Macro-economic Evaluation of Biogas Plants - Revision history

Ranisha: /* References */

2015-04-09T12:22:58Z

‎References

Ranisha at 12:22, 9 April 2015

2015-04-09T12:22:38Z

Wiki Gardener at 13:15, 13 October 2014

2014-10-13T13:15:35Z

Wiki Gardener at 13:12, 13 October 2014

2014-10-13T13:12:19Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 08:32, 15 May 2014

2014-05-15T08:32:02Z

Ranisha at 14:47, 17 March 2014

2014-03-17T14:47:05Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 12:22, 9 April 2015
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−	~~= References =~~

−	~~<references /><br/>~~

−	~~[[Category:Biogas]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Impacts_Economic]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Deforestation]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Impacts_Health]]~~
	[[Category:Impacts_Environmental]]		[[Category:Impacts_Environmental]]
		+	[[Category:Impacts_Health]]
		+	[[Category:Deforestation]]
		+	[[Category:Impacts_Economic]]
		+	[[Category:Biogas]]

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 = Overview =
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 When evaluating biogas plants from a macro-economic point of view there are several reasons why price adjustments in favour of the biogas technology are required.
 *The production of biogas creates external economies. It means that the biogas production influences the utility function of the consumer (i.e. better sanitary and hygienic conditions) and the social welfare function of the society (i.e. reduced health costs). Considering national wide effects on energy balance, the biogas supply creates external economies on the balance of payments to the economy (import substitution of fossil fuels). As well external diseconomies then should be included, amounting to less income of import duties because of substitution of traded fuel (i.e. petroleum) by biogas.
 *Biogas use, replacing conventional fuels like kerosene or firewood, allows for the conservation of environment. It therefore, increases its own value by the value of i.e. forest saved or planted.
@@ Line 28: / Line 31: @@
 === Energy ===
-Many developing countries, especially the LLDC base their energy consumption upon traditional energy sources (wood, plants and crop residues and animal waste, as well as animal traction and human muscle power). Biomass energy use varies widely in developing countries from as little as 5% in Argentina to over 90% of the total supply of energy sources in countries like [[Ethiopia Energy Situation|Ethiopia]], [[Tanzania Energy Situation|Tanzania]], [[Rwanda Energy Situation|Rwanda]], [[Sudan Energy Situation|Sudan]] and [[Nepal Energy Situation|Nepal]]. In the case of wood, plant and animal waste, according to local necessities, the energy source is collected and used. Surplus of energy sources are traded informally on the local and regional level. In so far estimations on the potential effects of biogas use instead of the use of traditional energy sources do not have any impact on government`s budget, presuming the non-existence of taxes on traditional energy sources.<br/>
+Many developing countries, especially the LLDC base their energy consumption upon traditional energy sources (wood, plants and crop residues and animal waste, as well as animal traction and human muscle power). Biomass energy use varies widely in developing countries from as little as 5% in Argentina to over 90% of the total supply of energy sources in countries like [[Ethiopia_Energy_Situation|Ethiopia]], [[Tanzania_Energy_Situation|Tanzania]], [[Rwanda_Energy_Situation|Rwanda]], [[Sudan_Energy_Situation|Sudan]] and [[Nepal_Energy_Situation|Nepal]]. In the case of wood, plant and animal waste, according to local necessities, the energy source is collected and used. Surplus of energy sources are traded informally on the local and regional level. In so far estimations on the potential effects of biogas use instead of the use of traditional energy sources do not have any impact on government`s budget, presuming the non-existence of taxes on traditional energy sources.<br/>
