Energy for Agriculture - Revision history

Ranisha at 18:53, 14 July 2020

2020-07-14T18:53:12Z

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 14:29, 1 July 2020

2020-07-01T14:29:24Z

Show changes

Kilian Blumenthal: /* Further Information */

2020-01-21T21:05:47Z

‎Further Information

Lisafeldmann: /* Further Information */

2016-08-22T12:23:15Z

‎Further Information

Stefan Eibisch: /* Further Information */

2016-07-11T11:32:58Z

‎Further Information

Stefan Eibisch: /* Further Information */

2016-04-01T09:38:08Z

‎Further Information

Stefan Eibisch: /* Overview */

2016-04-01T09:37:50Z

‎Overview

Stefan Eibisch: /* Further Information */

2016-03-31T13:07:46Z

‎Further Information

Ranisha at 09:55, 4 December 2015

2015-12-04T09:55:03Z

Kira Kahmann: /* Further Information */

2015-12-03T09:34:07Z

‎Further Information

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 = Overview<br/> =
@@ Line 292: / Line 291: @@
 *[[Portal:Productive Use|Productive Use Portal on energypedia]]
-*[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]
+*[[Portal:Water and Energy for Food|Water and Energy for Food (WE4F) portal on energypedia]]
 *[[Agricultural Processing|Agricultural Processing]]
 *FAO Study: [[Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart|Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart]]
@@ Line 312: / Line 311: @@
 <br/>[[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]
 [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]

@@ Line 284: / Line 284: @@
 [[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]
@@ Line 292: / Line 293: @@
 = Further Information<br/> =
-*[[Portal:Productive_Use|Productive Use Portal on energypedia]]
+*[[Portal:Productive Use|Productive Use Portal on energypedia]]
-*[[Portal:Powering_Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]
+*[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]
-*[[Agricultural_Processing|Agricultural Processing]]
+*[[Agricultural Processing|Agricultural Processing]]
 *FAO Study: [[Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart|Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart]]
 *[[Co-optimizing Solutions: Water and Energy for Food, Feed and Fiber|Water and Energy for Food, Feed and Fiber]]<br/>
 *[[Sheabutter Processing|Sheabutter Processing in Benin]]<br/>
 <br/>

@@ Line 284: / Line 284: @@
 [[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]
@@ Line 291: / Line 292: @@
 = Further Information<br/> =
-*FAO Study: [[Opportunities_for_Agri-Food_Chains_to_become_Energy-Smart|Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart]]<br/>
+*[[Portal:Productive_Use|Productive Use Portal on energypedia]]
-*[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
+*[[Portal:Powering_Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]
 *[[Co-optimizing Solutions: Water and Energy for Food, Feed and Fiber|Water and Energy for Food, Feed and Fiber]]<br/>
 *[[Sheabutter Processing|Sheabutter Processing in Benin]]<br/>

@@ Line 173: / Line 173: @@
 Small-scale hybrid power systems, also a mature technology, are used worldwide. By combining different energy sources (solar-diesel, wind-diesel) hybrids can provide widespread and highly reliable electrical supply. These small hybrid systems are easy to install—no special tools or concrete are required.<br/>[[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
@@ Line 178: / Line 179: @@
 *[[Powering Agriculture: Irrigation|Irrigation on Powering Agriculture Portal]]<br/>
-*[[Manual_and_Tools_for_Promoting_SPIS_–_Stocktaking_and_Analysis_Report|Manual and Tools for Promoting SPIS – Stocktaking and Analysis Report]]<br/>
+*[[Solar_Powered_Irrigation_Systems_-_Technology,_Economy,_Impacts|Solar Powered Irrigation Systems - Technology, Economy, Impacts]]<br/>

@@ Line 283: / Line 283: @@
 [[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]
@@ Line 289: / Line 290: @@
 = Further Information<br/> =
 *[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
 *[[Co-optimizing Solutions: Water and Energy for Food, Feed and Fiber|Water and Energy for Food, Feed and Fiber]]<br/>
-*[[Sheabutter_Processing|Sheabutter Processing in Benin]]<br/>
+*[[Sheabutter Processing|Sheabutter Processing in Benin]]<br/>
 <br/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Overview<br/> =
 Modern agriculture needs modern energy - the two are closely linked. For many developing countries, agriculture is the dominant sector in developing the economy. Increasing productivity and the modernisation of agricultural production systems are the primary drivers of global poverty reduction and energy plays a key role in achieving this. Energy input to modern and sustainable agricultural production and processing systems is a key factor in moving beyond subsistence farming towards food security, added value in rural areas and expansion into new agricultural markets. In many cases, renewable energy technologies and hybrid systems can provide energy services that neatly support the production process, e.g. by providing irrigation (pumps) or post harvest treatment (cooling) or processing (drying, milling, pressing). The requirements of mechanical energy in the agricultural production process are also of critical importance and include human and animal labour as well as fuels for mechanisation, pumping and other activities, and indirectly the production of fertilisers and agrochemicals.<br/><u>The agricultural production chain involves the following steps:</u>
 *[[Energy for Agriculture#Production|Production]]
 *[[Energy for Agriculture#Post-harvest and Storage|Postharvest and storage]]
 *[[Energy for Agriculture#Processing|Processing]]
 *[[Energy for Agriculture#Commercialisation|Commercialisation]]
 <br/>
 = Production<br/> =

