Energy Transition in Germany “Energiewende” - Revision history

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 15:31, 26 February 2019

2019-02-26T15:31:39Z

Joanna Walther: /* Citizen-owned Projects */

2018-06-19T08:23:11Z

‎Citizen-owned Projects

Ranisha at 17:11, 13 March 2018

2018-03-13T17:11:15Z

Tony Yen at 22:37, 27 January 2018

2018-01-27T22:37:54Z

Tony Yen at 21:47, 27 January 2018

2018-01-27T21:47:39Z

Tony Yen at 21:45, 27 January 2018

2018-01-27T21:45:28Z

Tony Yen: /* Energiewende – Achievements */

2018-01-27T21:24:12Z

‎Energiewende – Achievements

Tony Yen: /* Energiewende – Achievements */

2018-01-27T03:45:39Z

‎Energiewende – Achievements

Tony Yen: /* Energiewende – Criticisms and Pro-Arguments */

2018-01-27T03:45:17Z

‎Energiewende – Criticisms and Pro-Arguments

Tony Yen: /* Decline in Coal Use and Carbon Intensity in the Electricity Sector */

2018-01-23T12:15:44Z

‎Decline in Coal Use and Carbon Intensity in the Electricity Sector

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 = Energiewende – History =
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 Energiewende might not be the most unique reform but what sets it apart is the '''scope, speed and the amount of public as well as political support''' it has managed to gather. The enormous public and political support is mostly relevant with respect to their willingness to pay for energiewende. For example, polls in Germany have shown that more than 90% of the German citizens are in favor of its goals. <ref name="Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.">Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.</ref>
 == Citizen-owned Projects ==
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 <br/>
-[[Category:Community_Power]]
+<br/>
 = Energiewende – Criticisms and Pro-Arguments =
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 <references />
 [[Category:Renewable_Energy]]

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 Energiewende might not be the most unique reform but what sets it apart is the '''scope, speed and the amount of public as well as political support''' it has managed to gather. The enormous public and political support is mostly relevant with respect to their willingness to pay for energiewende. For example, polls in Germany have shown that more than 90% of the German citizens are in favor of its goals. <ref name="Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.">Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.</ref>
 == Citizen-owned Projects ==
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 <br/>
 = Energiewende – Criticisms and Pro-Arguments =

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 = Energiewende – History =
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 To integrate as much renewable energy into the grid, Germany's power system has developed more flexible and reliable during the transition.
-Many of the conventional "baseload" power plants were retrofitted or designed in a new manner. Their ramping rate increased and minimum load decreased, making them more suitable in meeting the [[Flexibility|flexibility]] demands of residual load variations<ref>"Flexibility in thermal power plants" https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2017/Flexibility_in_thermal_plants/115_flexibility-report-WEB.pdf</ref>. Market designs, such as the introduction of negative prices, has also played a role in providing incentives to operate conventional power plants flexibly<ref>"Negative Strompreise sind auch ein Grund zur Freude". Available at: https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article172642273/Agora-Energiewende-Chef-verteidigt-negative-Strompreise.html</ref>.
+Many of the conventional "baseload" power plants were retrofitted or designed in a new manner. Their ramping rate increased and minimum load decreased, making them more suitable in meeting the [[Flexibility (Power System)|flexibility]] demands of residual load variations<ref>"Flexibility in thermal power plants" https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2017/Flexibility_in_thermal_plants/115_flexibility-report-WEB.pdf</ref>. Market designs, such as the introduction of negative prices, has also played a role in providing incentives to operate conventional power plants flexibly<ref>"Negative Strompreise sind auch ein Grund zur Freude". Available at: https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article172642273/Agora-Energiewende-Chef-verteidigt-negative-Strompreise.html</ref>.
 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although [[Flexibility (Power System)|residual load flexibility]] still rely heavily on conventional power plants, r</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">enewable energy sources has proven to be capable of providing many other important flexibility and reliability services<ref>"Powering into the Future: Renewable Energy & Grid Reliability". Available at:fckLRhttp://www.mjbradley.com/sites/default/files/Powering_Into_the_Future.pdf</ref>. Therefore,</span>&nbsp;the grid was not destabled because of higher amount of solar and wind feeding in. In contrast, Germany has one of the most reliable grid in the world, and its performance continue to improve during Energiewende.
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 <references />
 [[Category:Policies_and_Regulations]]

