Namibia Energy Situation - Revision history

Johanna at 17:58, 12 February 2020

2020-02-12T17:58:06Z

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Johanna at 17:46, 12 February 2020

2020-02-12T17:46:09Z

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Johanna at 17:14, 12 February 2020

2020-02-12T17:14:43Z

Johanna at 17:12, 12 February 2020

2020-02-12T17:12:44Z

Johanna: /* Energy Access */

2020-02-12T15:28:27Z

‎Energy Access

Johanna: /* Further Information */

2020-02-11T17:54:51Z

‎Further Information

Johanna at 17:53, 11 February 2020

2020-02-11T17:53:53Z

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Johanna: /* Donor Involvement */

2020-02-11T17:38:53Z

‎Donor Involvement

Johanna at 17:27, 11 February 2020

2020-02-11T17:27:01Z

Johanna: /* Past and current involvement of donors */

2020-02-11T17:11:46Z

‎Past and current involvement of donors

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 <br/>
-<br/>
+= Business models and Financing =
 === Climate Financing<br/> ===
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 Annual off-grid household expenditure on lighting and mobile phone charging compared to shs (< 1 kW) annualised costs, by country in 2015 [https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/IRENA_Solar_PV_Costs_Africa_2016.pdf IRENA Solar PV Costs Africa] 2016.<ref>IRENA 2016, https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/IRENA_Solar_PV_Costs_Africa_2016.pdf</ref>
-[[File:IRENA 2016 household expenditures vs costs of SHS in different countries.png|thumb|left|400pxpx|Annual off-grid household expenditure on lighting and mobile phone charging compared to shs (< 1 kW) annualised costs, by country in 2015. Namibia highlighted.]]<br/>
+[[File:IRENA 2016 household expenditures vs costs of SHS in different countries.png|thumb|left|400px|Annual off-grid household expenditure on lighting and mobile phone charging compared to shs (< 1 kW) annualised costs, by country in 2015. Namibia highlighted.]]<br/>
 In Namibia, household spend between 96 and 168 USD(2015) for energy espenditures. This is well within the range of the annualised SHS costs range between 50 and 210 USD(2015). In other countries the costs&nbsp; may exceed the households' expenditures.<ref>IRENA 2016, https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/IRENA_Solar_PV_Costs_Africa_2016.pdf</ref>

