective). E.g. tractors, handpowered tools, irrigation<br/>
+#'''Agricultural mechanization''': increases productivity by focusing on the appropriate technology (i.e. appropriate to the social and economic conditions of the local area, environmentally sustainable, and cost effective). E.g. tractors, handpowered tools, or irrigation.<br/>
-#'''Sustainable agriculture''': is concerned with the efficient&nbsp;use of recources&nbsp;by means of integrated management of natural resources, environmental protection, avoiding fossil fuel inputs and emissions, sustainable bioenergy, and increasing productivity and incomes. E.g. no-till agriculture<br/>
+#'''Sustainable agriculture''': is concerned with the efficient&nbsp;use of recources&nbsp;by means of integrated management of natural resources, environmental protection, avoiding fossil fuel inputs and emissions, sustainable bioenergy, and increasing productivity and incomes. E.g. no-till agriculture.<br/>
-<br/>[[File:Energy flows in a small scale farm IIED.png|center|500px|Energy flows in a small scale farm IIED.png]]
+<br/>[[File:Energy flows in a small scale farm IIED.png|center|500px|Energy flows in a small scale farm IIED.png|alt=Energy flows in a small scale farm IIED.png]]
-This graph shows an example of a small-scale, low-input, family managed farming enterprise showing energy flows through the system. Outputs are primarily fresh food for local consumption, although they may also be delivered to local processing companies. Along with human and animal power, some direct energy inputs can be obtained from other sources, such as solar thermal and solar PV systems and biogas produced by using a simple anaerobic digester <ref name="FAO, 2011a">FAO (2011a), ‘Energy-Smart’ Food for People andfckLRClimate, Issue Paper, FAO, Rome.</ref><br/>
+This graph shows an example of a small-scale, low-input, family managed farming enterprise showing energy flows through the system. Outputs are primarily fresh food for local consumption, although they may also be delivered to local processing companies. Along with human and animal power, some direct energy inputs can be obtained from other sources, such as solar thermal and solar PV systems and biogas produced by using a simple anaerobic digester <ref name="FAO, 2011a">FAO (2011a), ‘Energy-Smart’ Food for People andfckLRClimate, Issue Paper, FAO, Rome.</ref>.<br/>
 <br/>
 == Cross-sectoral collaboration<br/> ==

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 <br/>
 == Energy sector<br/> ==
-Energy development is shifting its approach from supply-led and being focused on technical and cost issues, to focusing more on users’ needs, local context and sustainable delivery models. Central are '''modern energy services'''. The are two main types of interventions in energy access initiatives that are related to the energy-agriculture nexus:<br/>
+Energy development is shifting its approach from supply-led and being focused on technical and cost issues, to focusing more on users’ needs, local context and sustainable delivery models. Central are '''modern energy services'''. There are two main types of interventions in energy access initiatives that are related to the energy-agriculture nexus:<br/>
 == Agri-food sector<br/> ==

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 <br/>
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 *ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program), 2002. [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPSIA/Resources/490023-1120845825946/philippines_rural_electrification.pdf Rural Electrification and Development in the Philippines: Measuring the Social and Economic Impact]: The ESMAP case study finds little impact of electrification on farm income.<br/>
-*Barnes & Binswanger, 1986. Impact of rural electrification and infrastructure on agricultural changes: This cases study from India found that rural electrification increased agricultural productivity through private investment in electric pumps.<br/>
+*Barnes & Binswanger, 1986. Impact of rural electrification and infrastructure on agricultural changes: This case study from India found that rural electrification increased agricultural productivity through private investment in electric pumps.<br/>
 *Kirubi et al., 2009. [http://bit.ly/1DAl0Qq Community-based electric micro-grids can contribute to rural development: Evidence from Kenya]: A case study on standalone systems in Kenya, where access resulted in significant improvements&nbsp;of productivity per worker.<br/>
 *Ernst & Young’s attractiveness survey. [http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/The_Africa_Attractiveness_Survey_2013/$FILE/Africa_Attractiveness_Survey_2013_AU1582.pdf Africa 2013: Getting down to business]: The report points out how poor infrastructure (including electricity and power) hampers countries’ development.<br/>
-Further research is thus needed, particularly, on micro-level evidence. Outcomes need to be monitored over time and should be evaluated in a broader context than income. Further, costs and trade-offs need to be examined, as&nbsp;should be&nbsp;the distribution of benefits.<br/>
+Further research is thus needed, particularly, on micro-level evidence. Outcomes need to be monitored over time and should be evaluated in a broader context than income. Furthermore, costs and trade-offs need to be examined, as&nbsp;should be&nbsp;the distribution of benefits.<br/>
 <br/>
 = Energy sector approach versus agri-food sector approach<br/> =