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 '''Combatting climate change''': reduction of GHG emissions by 40% by 2020 as compared to 1990s level
-'''Avoiding nuclear risks''': the 7 remaining nuclear power plants in Germany will be shut until 2022 and no new nuclear power plants will be constructed.
+'''Avoiding nuclear risks''': the 9 remaining nuclear power plants in Germany will be shut until 2022 and no new nuclear power plants will be constructed. As of 2018, 7 of the reactors remain online.
 '''Improving energy security''': renewables will contribute to 35% of total electricity production by 2020 and 80% by 2050. Similarly, 20% primary energy efficiency improvements will be achieved until 2020.
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 To integrate as much renewable energy into the grid, Germany's power system has developed more flexible and reliable during the transition.
-Many of the conventional "baseload" power plants were retrofitted or designed in a new manner. Their ramping rate increased and minimum load decreased, making them more suitable in meeting the [[flexibility|flexibility]] demands of residual load variations<ref>"Flexibility in thermal power plants" https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2017/Flexibility_in_thermal_plants/115_flexibility-report-WEB.pdf</ref>. Market designs, such as the introduction of negative prices, has also played a role in providing incentives to operate conventional power plants flexibly<ref>"Negative Strompreise sind auch ein Grund zur Freude". Available at: https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article172642273/Agora-Energiewende-Chef-verteidigt-negative-Strompreise.html</ref>.
+Many of the conventional "baseload" power plants were retrofitted or designed in a new manner. Their ramping rate increased and minimum load decreased, making them more suitable in meeting the [[Flexibility|flexibility]] demands of residual load variations<ref>"Flexibility in thermal power plants" https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2017/Flexibility_in_thermal_plants/115_flexibility-report-WEB.pdf</ref>. Market designs, such as the introduction of negative prices, has also played a role in providing incentives to operate conventional power plants flexibly<ref>"Negative Strompreise sind auch ein Grund zur Freude". Available at: https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article172642273/Agora-Energiewende-Chef-verteidigt-negative-Strompreise.html</ref>.
 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although [[Flexibility (Power System)|residual load flexibility]] still rely heavily on conventional power plants, r</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">enewable energy sources has proven to be capable of providing many other important flexibility and reliability services<ref>"Powering into the Future: Renewable Energy & Grid Reliability". Available at:fckLRhttp://www.mjbradley.com/sites/default/files/Powering_Into_the_Future.pdf</ref>. Therefore,</span>&nbsp;the grid was not destabled because of higher amount of solar and wind feeding in. In contrast, Germany has one of the most reliable grid in the world, and its performance continue to improve during Energiewende.
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 <references />
 [[Category:Renewable_Energy]]

@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 To integrate as much renewable energy into the grid, Germany's power system has developed more flexible and reliable during the transition.
-Many of the conventional "baseload" power plants were retrofitted or designed in a new manner. Their ramping rate increased and minimum load decreased, making them more suitable in meeting the flexibility demands of residual load variations<ref>"Flexibility in thermal power plants" https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2017/Flexibility_in_thermal_plants/115_flexibility-report-WEB.pdf</ref>. Market designs, such as the introduction of negative prices, has also played a role in providing incentives to operate conventional power plants flexibly<ref>"Negative Strompreise sind auch ein Grund zur Freude". Available at: https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article172642273/Agora-Energiewende-Chef-verteidigt-negative-Strompreise.html</ref>.
+Many of the conventional "baseload" power plants were retrofitted or designed in a new manner. Their ramping rate increased and minimum load decreased, making them more suitable in meeting the [[flexibility|flexibility]] demands of residual load variations<ref>"Flexibility in thermal power plants" https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2017/Flexibility_in_thermal_plants/115_flexibility-report-WEB.pdf</ref>. Market designs, such as the introduction of negative prices, has also played a role in providing incentives to operate conventional power plants flexibly<ref>"Negative Strompreise sind auch ein Grund zur Freude". Available at: https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article172642273/Agora-Energiewende-Chef-verteidigt-negative-Strompreise.html</ref>.
 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although [[Flexibility (Power System)|residual load flexibility]] still rely heavily on conventional power plants, r</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">enewable energy sources has proven to be capable of providing many other important flexibility and reliability services<ref>"Powering into the Future: Renewable Energy & Grid Reliability". Available at:fckLRhttp://www.mjbradley.com/sites/default/files/Powering_Into_the_Future.pdf</ref>. Therefore,</span>&nbsp;the grid was not destabled because of higher amount of solar and wind feeding in. In contrast, Germany has one of the most reliable grid in the world, and its performance continue to improve during Energiewende.
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 <references />
 [[Category:Policies_and_Regulations]]

