Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy - Revision history

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Benjamin Rebenich: Undo revision 58254 by Benjamin Rebenich (talk)

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Undo revision 58254 by Benjamin Rebenich (*****)

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 = Overview =
@@ Line 19: / Line 21: @@
 *a DC/AC inverter of x<sub>p </sub>kW
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 === Energy Storage ===
@@ Line 31: / Line 33: @@
 It must be mentioned, that a storage device significantly raises the initial costs of the hybrid system. Desregarding the type of storage which is chosen (pumped hydro, batteries, flywheels...) the environmental impacts have to be considered. Losses during charging and discharging-processes lower the efficiency of the whole system reducing the positive effect of avoided generator utilization<ref>Freris, L. and Infield, D. (2008) Renewable Energies in Power Systems. John Wiley+Sons, Ltd</ref><ref>Walker J.F. and Jenkins N. (1998) Wind Energy Technology, Wiley+Sons</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 === System Electronic Devices ===
@@ Line 41: / Line 43: @@
 ''DC/AC'' inverter: The energy stored in the batteries has to be reconverted into AC current before it can be used to supply a load. Thus a DC/AC inverter has to be included<ref>Kaldellis J.K.(2010) Overview of stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K.(2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref><ref>Manwell J.F., McGowan J.G. and Rogers A.L. (2009) Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application, Wiley+Sons</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 === Wind-Diesel Hybrid Systems<br/> ===
@@ Line 47: / Line 49: @@
 The combination of a diesel generator and a wind turbine in a hybrid system a very common and frequently used in remote areas. The following description includes considerations about system design and sizing of the components. Central questions of system designare explained by the example of the wind-diesel hybrid system<ref>Drouilhet S. Shirazi M. (2002) Wales, Alaska High Penetration Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System: Theory of Operation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, retrieved 27.7.2011 [[http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31755.pdf]]</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Components ====
@@ Line 57: / Line 59: @@
 The ''diesel generator'' should be supplied with a syncronous generator. A first order modell with a single time constant can be chosen. The single time constant describes the ratio between fuel consumption and mechanical torque production.The action of the speed governor is controlled by an integral controller gain<ref>Bhuvaneswari G. and Balasubramanian R. (2010) Hybrid wind-diesel energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 ==== System Design and Sizing<br/> ====
@@ Line 81: / Line 83: @@
 For an example see: Project Profile "Hybrid Wind-Diesel System / Isolated Grid in Gao/ Mali" [http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-mali-profile-gao-2004.pdf http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-mali-profile-gao-2004.pdf]<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 === Wind-PV Hybrid Systems<br/> ===
@@ Line 89: / Line 91: @@
 === Costs of Wind Hybrid System<br/> ===
-One main disadvantage of any hybrid system are the high initial cost, caused by the number of necessary parts in the system and especially by the relatively high costs of energy storage systems and – in case of their integration – PV-Panels. In remote areas alternative solutions like grid extensions or dependence on sole diesel generation are expensive as well: While grid extension may result in exorbitant installation costs, pure diesel generation causes a very low initial investment but the Maintainance and Operation Costs are a very substantial factor due to fuel prices and consumption. As a result planning a wind hybrid system requires a comparison of overall costs containing initial installation costs and maintainance and operation costs. The basic calculations for these two values are explained here, while a special section of the article '[[Economical_Feasibility_of_Wind_Energy_Projects|Economical feasibility of wind energy projects]]' explains how to carry out a cost benefit analysis in more detail.<br/>
+One main disadvantage of any hybrid system are the high initial cost, caused by the number of necessary parts in the system and especially by the relatively high costs of energy storage systems and – in case of their integration – PV-Panels. In remote areas alternative solutions like grid extensions or dependence on sole diesel generation are expensive as well: While grid extension may result in exorbitant installation costs, pure diesel generation causes a very low initial investment but the Maintainance and Operation Costs are a very substantial factor due to fuel prices and consumption. As a result planning a wind hybrid system requires a comparison of overall costs containing initial installation costs and maintainance and operation costs. The basic calculations for these two values are explained here, while a special section of the article '[[Economical Feasibility of Wind Energy Projects|Economical feasibility of wind energy projects]]' explains how to carry out a cost benefit analysis in more detail.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Installation Costs of Stand-alone Hybrid Systems<br/> ====
@@ Line 127: / Line 129: @@
 According to Kaldelli <math>f</math> varies between 0,15 and 0,50. 0,3 is considered as a common value<ref>Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>.
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Maintainance and Operation Costs of Wind Hybrid Systems<br/> ====
@@ Line 145: / Line 147: @@
 where M<sub>f </sub>is the annual fuel consumption, c<sub>f</sub> is the annual fuel price and e<sub>f </sub>is the fuel price escalation rate.
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 === Applications ===
@@ Line 155: / Line 157: @@
 If the T/C station supply should be provided mainly by RES-sources, larger wind turbines on separate towers have to be installed. The inclusion of a PV-System results in reduced variations in RES-output and allows the reduction of the necessary storage size. A well designed hybrid system minimizes the fuel costs of the station supply<ref>Kaldelli (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>. Several examples have shown the efficiency of fuel savings gained by the application of hybrid systems: Kaldelli refers to a system installed for remote T/C stations in Kenya consisting of a 7,5 kW turbine, sealed batteries and an inverter, which reduced fuel consumption for remote T/C stations by 70-95%.
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Small Desalination Systems ====
@@ Line 161: / Line 163: @@
 Scarcity of potable water is often found in remote island situations, which at the same time often have a good wind potential. In some areas of water scarcity, water desalination contributes a considerable part to potable water supply. Implementing wind-based water desalination units in these areas is a cost-saving and emission-avoiding alternative to running the desalination units by fossil fuels. The techniques described as most efficient for water desalination, are reverse osmosis and mechanical vapour compression. Unfortunately variations and interruptions in power supply are very unfavourable conditions for water desalination plants. For this reason hybrid-systems – based on wind, but allowing a less fluctuating energy supply – combine the advantages of renewable fuel saving energy technologies with the necessary supply security for the efficient operation of small desalination plants. A very promising development of technology are floating systems, consisting of plattforms with an installed hybrid system and micro desalination plant, floating near the coast on the water surface and using the preferable offshore wind conditions<ref>Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Overview of stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead publishing</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Water Pumping ====
@@ Line 171: / Line 173: @@
 Kaldellis (2010) refers to pilot system installed in Greece consisting of a 2 kW wind turbine, 610 <math>W_p</math> PV-Panel and an lead-acid battery bank: The system provides 23 m<sup>3</sup> water per day from a depth of 30 m<ref>Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Overview of stand-alone and hybrid wind-energy systems, in: Kaldelllis (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead publishing</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 178: / Line 180: @@
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Hybrid-Systems Containing Wind Energy#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 = References =