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 <br/>
 == Energy Access<br/> ==
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 A 2019 report identifies that by 2030 still 36% of Namibians will still not have access to modern energy under the Business-as-Usual (BaU) (= "New Policies" Scenario of the [https://www.iea.org/weo2018/scenarios/ International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2018]), while 32% will have access to the grid, 11% to a mini-grid and 22% to a SHS. The investment needs in a BaU scenario are higher (and emission reduction potentials lower) compared to a progressive Off-grid scenario (lower TIER case). That scenario estimates the impact of fully favourable off-grid (Mini-Grid and Solar Home Systems) frameworks through the integration of maximized ESMAP’s RISE Indicators into the model’s calculations. Under that scenario, Namibia would be electrified solely by mini-grid (43%) and SHS (57%). While the investmes needed for a higher Tier case are estimated as 600 million USD (prOG) compared to 400 million USD for the BaU, for a lower TIER case investments are even lower in the proOG (220 million USD) compared with almost 300 million in the BaU. (The GHG emissions are in both cases less than half of the BaU.)<ref name="Select Namibia and the respective scenario at http://www.reog-x.com/NDC-visualization/static">Select Namibia and the respective scenario at http://www.reog-x.com/NDC-visualization/static</ref>
 == Production ==
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 == Energy Shop approach ==
 Energy shops provide the targeted communities with access to appropirate energy.
 "Fourteen Energy Shops are located in different regions and their primary function is to stock and sell suitable and approved energy products and compatible appliances. Public institutions such as clinics, schools and police base stations falling under the domain of OGEMP are electrified by government with 288kWp containerized stand- alone systems and large decentralised hybrid systems."<ref name="Oliver C. Ruppel & Bernd Althusmann, 2016 Perspectives on Energy Security and Renewable Energies in Sub-Saharan Africa Practical Opportunitiesand Regulatory Challenges. Second Revised and Expanded Edition, KAS (Chapter 2: Zivayi Chiguvare & Helvi Ileka), https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=4a581452-7f89-6465-bd47-b3533bb47f01&groupId=282730">Oliver C. Ruppel & Bernd Althusmann, 2016 Perspectives on Energy Security and Renewable Energies in Sub-Saharan Africa Practical Opportunitiesand Regulatory Challenges. Second Revised and Expanded Edition, KAS (Chapter 2: Zivayi Chiguvare & Helvi Ileka), https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=4a581452-7f89-6465-bd47-b3533bb47f01&groupId=282730</ref>
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 The Solar Revolving Fund under the Ministry of Mines and Energy continues to subsidise stand-alone solar systems for individual household use: between 2015 and 2017, it financed some 1,600 solar systems (water heaters, pumps and solar home systems). Solar Revolving Fund: A Financing Strategy for Solar Energy Technologies in Namibia.<ref name="https://energypedia.info/wiki/Solar_Revolving_Fund:_A_Financing_Strategy_for_Solar_Energy_Technologies_in_Namibia">https://energypedia.info/wiki/Solar_Revolving_Fund:_A_Financing_Strategy_for_Solar_Energy_Technologies_in_Namibia</ref>
-Systems financed through SRF up until FY 17/18<ref name="PROCEEDINGS of the Conference on Solar Power Systems for NamibiaSolar Energy for Rural Development 16 –18 May 2018 http://unam.edu.na/sites/default/files/proceedings_of_spsn_2018_-_presentations.pdf ">PROCEEDINGS of the Conference on Solar Power Systems for NamibiaSolar Energy for Rural Development 16 –18 May 2018 http://unam.edu.na/sites/default/files/proceedings_of_spsn_2018_-_presentations.pdf </ref>
+Systems financed through SRF up until FY 17/18<ref name="PROCEEDINGS of the Conference on Solar Power Systems for NamibiaSolar Energy for Rural Development 16 –18 May 2018 http://unam.edu.na/sites/default/files/proceedings_of_spsn_2018_-_presentations.pdf">PROCEEDINGS of the Conference on Solar Power Systems for NamibiaSolar Energy for Rural Development 16 –18 May 2018 http://unam.edu.na/sites/default/files/proceedings_of_spsn_2018_-_presentations.pdf </ref>
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 == Rural off-grid electrification<br/> ==
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">According to the&nbsp;</span>[[Distributed_Renewables_for_Energy_Access_in_SADC_Countries|REN21-SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report]]<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;(2018), the challenge in Namibia is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.</span><ref name="Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf">Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf</ref><br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">According to the&nbsp;</span>[[Distributed Renewables for Energy Access in SADC Countries|REN21-SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report]]<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;(2018), the challenge in Namibia is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.</span><ref name="Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf">Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf</ref><br/>
 *The 27 localities, having 17 schools, that are earmarked for Off-Grid electrification, are located in three regions Kunene (6), Otjozondjupa (13) and Omaheke (8).<ref name="Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf">Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf</ref><br/>
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 The Annex 11: Namibia’s energy generation and access situation – financing and investments lists a total investement of 101,426,307 USD by 5 private entities, 2 state-owned entities (larges share by the Development Bank of Namibia) and the micro-medium lender Kongalend.<ref name="UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf">UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf </ref><br/>
-<br/><br/>
+=== <br/>Households' expenditures for energy<br/> ===
-<br/>
+Annual off-grid household expenditure on lighting and mobile phone charging compared to shs (< 1 kW) annualised costs, by country in 2015 [https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/IRENA_Solar_PV_Costs_Africa_2016.pdf IRENA Solar PV Costs Africa] 2016.<ref>IRENA 2016, https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/IRENA_Solar_PV_Costs_Africa_2016.pdf</ref>
-<br/>
+[[File:IRENA 2016 household expenditures vs costs of SHS in different countries.png|thumb|left|400pxpx|Annual off-grid household expenditure on lighting and mobile phone charging compared to shs (< 1 kW) annualised costs, by country in 2015. Namibia highlighted.]]<br/>
 = Further Information<br/> =
@@ Line 1,083: / Line 1,088: @@
 *REN21, 2018. SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat) [http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf]<br/>
 *UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) [https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf]
-*Oliver C. Ruppel & Bernd Althusmann, 2016 Perspectives on Energy Security and Renewable Energies in Sub-Saharan Africa Practical Opportunitiesand Regulatory Challenges. Second Revised and Expanded Edition, KAS (Chapter 2: Zivayi Chiguvare & Helvi Ileka), https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=4a581452-7f89-6465-bd47-b3533bb47f01&groupId=282730
+*Oliver C. Ruppel & Bernd Althusmann, 2016 Perspectives on Energy Security and Renewable Energies in Sub-Saharan Africa Practical Opportunitiesand Regulatory Challenges. Second Revised and Expanded Edition, KAS (Chapter 2: Zivayi Chiguvare & Helvi Ileka), [https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=4a581452-7f89-6465-bd47-b3533bb47f01&groupId=282730 https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=4a581452-7f89-6465-bd47-b3533bb47f01&groupId=282730]
 *Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. [https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf]<br/>
 *Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, [https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment and Energy/MDG Carbon Facility/NAMA Final Namibia 2.pdf https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment and Energy/MDG Carbon Facility/NAMA Final Namibia 2.pdf]
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 <br/>
 = References =
 <references />