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 <br/>
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 '''3. Needs vary hugely across different farming systems'''<br/>Smallholders are a heterogeneous group, working with diverse farming systems - depending on crops, locality, context, culture and agro-ecological zones. Thus, solutions have to be selected accordingly.<br/>
-'''4. 'Modern energy services' is not always the answer to a benefit'''<br/>Farmers need to weigh up the costs and the benefits of using modern energy services. Sometimes, significant improvements can be reached though low-cost, 'traditional' technology e.g. treadle pumps.<br/>
+'''4. 'Modern energy services' is not always the answer to a benefit'''<br/>Farmers need to weigh up the costs and the benefits of using modern energy services. Sometimes, significant improvements can be reached through low-cost, 'traditional' technology e.g. treadle pumps.<br/>
 <br/>

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 Quantifying the energy access gap in smallholder-based food systems is challenging, as energy sources and uses are diverse among the millions of small farms, rural enterprises and communities. Nevertheless, some data provide an idea on the scale of the problem, for example for the case of Sub-Saharan Africa:
-*65% of farm power relies on human power, 25% on animal power and only 10%&nbsp;on engines. Compared to other developing regions, with engines generating 50% of farm power, this is very low <ref name="FAO/UNIDO, 2008">FAO/UNIDO, 2008. Agricultural Mechanization in Africa. Time for Action: Planning Investment for enhanced agricultural productivity. https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/agricultural_mechanization_in_Africa.pdf</ref><br/>
+*65% of farm power relies on human power, 25% on animal power and only 10%&nbsp;on engines. Compared to other developing regions, with engines generating 50% of farm power, this is very low <ref name="FAO/UNIDO, 2008">FAO/UNIDO, 2008. Agricultural Mechanization in Africa. Time for Action: Planning Investment for enhanced agricultural productivity. https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/agricultural_mechanization_in_Africa.pdf</ref>.<br/>
-*Only 4% of cropland is irrigated. In South Asia this is 39%, and in East Asia 29% <ref name="Practical Action, 2012">Practical Action, 2012. Poor People's Energy Outlook 2012. Practical Action Publishing, Rugby, UK. http://practicalaction.org/ppeo2012</ref><br/>
+*Only 4% of cropland is irrigated. In South Asia this is 39%, and in East Asia 29% <ref name="Practical Action, 2012">Practical Action, 2012. Poor People's Energy Outlook 2012. Practical Action Publishing, Rugby, UK. http://practicalaction.org/ppeo2012</ref>.<br/>
 *About 10-20% of grains are lost after harvest, accounting for about US$4bn. Key causes are lack of appropriate storage, processing, and cooling equipment <ref name="The World Bank, 2011">The World Bank, 2011. Missing Food: The Case of Postharvest Grain Losses in Sub-Saharan Africa.</ref>.<br/>
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 <br/>

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 = Overview<br/> =
-[[Access_to_Modern_Energy|Access to modern energy services]] and equipment for smallholder farmers in developing countries could have significant positive [[Portal:Impacts|impacts]] on food security, gender empowerment and rural poverty. The publication [http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16562IIED.pdf "Growing Power: Exploring energy needs in smallholder agriculture"] by Sarah Best, [http://www.iied.org/ International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)], analyses the ‘[[Portal:Productive_Use|productive uses]]’ of energy.<br/>
+[[Access to Modern Energy|Access to modern energy services]] and equipment for smallholder farmers in developing countries could have significant positive [[Portal:Impacts|impacts]] on food security, gender empowerment, and rural poverty. The publication [http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16562IIED.pdf "Growing Power: Exploring energy needs in smallholder agriculture"] by Sarah Best, [http://www.iied.org/ International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)], analyses the ‘[[Portal:Productive Use|productive uses]]’ of energy.<br/>
-The broad challenges faced by both the food and energy sector are: '''achieving universal energy access''', '''de-coupling from fossil fuels,''' producing and consuming '''energy more efficiently''', '''avoiding costly waste''', and '''preserving the natural resource '''base. The paper explains the 'why', 'what' and 'how' of energy needs and access for smallholders and rural enterprises, encoruaging discussion on how these challenges can be tackeld.<br/>
+The broad challenges faced by both the food and energy sector are: '''achieving universal energy access''', '''de-coupling from fossil fuels,''' producing and consuming '''energy more efficiently''', '''avoiding costly waste''', and '''preserving the natural resource '''base. The paper explains the 'why', 'what' and 'how' of energy needs and access for smallholders and rural enterprises, encouraging discussion on how these challenges can be tackled.<br/>
 <br/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:01, 6 July 2019
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−	= Recommendations for projects promoting "productive use of energy"<br/> =	+
		+	= Recommendations for projects promoting a "productive use of energy"<br/> =