@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 === Costs of Wind Hybrid System<br/> ===
-One main disadvantage of any hybrid system are the high initial cost, caused by the number of necessary parts in the system and especially by the relatively high costs of energy storage systems and – in case of their integration – PV-Panels. In remote areas alternative solutions like grid extensions or dependence on sole diesel generation are expensive as well: While grid extension may result in exorbitant installation costs, pure diesel generation causes a very low initial investment but the Maintainance and Operation Costs are a very substantial factor due to fuel prices and consumption. As a result planning a wind hybrid system requires a comparison of overall costs containing initial installation costs and maintainance and operation costs. The basic calculations for these two values are explained here, while a special section of the article '[[Economical feasibility of wind energy projects|Economical feasibility of wind energy projects]]' explains how to carry out a cost benefit analysis in more detail.<br/>
+One main disadvantage of any hybrid system are the high initial cost, caused by the number of necessary parts in the system and especially by the relatively high costs of energy storage systems and – in case of their integration – PV-Panels. In remote areas alternative solutions like grid extensions or dependence on sole diesel generation are expensive as well: While grid extension may result in exorbitant installation costs, pure diesel generation causes a very low initial investment but the Maintainance and Operation Costs are a very substantial factor due to fuel prices and consumption. As a result planning a wind hybrid system requires a comparison of overall costs containing initial installation costs and maintainance and operation costs. The basic calculations for these two values are explained here, while a special section of the article '[[Economical_Feasibility_of_Wind_Energy_Projects|Economical feasibility of wind energy projects]]' explains how to carry out a cost benefit analysis in more detail.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 178: / Line 178: @@
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
+<br/>
 = References =
@@ Line 184: / Line 184: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Hybrid_Systems]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Overview ==
 The term '''wind hybrid system''' describes any combination of wind energy with one or more additional sources of electricity generation (e.g. biomass, solar or a generator using fossil fuels). Hybrid system are very often used for stand-alone applications at remote sites. For this reason the article focusses on stand-alone hybrid systems containing storage or diesel-backup<ref>Manwell J.F., McGowan J.G. and Rogers A.L. (2009) Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application, Wiley+Sons</ref>.<br/>
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 <br/>
-== Description of a Wind Hybrid System<br/> ==
+= Description of a Wind Hybrid System<br/> =
 Wind hybrid-systems generally consist of generating units, storage facilities and system electronic devices<ref>Kaldellis J.K.(2010) Overview of stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K.(2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>:
@@ Line 172: / Line 173: @@
 <br/>
-== Further Information ==
+= Further Information =
-*Wikipedia: Wind-diesel hybrid power system (contains a list of communities using wind-diesel systems), retrieved 17.6.2011 [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind-diesel_hybrid_power_system [1]]]<br/>
+*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind-diesel_hybrid_power_system Wikipedia: Wind-diesel hybrid power system (contains a list of communities using wind-diesel systems)]<br/>
-== References ==
 <references />
 [[Category:Wind]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Overview ==
@@ Line 55: / Line 54: @@
 The wind generator can either be a syncronous or an induction generator. Often used modern generator types are permanent magnet syncronous generators (PMSG) or doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG). In case of induction generator a source for excitation, either by excitation capacitators or by grid-connection must be available. In modern stand-alone hybrid-systems a direct-driven version of PMSG is the prevailing choice of wind turbine, because it does not require an external DC current for excitation. Problems to keep frequency at 50 Hz during low wind velocities are avoided by modern construction concepts with a large number of poles<ref>Kondili E. (2010) Design and performance optimisation of stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>.<br/>
-The ''diesel generator'' should be supplied with a syncronous generator. A first order modell with a single time constant can be chosen. The single time constant describes the ratio between fuel consumption and mechanical torque production.The action of the speed governor is controlled by an integral controller gain<ref>Bhuvaneswari G. and Balasubramanian R. (2010) Hybrid wind-diesel energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>. sz sz sz<br/><math>P=\frac{1}{2} \cdot (\rho \cdot A \cdot v^3) \cdot \eta \cdot c_p</math>
+The ''diesel generator'' should be supplied with a syncronous generator. A first order modell with a single time constant can be chosen. The single time constant describes the ratio between fuel consumption and mechanical torque production.The action of the speed governor is controlled by an integral controller gain<ref>Bhuvaneswari G. and Balasubramanian R. (2010) Hybrid wind-diesel energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>ssssss st tstsz
+<br/>
 ==== System Design and Sizing<br/> ====
@@ Line 65: / Line 64: @@
 ''Resource assessment'': The distribution of the wind velocities at the proposed sites has to be analyzed.<br/>
-''Sizing of the generation units:'' The essential question to be answered concerns the ability of the combination wind turbine/storage to cover the high-priority loads. Designing a system which covers these loads by RES-sources or storage means the system is generally based on wind energy with the diesel generator as additional or back-up energy source. This operation strategy assures, that a great amount of fuel can be safed, which is important for gaining indepence from high fuel prices and variability.xhdhj d dr djfu fifg
+''Sizing of the generation units:'' The essential question to be answered concerns the ability of the combination wind turbine/storage to cover the high-priority loads. Designing a system which covers these loads by RES-sources or storage means the system is generally based on wind energy with the diesel generator as additional or back-up energy source. This operation strategy assures, that a great amount of fuel can be safed, which is important for gaining indepence from high fuel prices and variability.
-Using the value of the high-priority load P, the basic wind energy function can be used for calculation of the rotor diameter of the wind turbine, provided that all other variables in the function are known.
+Using the value of the high-priority load P, the basic wind energy function <math>P=\frac{1}{2} \cdot (\rho \cdot A \cdot v^3) \cdot \eta \cdot c_p</math> can be used for calculation of the rotor diameter of the wind turbine, provided that all other variables in the function are known.
 Conditions at the site must be checked: Is it possible to install such a wind turbine on this site at a height with an appropriate wind speed?<br/>