@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 Small-scale hybrid power systems, also a mature technology, are used worldwide. By combining different energy sources (solar-diesel, wind-diesel) hybrids can provide widespread and highly reliable electrical supply. These small hybrid systems are easy to install—no special tools or concrete are required.<br/>[[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 ==== Further Information<br/> ====
-*[[Powering_Agriculture:_Irrigation|Irrigation on Powering Agriculture Portal]]<br/>
+*[[Powering Agriculture: Irrigation|Irrigation on Powering Agriculture Portal]]<br/>
-*[[Manual_and_Tools_to_promote_Solar_Powered_Irrigation_Systems|Manual and Tools to promote Solar Powers Irrigation Systems]]<br/>
+*[[Manual_and_Tools_for_Promoting_SPIS_–_Stocktaking_and_Analysis_Report|Manual and Tools for Promoting SPIS – Stocktaking and Analysis Report]]<br/>

@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 [[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 === Dry Storage ===
-To achieve increased production, traditional village stores need to be improved within the means of smallholders to achieve a certain transition to larger and more modern storage systems.<ref name="FAO (2009b), Investing in Food Security, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Rome. www.fao.org/ag/portal/ag-home/en">FAO (2009b), Investing in Food Security, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Rome. www.fao.org/ag/portal/ag-home/en</ref> This requires the management of dry storage facilities, mainly for post-harvest and storage of grain (maize, sorghum, millet, wheat and rice), pulses (beans, peas), roots and tuber crops, and oilseeds, whereas fruits and vegetables require cold storage facilities. For grain, pulses and oil seeds, mechanical damage mostly occurs during harvesting, transport and processing, while insects, mould and rodents damage produce during storage. For such staple foods, energy input or expensive technology is generally. Good storage practice is the key to maintaining quality and value throughout the storage season. A precondition is that crops are in good condition prior to storage, which means well cleaned and carefully winnowed to remove live adult insects. Straw, chaff, weed seeds, stones and dirt must also be removed, as they hold water and their removal will allow grain to dry faster. The grain should be well dried to an appropriate level of moisture content. Good drying is essential because damp grain will become mouldy and spoil. Solar dryers can be used—sun drying will also help get rid of adult insects in the grain. However, as sun drying will not kill all immature stages, such as larvae living inside grains, it is sometimes necessary to treat the grain with insecticide, thus killing the immature stages once they mature and emerge from the grain as adults. Maize is often shelled by hand. This produces better quality grain but is a very slow process. Quicker and effective shelling can be achieved using a variety of mechanical operated machines. The grain must be sufficiently dry both for these and for safe storage. A good store will keep the grain dry and cool and provide protection against rodents and birds. Practising good store hygiene—keeping everything as clean as is practically possible—helps maintain the condition of the crop and the store throughout the storage season. As pests can attack the store at any time, it is important to inspect the store and crop regularly. There are many appropriate technologies and traditional methods for preventing post-harvest losses, varying from location to location. Dry storage facilities range from small-scale, on-farm storage to medium and large-scale facilities of several hundred of tons or more. <br/>
+To achieve increased production, traditional village stores need to be improved within the means of smallholders to achieve a certain transition to larger and more modern storage systems.<ref name="FAO (2009b), Investing in Food Security, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Rome. www.fao.org/ag/portal/ag-home/en">FAO (2009b), Investing in Food Security, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Rome. www.fao.org/ag/portal/ag-home/en</ref> This requires the management of dry storage facilities, mainly for post-harvest and storage of grain (maize, sorghum, millet, wheat and rice), pulses (beans, peas), roots and tuber crops, and oilseeds, whereas fruits and vegetables require cold storage facilities. For grain, pulses and oil seeds, mechanical damage mostly occurs during harvesting, transport and processing, while insects, mold and rodents damage produce during storage. For such staple foods, energy input or expensive technology is generally. Good storage practice is the key to maintaining quality and value throughout the storage season. A precondition is that crops are in good condition prior to storage, which means well cleaned and carefully winnowed to remove live adult insects. Straw, chaff, weed seeds, stones and dirt must also be removed, as they hold water and their removal will allow grain to dry faster. The grain should be well dried to an appropriate level of moisture content. Good drying is essential because damp grain will become moldy and spoil. Solar dryers can be used—sun drying will also help get rid of adult insects in the grain. However, as sun drying will not kill all immature stages, such