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 Energiewende was strongly supported by the energiekonzept as well as the 2011 revision but the EEG reform in 2014 was the driving force to restructure energiewende and make its goal affordable.<ref name="Sopher, Peter. ‘Lessons Learned from Germany’s Energiewende: The Political, Governance, Economic, Grid Reliability, and Grid Optimization Bedrock for a Transition to Renewables’. Renewable Energy L. & Pol’y Rev., 2015, 99.">Sopher, Peter. ‘Lessons Learned from Germany’s Energiewende: The Political, Governance, Economic, Grid Reliability, and Grid Optimization Bedrock for a Transition to Renewables’. Renewable Energy L. & Pol’y Rev., 2015, 99.</ref>
 = Energiewende – Definition =
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 '''Combatting climate change''': reduction of GHG emissions by 40% by 2020 as compared to 1990s level
-'''Avoiding nuclear risks''': the 9 remaining nuclear power plants in Germany will be shut until 2022 and no new nuclear power plants will be constructed.
+'''Avoiding nuclear risks''': the 7 remaining nuclear power plants in Germany will be shut until 2022 and no new nuclear power plants will be constructed.
 '''Improving energy security''': renewables will contribute to 35% of total electricity production by 2020 and 80% by 2050. Similarly, 20% primary energy efficiency improvements will be achieved until 2020.
-These targets will ensure the competitiveness and growth of Germany in the international market. Similarly, solar and wind energy has been promoted under this framework, as these are now mature technologies and are also cost competitive as compared to conventional energy sources. <ref name="Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.">Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.</ref><br/>
+These targets will ensure the competitiveness and growth of Germany in the international market. Similarly, solar and wind energy has been promoted under this framework, as these are now mature technologies and are also cost competitive as compared to conventional energy sources.&nbsp;<ref name="Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.">Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.</ref>
 = Energiewende – Renewable Energy Act (Erneuerbare Energie Gesetz, EEG) =
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 For more information on EEG, click [http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?page_id=283 here].
-Please note that the EEG does not incentivize all electricity generated from renewable energy sources. For example, large hydropower plants or conventional power stations that incinerate biomass alongside their regular fuel do not received compensation under EEG.<br/>
+Please note that the EEG does not incentivize all electricity generated from renewable energy sources. For example, large hydropower plants or conventional power stations that incinerate biomass alongside their regular fuel do not received compensation under EEG.
 <br/>
 = Energiewende – Achievements =
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 Many of the conventional "baseload" power plants were retrofitted or designed in a new manner. Their ramping rate increased and minimum load decreased, making them more suitable in meeting the flexibility demands of residual load variations<ref>"Flexibility in thermal power plants" https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2017/Flexibility_in_thermal_plants/115_flexibility-report-WEB.pdf</ref>. Market designs, such as the introduction of negative prices, has also played a role in providing incentives to operate conventional power plants flexibly<ref>"Negative Strompreise sind auch ein Grund zur Freude". Available at: https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article172642273/Agora-Energiewende-Chef-verteidigt-negative-Strompreise.html</ref>.
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although [[Flexibility_(Power_System)|residual load flexibility]] still rely heavily on conventional power plants, r</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">enewable energy sources has proven to be capable of providing many other important flexibility and reliability services<ref>"Powering into the Future: Renewable Energy & Grid Reliability". Available at:fckLRhttp://www.mjbradley.com/sites/default/files/Powering_Into_the_Future.pdf</ref>. Therefore,</span>&nbsp;the grid was not destabled because of higher amount of solar and wind feeding in. In contrast, Germany has one of the most reliable grid in the world, and its performance continue to improve during Energiewende.<br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although [[Flexibility (Power System)|residual load flexibility]] still rely heavily on conventional power plants, r</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">enewable energy sources has proven to be capable of providing many other important flexibility and reliability services<ref>"Powering into the Future: Renewable Energy & Grid Reliability". Available at:fckLRhttp://www.mjbradley.com/sites/default/files/Powering_Into_the_Future.pdf</ref>. Therefore,</span>&nbsp;the grid was not destabled because of higher amount of solar and wind feeding in. In contrast, Germany has one of the most reliable grid in the world, and its performance continue to improve during Energiewende.
 <br/>
 = Unique Features of Energiewende: Accelerators towards Success =
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 Renewable energy like solar are often deployed in decentralized and scattered manner, they are mostly owned by non-utility actors like private households, farmers, energy cooperatives. In 2012, 46% of all installed renewable capacity in Germany was owned by '''non-utility actors''' and the utilities only owned around 13%. Therefore, energiewende has promoted a lot of citizen owned projects and encouraged the change from '''consumers to “prosumers'''”- users who produce and consume their own electricity. <ref name="Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.">Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.</ref><ref name="Centre for Environment Education. ‘Energy Transition in India? Exploring the German Energiewende. Take-Aways from the Energiewende. Roundtable Discussions Held in Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune, Ahmedabad and Delhi in February/March 2014’, 2014. https://in.boell.org/sites/default/files/energy_transition_final.pdf.">Centre for Environment Education. ‘Energy Transition in India? Exploring the German Energiewende. Take-Aways from the Energiewende. Roundtable Discussions Held in Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune, Ahmedabad and Delhi in February/March 2014’, 2014. https://in.boell.org/sites/default/files/energy_transition_final.pdf.</ref>
 = Energiewende – Criticisms and Pro-Arguments =
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 According to the German Green party, to achieve the 40% reduction goal by 2020, Germany must reduce&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">156 million tonnes of</span> annual carbon emission in the next three years. This could be done mostly by closing the 20 dirtiest coal power plants (50 million tonnes), energy efficiency measures in building sector (14 million tonnes),&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 13.6px;">further expansion of solar and wind capacity (10 million tonnes)<ref>"Klimaziel 2020. So könnte es gehen!". Available at:fckLRhttps://www.facebook.com/B90DieGruenen/videos/10156908850018219/</ref>.</span>
 = Lessons Learnt from Energiewende =
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 For other insights from the energiewende, click [https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2012/12-Thesen/Agora_12_Insights_on_Germanys_Energiewende_web.pdf here].
 = Other Countries in Energy Transitions =
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 <references />
 [[Category:Renewable_Energy]]