@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 The wind generator can either be a syncronous or an induction generator. Often used modern generator types are permanent magnet syncronous generators (PMSG) or doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG). In case of induction generator a source for excitation, either by excitation capacitators or by grid-connection must be available. In modern stand-alone hybrid-systems a direct-driven version of PMSG is the prevailing choice of wind turbine, because it does not require an external DC current for excitation. Problems to keep frequency at 50 Hz during low wind velocities are avoided by modern construction concepts with a large number of poles<ref>Kondili E. (2010) Design and performance optimisation of stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>.<br/>
-The ''diesel generator'' should be supplied with a syncronous generator. A first order modell with a single time constant can be chosen. The single time constant describes the ratio between fuel consumption and mechanical torque production.The action of the speed governor is controlled by an integral controller gain<ref>Bhuvaneswari G. and Balasubramanian R. (2010) Hybrid wind-diesel energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>.<br/>
+The ''diesel generator'' should be supplied with a syncronous generator. A first order modell with a single time constant can be chosen. The single time constant describes the ratio between fuel consumption and mechanical torque production.The action of the speed governor is controlled by an integral controller gain<ref>Bhuvaneswari G. and Balasubramanian R. (2010) Hybrid wind-diesel energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>. sz sz sz<br/><math>P=\frac{1}{2} \cdot (\rho \cdot A \cdot v^3) \cdot \eta \cdot c_p</math>
-<br/>
+<br/>ssssss st tstsz
 ==== System Design and Sizing<br/> ====
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 ''Resource assessment'': The distribution of the wind velocities at the proposed sites has to be analyzed.<br/>
-''Sizing of the generation units:'' The essential question to be answered concerns the ability of the combination wind turbine/storage to cover the high-priority loads. Designing a system which covers these loads by RES-sources or storage means the system is generally based on wind energy with the diesel generator as additional or back-up energy source. This operation strategy assures, that a great amount of fuel can be safed, which is important for gaining indepence from high fuel prices and variability.
+''Sizing of the generation units:'' The essential question to be answered concerns the ability of the combination wind turbine/storage to cover the high-priority loads. Designing a system which covers these loads by RES-sources or storage means the system is generally based on wind energy with the diesel generator as additional or back-up energy source. This operation strategy assures, that a great amount of fuel can be safed, which is important for gaining indepence from high fuel prices and variability.xhdhj d dr djfu fifg
-Using the value of the high-priority load P, the basic wind energy function <math>P=\frac{1}{2} \cdot (\rho \cdot A \cdot v^3) \cdot \eta \cdot c_p</math> can be used for calculation of the rotor diameter of the wind turbine, provided that all other variables in the function are known.
+Using the value of the high-priority load P, the basic wind energy function can be used for calculation of the rotor diameter of the wind turbine, provided that all other variables in the function are known.
 Conditions at the site must be checked: Is it possible to install such a wind turbine on this site at a height with an appropriate wind speed?<br/>