as larvae living inside grains, it is sometimes necessary to treat the grain with insecticide, thus killing the immature stages once they mature and emerge from the grain as adults. Maize is often shelled by hand. This produces better quality grain but is a very slow process. Quicker and effective shelling can be achieved using a variety of mechanical operated machines. The grain must be sufficiently dry both for these and for safe storage. A good store will keep the grain dry and cool and provide protection against rodents and birds. Practising good store hygiene—keeping everything as clean as is practically possible—helps maintain the condition of the crop and the store throughout the storage season. As pests can attack the store at any time, it is important to inspect the store and crop regularly. There are many appropriate technologies and traditional methods for preventing post-harvest losses, varying from location to location. Dry storage facilities range from small-scale, on-farm storage to medium and large-scale facilities of several hundred of tons or more. <br/>
 [[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
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 *Passive/evaporative coolers: where temperatures between 10-25°C are needed, no energy input is required.
 *Absorption refrigerators (heat driven coolers (HDC), requiring temperatures below 10°C; heat as an energy source is used to drive the cooling system (e.g. solar, kerosene-fueled flame)<ref>Green Cooling Initiative -Double Effect Absorption Chiller. Website: http://bit.ly/1LfePrw</ref>.
-*Refrigerators, which are electrically driven, use mechanical compression technology. Refrigeration is dependent on a reliable and continous supply of electricity which can be generated from different sources: from the grid, diesel powered compressor, mechanical power generated from a water turbine, by solar energy converted by solar cells into electricity stored in batteries or by solar energy and evaporation.<ref name="Practical Action (2010a), Technical Brief - Solar Photovoltaic refrigeration of vaccines. UK. www.practicalaction.org">Practical Action (2010a), Technical Brief - Solar Photovoltaic refrigeration of vaccines. UK. www.practicalaction.org</ref>
+*Refrigerators, which are electrically driven, use mechanical compression technology. Refrigeration is dependent on a reliable and continuous supply of electricity which can be generated from different sources: from the grid, diesel powered compressor, mechanical power generated from a water turbine, by solar energy converted by solar cells into electricity stored in batteries or by solar energy and evaporation.<ref name="Practical Action (2010a), Technical Brief - Solar Photovoltaic refrigeration of vaccines. UK. www.practicalaction.org">Practical Action (2010a), Technical Brief - Solar Photovoltaic refrigeration of vaccines. UK. www.practicalaction.org</ref>
 <br/>Commercial PV-powered refrigerators were introduced in developing countries to cut down the use of kerosene or gas-powered absorption refrigerators, which are the most common alternatives but also those with the most negative impact on the environment. First introduced for medical refrigeration they now also constitute an alternative method of storing small quantities of agricultural products for sale. The newest type of solar refrigerator is solar powered but requires neither solar panels nor a battery as it functions on the principle of evaporation. Solar photovoltaic power for refrigerators has great potential for lower running costs, greater reliability and a longer working life than kerosene refrigerators or diesel generators. A life-cycle cost analysis has shown that the costs are approximately the same for solar and kerosene refrigerators, but because they are more reliable and environmentally friendly, solar refrigerators are the preferred option. <ref name="Practical Action (2010b), Technical Brief - Refrigeration for Developing Countries. UK. www.practicalaction.org">Practical Action (2010b), Technical Brief - Refrigeration for Developing Countries. UK. www.practicalaction.org</ref><br/>
@@ Line 245: / Line 245: @@
 == Edible Oil Extraction<br/> ==
-Edible oil is a high-value product for generating income. The main crops for oil extraction are nuts, e.g. groundnut, shea nut, coconut, palm kernel, oil seeds (e.g. sesame, sun flower, mustard seed) and oil palm fruit. By-products of oil seeds include press cake with high protein and nutrient contents for animal feed, whereas the by-products of coconut and groundnuts are for human consumption. Both generate additional income for farmers. The by-products of agro-industrial oil mills are used in biogas digesters for electricity generation or generation of process heat or steam.