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 <br/>
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 Many of the conventional "baseload" power plants were retrofitted or designed in a new manner. Their ramping rate increased and minimum load decreased, making them more suitable in meeting the flexibility demands of residual load variations<ref>"Flexibility in thermal power plants" https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2017/Flexibility_in_thermal_plants/115_flexibility-report-WEB.pdf</ref>. Market designs, such as the introduction of negative prices, has also played a role in providing incentives to operate conventional power plants flexibly<ref>"Negative Strompreise sind auch ein Grund zur Freude". Available at: https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article172642273/Agora-Energiewende-Chef-verteidigt-negative-Strompreise.html</ref>.
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although residual load flexibility still rely heavily on conventional power plants, r</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">enewable energy sources has proven to be capable of providing many other important flexibility and reliability services<ref>"Powering into the Future: Renewable Energy & Grid Reliability". Available at:fckLRhttp://www.mjbradley.com/sites/default/files/Powering_Into_the_Future.pdf</ref>. Therefore,</span>&nbsp;the grid was not destabled because of higher amount of solar and wind feeding in. In contrast, Germany has one of the most reliable grid in the world, and its performance continue to improve during Energiewende.<br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Although [[Flexibility_(Power_System)|residual load flexibility]] still rely heavily on conventional power plants, r</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">enewable energy sources has proven to be capable of providing many other important flexibility and reliability services<ref>"Powering into the Future: Renewable Energy & Grid Reliability". Available at:fckLRhttp://www.mjbradley.com/sites/default/files/Powering_Into_the_Future.pdf</ref>. Therefore,</span>&nbsp;the grid was not destabled because of higher amount of solar and wind feeding in. In contrast, Germany has one of the most reliable grid in the world, and its performance continue to improve during Energiewende.<br/>
 <br/>