@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 <math>+c_t \cdot M_t \cdot \left ( \frac{1+e_f}{1+i}+(\frac{1+e_f}{1+i})^2+...+(\frac{1+e_f}{1+i})^{n-1}+(\frac{1+e_f}{1+i})^n \right)</math>
-where M<sub>f </sub> is the annual fuel consumption, c<sub>f</sub> is the annual fuel price and e<sub>f </sub>is the fuel price escalation rate.
+where M<sub>f </sub>is the annual fuel consumption, c<sub>f</sub> is the annual fuel price and e<sub>f </sub>is the fuel price escalation rate.
 <br/>

@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 <math>IC_{WT}=\left (\frac{a}{b+N_0^x} \right) \cdot N_0</math>
 where according Kaldelli the paramater can be chosen as follows for the european market: <math>a= 8,7 * 10^5</math> €/kW; <math>b = 621</math> ; <math>x = 2.05</math> ; <math>c=700</math> €/kW<ref>Kaldellis J.K., Kavadias K.A., Cost-benefit analysis of remote hybrid wind-diesel power stations: Case study Aegean Sea islands,in: Energy Policy, Volume 35, P.1525-1538</ref>. The price for PV panels can be approximated by
 <math>IC_{PV}=\alpha \cdot P_t \cdot x \cdot N^+</math>
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 <math>f \cdot IC_{WT}</math>
 According to Kaldelli <math>f</math> varies between 0,15 and 0,50. 0,3 is considered as a common value<ref>Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, Woodhead Publishing</ref>.
 <br/>