	While aforementioned data and information provide a broad overview of energy gaps and needs, aligning priorities with local settings is crucial. Interventions need to be more people-centred, "bottom-up", and need to be better tailored to local contexts - as have shown experiences from energy as well as agricultural mechanization. This requires to specifically answer e.g.:<br/>		While aforementioned data and information provide a broad overview of energy gaps and needs, aligning priorities with local settings is crucial. Interventions need to be more people-centred, "bottom-up", and need to be better tailored to local contexts - as have shown experiences from energy as well as agricultural mechanization. This requires to specifically answer e.g.:<br/>

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-While&nbsp;aforementioned data and information provide a broad overview of energy gaps and needs,&nbsp;aligning priorities with local settings is crucial. Internventions need to be more people-centred, "bottom-up", and need to be better tailored to local contexts - as have shown experiences from energy as well as agricultural mechanization. In specific this means to answer e.g.:<br/>
+= Recommendations for projects promoting "productive use of energy"<br/> =
 *what do people want energy for?<br/>
-*which types of equipment is used?<br/>
+*which type of equipment is used?<br/>
 *what can people afford?<br/>
-*what about the capactiy to run and maintain sytsms?<br/>
+*what about the capactiy to run and maintain systems?<br/>
 Thus, it is necessary to take a holistic view on smallholders' energy needs beyond the farm gate. Projects at the Energy-Agriculture Nexus should therefore take a demand-led approach, being situated in a wider rural development context (e.g. energy for health clinics vs. energy for farming). The paper provides further recommendations:<br/>
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 <br/>'''1. Value chain analysis can help pinpoint energy needs and opportunities'''<br/>e.g. to identify bottlenecks to productivity, or pinpoint where energy could have biggest impacts on income, what is most cost-effective etc.<br/>
-'''2. Needs assessments should place a strong emphasis on gender'''<br/>About 43% of the agricultural workforce in developing countries is made up by women. They mostly have less access to productive assets than men. If this access of women would increased, the respective yields could be increased by 20-30%<ref name="FAO, 2011">FAO, 2011. The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-2011. Women in Agriculture: Closing the gender gap for development.</ref><br/>
+'''2. Needs assessments should place a strong emphasis on gender'''<br/>About 43% of the agricultural workforce in developing countries is made up by women. They mostly have less access to productive assets than men. If this access of women would increase, the respective yields could be risen by 20-30%<ref name="FAO, 2011">FAO, 2011. The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-2011. Women in Agriculture: Closing the gender gap for development.</ref><br/>
 '''3. Needs vary hugely across different farming systems'''<br/>Smallholders are a heterogeneous group, working with diverse farming systems - depending on crops, locality, context, culture and agro-ecological zones. Thus, solutions have to be selected accordingly.<br/>
-'''4. 'Modern energy services' is not always the answer to a benefit'''<br/>Farmers need to weigh up the costs and the benefits of using modern energy services. Sometimes significant improvements can be reached though low-cost, 'traditional' technology e.g. treadle pumps.<br/>
+'''4. 'Modern energy services' is not always the answer to a benefit'''<br/>Farmers need to weigh up the costs and the benefits of using modern energy services. Sometimes, significant improvements can be reached though low-cost, 'traditional' technology e.g. treadle pumps.<br/>
 <br/>
 = Impacts of energy access on smallholders<br/> =