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 <br/>
 = Energiewende – Achievements =
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 In 2017, electricity produced by renewable energy sources covered about 36.1% of domestic demand in Germany<ref name="Die Energiewende im Stromsektor: Stand der Dinge 2017, Agora Energiewende">Die Energiewende im Stromsektor: Stand der Dinge 2017, Agora Energiewende. Available at fckLRhttps://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2018/Jahresauswertung_2017/Agora_Jahresauswertung-2017.pdf</ref>.The initial goal was 35% by 2020. The rapid growth of renewable energy raised a demand for more ambitous goals.&nbsp;
 == Decline in Coal Use and Carbon Intensity in the Electricity Sector ==
 The Enegiewende includes the phasing out of both nuclear and coal power plants. Because the phasing out of nuclear power plants came first, Initially this caused a temporary growth of coal use. However, renewable growth has quickly filled the gap since. Coal use in Germany has declined since 2013, and according to Agora Energiewende, carbon intensity in the electricity sector was 500 g CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;eq/kWh in 2017, compared to 558 g <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CO</span><sub style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2</sub><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> eq</span>/kWh in 2010<ref name="Die Energiewende im Stromsektor: Stand der Dinge 2017, Agora Energiewende">Die Energiewende im Stromsektor: Stand der Dinge 2017, Agora Energiewende. Available at fckLRhttps://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2018/Jahresauswertung_2017/Agora_Jahresauswertung-2017.pdf</ref><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span>
 == Increase of Flexibility and Reliability of the Power System ==

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 Renewable energy like solar are often deployed in decentralized and scattered manner, they are mostly owned by non-utility actors like private households, farmers, energy cooperatives. In 2012, 46% of all installed renewable capacity in Germany was owned by '''non-utility actors''' and the utilities only owned around 13%. Therefore, energiewende has promoted a lot of citizen owned projects and encouraged the change from '''consumers to “prosumers'''”- users who produce and consume their own electricity. <ref name="Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.">Agora Energiewende. ‘Understanding the Energiewende. FAQ on the Ongoing Transition of the German Power System.’, 2015. https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2015/Understanding_the_EW/Agora_Understanding_the_Energiewende.pdf.</ref><ref name="Centre for Environment Education. ‘Energy Transition in India? Exploring the German Energiewende. Take-Aways from the Energiewende. Roundtable Discussions Held in Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune, Ahmedabad and Delhi in February/March 2014’, 2014. https://in.boell.org/sites/default/files/energy_transition_final.pdf.">Centre for Environment Education. ‘Energy Transition in India? Exploring the German Energiewende. Take-Aways from the Energiewende. Roundtable Discussions Held in Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune, Ahmedabad and Delhi in February/March 2014’, 2014. https://in.boell.org/sites/default/files/energy_transition_final.pdf.</ref>
 = Energiewende – Criticisms and Pro-Arguments =
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 With energiewende on highlight, in 2015 42% of the total electricity generation still came from coal and therefore coal will continue to play an important role in the German energiewende. Germany has about 40.5 billion tons of coal reserve (mostly lignite). Therefore, on the way to energiewende, gradual phase out of coal will play a very important role.<ref name="Bößner, Stefan. ‘DISCUSSION BRIEF: Turning Energy around: Coal and the German Energiewende’. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2016. https://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-DB-2016-Energiewende-and-coal.pdf.">Bößner, Stefan. ‘DISCUSSION BRIEF: Turning Energy around: Coal and the German Energiewende’. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2016. https://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-DB-2016-Energiewende-and-coal.pdf.</ref> To read more about the role of coal in energiewende, click [https://us.boell.org/sites/default/files/german-coal-conundrum.pdf here] .
 == Total Carbon Emission Stagnated&nbsp; ==