 Negative consequences on the income of the local traders may result, presuming less demand on traditionally traded energy sources, causing a slump of its prices. On the other side biogas users may continue with trading of traditional energy sources on more distant markets (or even will be encouraged to trade on regional levels), not willing to forego secure earnings.
@@ Line 60: / Line 63: @@
 Wherever a region is confronted with acute problems of deforestation and soil erosion resulting from excessive firewood consumption, biogas plants can provide a suitable solution. Biogas is able to substitute almost the complete consumption of firewood in rural households.
-Traditionally, woodfuel claims the largest proportion of biomass fuels (in some regions up to 90%) used in developing countries, where about 40% of the total wood cut anually is used for domestic purposes (cooking and heating). Estimating an average per capita consumption of 3 kg of wood per day for energy ([[Cooking with Firewood|cooking]], heating and boiling water) in rural areas in Asia and Africa, the daily per capita demand of energy equals about 13 kWh which could be covered by about 2 m<sup>3</sup> of biogas. A biogas plant therefore directly saves forest, assuming that not only deadwood is collected for fuel.<br/>
+Traditionally, woodfuel claims the largest proportion of biomass fuels (in some regions up to 90%) used in developing countries, where about 40% of the total wood cut anually is used for domestic purposes (cooking and heating). Estimating an average per capita consumption of 3 kg of wood per day for energy ([[Cooking_with_Firewood|cooking]], heating and boiling water) in rural areas in Asia and Africa, the daily per capita demand of energy equals about 13 kWh which could be covered by about 2 m<sup>3</sup> of biogas. A biogas plant therefore directly saves forest, assuming that not only deadwood is collected for fuel.<br/>
 <u>In order to predict the direct monetary savings to an economy, two procedures are to be carried out:</u>
@@ Line 69: / Line 72: @@
 <u>If the forest has been used economically, several procedures of shadow pricing can be carried out, like:</u>
-Given the price of cut firewood on the local market, the savings of forest by substitution of biogas can be determined by multiplication of the number of trees cut, its tree growth ratio per year and the average price of firewood.
+*Value of saved forest via price of firewood<blockquote>
-*Value of saved forest as an area for nourishment (hunting, collecting fruits, etc.)<blockquote></blockquote>
-The value of the forest equals the sum of income forgone from these activities. The correct shadow pricing would be based on the prices of the goods on the formal consumer markets (i.e. price of meat).
+</blockquote>
-*Value of saved forest as a recreation area<blockquote></blockquote>
 The value of the forest equals the sum of the incomes obtained by charges for admission to National Parks, Wildlife Areas, etc.
 <br/>
@@ Line 152: / Line 167: @@
 <br/>
-= Further Information<br/> =
+= Further Information =
-*[[Portal:Biogas|Biogas Portal on energypedia]]
+*[[Biogas_-_Costs_and_Benefits|Biogas - Costs and Benefits]]
-*[[Biogas - Costs and Benefits|Biogas - Costs and Benefits]]
 *[[Economic_Viability_of_a_Biogas_Plant|Economic Viability of a Biogas Plant]]
-*[[Benefits for Biogas Users|Benefits for Biogas Users]]
+*[[Benefits_for_Biogas_Users|Benefits for Biogas Users]]
 *[[Portal:Impacts|Impact Portal on energypedia]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 166: / Line 181: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biogas]]