<br/>There are many hand-operated technologies for pressing oil (spindle press), hydraulic presses or engine driven oil presses. There is huge demand for mechanical power alternatives to reduce drudgery for humans. Researchers and development specialists working with '''Appropriate Technology International (ATI) '''have developed a method to introduce small-scale oil expelling enterprises to rural areas in Africa. A typical set-up consists of a ram press for extracting the oil, a filtration device, tools for maintenance, and perhaps most importantly, training, support and information on the proper use of the oil and cake (the residue of the seeds after the oil has been squeezed out), and the socioeconomic and nutritional benefits of an oilseed processing enterprise. The ram press, driven manually by a long handle, consists of a small piston that presses a measured load of oilseeds into a metal cage. The basic design was developed in Tanzania in 1985 by Carl Bielenberg of ATI. The original and improved versions are now widely used there, as well as elsewhere in Africa. The dry process of extracting oil cannot be executed only by mechanical or hydraulic presses, but also by continuously operating screw presses, known as oil expellers. Expellers are usually driven by petrol or diesel engines or electric motors but can also be run on animal or water power.<br/>A small motorised expeller, named KOMET, is being manufactured by IBG Montforts + Reiners, Moenchengladbach, Federal Republic of Germany. Large sized material, such as copra or palmkernels, must be crushed into pieces of about 5 mm diametre. The standard power source is a 3 kW electric motor with stepless variable gearbox. Alternatively the unit can be driven by a diesel engine (11 kW at 3000 rpm), equipped with a dynamo and clutch. In general, in Asia, Latin America and Africa there are large numbers of processing equipment and machinery manufacturers. However, investment in '''research and development (R&D) '''is required to upgrade traditional small-scale technologies. In sub-Saharan Africa for example, the use of rudimentary technologies for processing millet, sorghum and other local cereals has led to increased dependence of the growing urban population on imported wheat and rice. Critical factors for sucessful processing activities are also access to raw materials, inputs such as packaging materials, machinery and spare parts and qualified human resources<ref name="FAO (2009a), Golob, P. et al: On-farm post-harvest management of food grains, Rome.">FAO (2009a), Golob, P. et al: On-farm post-harvest management of food grains, Rome.</ref>. <br/>
+Edible oil is a high-value product for generating income. The main crops for oil extraction are nuts, e.g. groundnut, shea nut, coconut, palm kernel, oil seeds (e.g. sesame, sun flower, mustard seed) and oil palm fruit. By-products of oil seeds include press cake with high protein and nutrient contents for animal feed, whereas the by-products of coconut and groundnuts are for human consumption. Both generate additional income for farmers. The by-products of agro-industrial oil mills are used in biogas digesters for electricity generation or generation of process heat or steam.<br/>There are many hand-operated technologies for pressing oil (spindle press), hydraulic presses or engine driven oil presses. There is huge demand for mechanical power alternatives to reduce drudgery for humans. Researchers and development specialists working with '''Appropriate Technology International (ATI) '''have developed a method to introduce small-scale oil expelling enterprises to rural areas in Africa. A typical set-up consists of a ram press for extracting the oil, a filtration device, tools for maintenance, and perhaps most importantly, training, support and information on the proper use of the oil and cake (the residue of the seeds after the oil has been squeezed out), and the socioeconomic and nutritional benefits of an oilseed processing enterprise. The ram press, driven manually by a long handle, consists of a small piston that presses a measured load of oilseeds into a metal cage. The basic design was developed in Tanzania in 1985 by Carl Bielenberg of ATI. The original and improved versions are now widely used there, as well as elsewhere in Africa. The dry process of extracting oil cannot be executed only by mechanical or hydraulic presses, but also by continuously operating screw presses, known as oil expellers. Expellers are usually driven by petrol or diesel engines or electric motors but can also be run on animal or water power.<br/>A small motorised expeller, named KOMET, is being manufactured by IBG Montforts + Reiners, Moenchengladbach, Federal Republic of Germany. Large sized material, such as copra or palm kernels, must be crushed into pieces of about 5 mm diametre. The standard power source is a 3 kW electric motor with stepless variable gearbox. Alternatively the unit can be driven by a diesel engine (11 kW at 3000 rpm), equipped with a dynamo and clutch. In general, in Asia, Latin America and Africa there are large numbers of processing equipment and machinery manufacturers. However, investment in '''research and development (R&D) '''is required to upgrade traditional small-scale technologies. In sub-Saharan Africa for example, the use of rudimentary technologies for processing millet, sorghum and other local cereals has led to increased dependence of the growing urban population on imported wheat and rice. Critical factors for sucessful processing activities are also access to raw materials, inputs such as packaging materials, machinery and spare parts and qualified human resources<ref name="FAO (2009a), Golob, P. et al: On-farm post-harvest management of food grains, Rome.">FAO (2009a), Golob, P. et al: On-farm post-harvest management of food grains, Rome.</ref>. <br/>
 <br/>
 [[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
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 [[Energy for Agriculture#toc|►Go to Top]]
 [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]