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 === Energy ===
-Many developing countries, especially the LLDC base their energy consumption upon traditional energy sources (wood, plants and crop residues and animal waste, as well as animal traction and human muscle power). Biomass energy use varies widely in developing countries from as little as 5% in Argentina to over 90% of the total supply of energy sources in countries like [[Ethiopia_Energy_Situation|Ethiopia]], [[Tanzania_Energy_Situation|Tanzania]], [[Rwanda_Energy_Situation|Rwanda]], [[Sudan_Energy_Situation|Sudan]] and [[Nepal_Energy_Situation|Nepal]]. In the case of wood, plant and animal waste, according to local necessities, the energy source is collected and used. Surplus of energy sources are traded informally on the local and regional level. In so far estimations on the potential effects of biogas use instead of the use of traditional energy sources do not have any impact on government`s budget, presuming the non-existence of taxes on traditional energy sources.<br/>
+Many developing countries, especially the LLDC base their energy consumption upon traditional energy sources (wood, plants and crop residues and animal waste, as well as animal traction and human muscle power). Biomass energy use varies widely in developing countries from as little as 5% in Argentina to over 90% of the total supply of energy sources in countries like [[Ethiopia Energy Situation|Ethiopia]], [[Tanzania Energy Situation|Tanzania]], [[Rwanda Energy Situation|Rwanda]], [[Sudan Energy Situation|Sudan]] and [[Nepal Energy Situation|Nepal]]. In the case of wood, plant and animal waste, according to local necessities, the energy source is collected and used. Surplus of energy sources are traded informally on the local and regional level. In so far estimations on the potential effects of biogas use instead of the use of traditional energy sources do not have any impact on government`s budget, presuming the non-existence of taxes on traditional energy sources.<br/>
 Negative consequences on the income of the local traders may result, presuming less demand on traditionally traded energy sources, causing a slump of its prices. On the other side biogas users may continue with trading of traditional energy sources on more distant markets (or even will be encouraged to trade on regional levels), not willing to forego secure earnings.
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 Wherever a region is confronted with acute problems of deforestation and soil erosion resulting from excessive firewood consumption, biogas plants can provide a suitable solution. Biogas is able to substitute almost the complete consumption of firewood in rural households.
-Traditionally, woodfuel claims the largest proportion of biomass fuels (in some regions up to 90%) used in developing countries, where about 40% of the total wood cut anually is used for domestic purposes (cooking and heating). Estimating an average per capita consumption of 3 kg of wood per day for energy ([[Cooking_with_Firewood|cooking]], heating and boiling water) in rural areas in Asia and Africa, the daily per capita demand of energy equals about 13 kWh which could be covered by about 2 m<sup>3</sup> of biogas. A biogas plant therefore directly saves forest, assuming that not only deadwood is collected for fuel.<br/>
+Traditionally, woodfuel claims the largest proportion of biomass fuels (in some regions up to 90%) used in developing countries, where about 40% of the total wood cut anually is used for domestic purposes (cooking and heating). Estimating an average per capita consumption of 3 kg of wood per day for energy ([[Cooking with Firewood|cooking]], heating and boiling water) in rural areas in Asia and Africa, the daily per capita demand of energy equals about 13 kWh which could be covered by about 2 m<sup>3</sup> of biogas. A biogas plant therefore directly saves forest, assuming that not only deadwood is collected for fuel.<br/>
 <u>In order to predict the direct monetary savings to an economy, two procedures are to be carried out:</u>
@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 *[[Portal:Biogas|Biogas Portal on energypedia]]
-*[[Biogas_-_Costs_and_Benefits|Biogas - Costs and Benefits]]
+*[[Biogas - Costs and Benefits|Biogas - Costs and Benefits]]
-*[[Benefits_for_Biogas_Users|Benefits for Biogas Users]]
+*[[Economic_Viability_of_a_Biogas_Plant|Economic Viability of a Biogas Plant]]
 *[[Portal:Impacts|Impact Portal on energypedia]]
@@ Line 165: / Line 166: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Impacts_Environmental]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Overview =
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 === Energy ===
-Many developing countries, especially the LLDC base their energy consumption upon traditional energy sources (wood, plants and crop residues and animal waste, as well as animal traction and human muscle power). Biomass energy use varies widely in developing countries from as little as 5% in Argentina to over 90% of the total supply of energy sources in countries like Ethiopia, Tanzania, Rwanda, Sudan and Nepal. In the case of wood, plant and animal waste, according to local necessities, the energy source is collected and used. Surplus of energy sources are traded informally on the local and regional level. In so far estimations on the potential effects of biogas use instead of the use of traditional energy sources do not have any impact on government`s budget, presuming the non-existence of taxes on traditional energy sources.
+Many developing countries, especially the LLDC base their energy consumption upon traditional energy sources (wood, plants and crop residues and animal waste, as well as animal traction and human muscle power). Biomass energy use varies widely in developing countries from as little as 5% in Argentina to over 90% of the total supply of energy sources in countries like [[Ethiopia_Energy_Situation|Ethiopia]], [[Tanzania_Energy_Situation|Tanzania]], [[Rwanda_Energy_Situation|Rwanda]], [[Sudan_Energy_Situation|Sudan]] and [[Nepal_Energy_Situation|Nepal]]. In the case of wood, plant and animal waste, according to local necessities, the energy source is collected and used. Surplus of energy sources are traded informally on the local and regional level. In so far estimations on the potential effects of biogas use instead of the use of traditional energy sources do not have any impact on government`s budget, presuming the non-existence of taxes on traditional energy sources.<br/>
 Negative consequences on the income of the local traders may result, presuming less demand on traditionally traded energy sources, causing a slump of its prices. On the other side biogas users may continue with trading of traditional energy sources on more distant markets (or even will be encouraged to trade on regional levels), not willing to forego secure earnings.
@@ Line 59: / Line 60: @@
 Wherever a region is confronted with acute problems of deforestation and soil erosion resulting from excessive firewood consumption, biogas plants can provide a suitable solution. Biogas is able to substitute almost the complete consumption of firewood in rural households.
-Traditionally, woodfuel claims the largest proportion of biomass fuels (in some regions up to 90%) used in developing countries, where about 40% of the total wood cut anually is used for domestic purposes (cooking and heating). Estimating an average per capita consumption of 3 kg of wood per day for energy (cooking, heating and boiling water) in rural areas in Asia and Africa, the daily per capita demand of energy equals about 13 kWh which could be covered by about 2 m<sup>3</sup> of biogas. A biogas plant therefore directly saves forest, assuming that not only deadwood is collected for fuel.
+Traditionally, woodfuel claims the largest proportion of biomass fuels (in some regions up to 90%) used in developing countries, where about 40% of the total wood cut anually is used for domestic purposes (cooking and heating). Estimating an average per capita consumption of 3 kg of wood per day for energy ([[Cooking_with_Firewood|cooking]], heating and boiling water) in rural areas in Asia and Africa, the daily per capita demand of energy equals about 13 kWh which could be covered by about 2 m<sup>3</sup> of biogas. A biogas plant therefore directly saves forest, assuming that not only deadwood is collected for fuel.<br/>
 <u>In order to predict the direct monetary savings to an economy, two procedures are to be carried out:</u>
@@ Line 136: / Line 137: @@
 <br/>
--> See also: [[Environmental Benefits of Biogas Technology|"Environmental benefits]]" and [[Benefits for Biogas Users|"benefits for Users"]]
+= Bibliography Economic Viability (Financial Analysis) and Macro-economic Evaluation<br/> =
-−
-<br/>
-−
-= Further Information - Bibliography Economic Viability (Financial Analysis) and Macro-economic Evaluation =
 *'''Bateman, Ian''': Ökologische und ökonomische Bewertung. In: O' Riordan, T. (Hrsg.): Umweltwissenschaften und Umweltmanagement. Berlin u.a. 1996. S. 81-117.
@@ Line 151: / Line 148: @@
 *'''Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific''', Bangkok, Thailand: Rural Energy Technology: Biomass Conversion. United Nations. New York. 1991.
 *'''Sasse, L.''': Methodology and Criteria for the Evaluation of Biogas Programmes. In: Indo-German Joint Steering Committee: Report of International Conference on Biogas - Technologies and Implementation Strategies. Pune/India. 1990.
-*'''W�lde, K.''': Macro-economic effects of Biogas Plants (BGP). In: Biogas Forum. No. 59. 1994. P. 14-22.
+*'''W�lde, K.''': Macro-economic effects of Biogas Plants (BGP). In: Biogas Forum. No. 59. 1994. P. 14-22.<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 157: / Line 163: @@
 = References =
-<references />
+<references /><br/>
 [[Category:Biogas]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:32, 15 May 2014
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−
	= Overview =		= Overview =

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	<references />		<references />
		+
		+	[[Category:Biogas]]

Macro-economic Evaluation of Biogas Plants - Revision history

Ranisha: /* References */

Ranisha at 12:22, 9 April 2015

Wiki Gardener at 13:15, 13 October 2014

Wiki Gardener at 13:12, 13 October 2014

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 08:32, 15 May 2014

Ranisha at 14:47, 17 March 2014

Ranisha: Created page with " "

Ranisha: Created page with "
"