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 <br/>
 == Energy Access<br/> ==
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 [[File:03- Namibia's urban electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|Namibia's urban electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/>
-[[File:04- Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/>
+[[File:04- Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]Projection scenarios:
-<br/>
-<br/>
+A 2019 report identifies that by 2030 still 36% of Namibians will still not have access to modern energy under the Business-as-Usual (BaU) (= "New Policies" Scenario of the [https://www.iea.org/weo2018/scenarios/ International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2018]), while 32% will have access to the grid, 11% to a mini-grid and 22% to a SHS. The investment needs in a BaU scenario are higher (and emission reduction potentials lower) compared to a progressive Off-grid scenario (lower TIER case). That scenario estimates the impact of fully favourable off-grid (Mini-Grid and Solar Home Systems) frameworks through the integration of maximized ESMAP’s RISE Indicators into the model’s calculations. Under that scenario, Namibia would be electrified solely by mini-grid (43%) and SHS (57%). While the investmes needed for a higher Tier case are estimated as 600 million USD (prOG) compared to 400 million USD for the BaU, for a lower TIER case investments are even lower in the proOG (220 million USD) compared with almost 300 million in the BaU. (The GHG emissions are in both cases less than half of the BaU.)<ref name="Select Namibia and the respective scenario at http://www.reog-x.com/NDC-visualization/static">Select Namibia and the respective scenario at http://www.reog-x.com/NDC-visualization/static</ref>
 == Production ==

@@ Line 1,070: / Line 1,070: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information<br/> =
@@ Line 1,080: / Line 1,081: @@
 *REN21, 2018. SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat) [http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf]<br/>
 *UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) [https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf]
-*Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. [https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf]
+*Oliver C. Ruppel & Bernd Althusmann, 2016 Perspectives on Energy Security and Renewable Energies in Sub-Saharan Africa Practical Opportunitiesand Regulatory Challenges. Second Revised and Expanded Edition, KAS (Chapter 2: Zivayi Chiguvare & Helvi Ileka), https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=4a581452-7f89-6465-bd47-b3533bb47f01&groupId=282730
 *Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, [https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment and Energy/MDG Carbon Facility/NAMA Final Namibia 2.pdf https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment and Energy/MDG Carbon Facility/NAMA Final Namibia 2.pdf]
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 <br/>
 = References =
 <references />

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 (no information about them yet)
 == Donor Involvement<br/> ==
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+|
-<br/>
+Flood relief<br/>
+|
-Southern Africa Energy Program (SAEP) provides technical assistance support to various public and private stakeholders, including ECB, NamPower, and the Ministry of Mines and Energy related to five outcomes: Improved Regulation, Planning, and Procurement for Energy; Improved Commercial Viability of Utilities; Improved Regional Harmonization and Cross-Border Trade; Scaled Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency; and Increased Human and Institutional Expertise.
+*Southern Africa Energy Program (SAEP) provides technical assistance support to various public and private stakeholders, including ECB, NamPower, and the Ministry of Mines and Energy related to five outcomes: Improved Regulation, Planning, and Procurement for Energy; Improved Commercial Viability of Utilities; Improved Regional Harmonization and Cross-Border Trade; Scaled Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency; and Increased Human and Institutional Expertise. [https://share.ansi.org/Shared USAID-SAEP.pdf]
+*Namibia Flood-Relief Energization Plan 2011: USAID Elephant Energy received a grant from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to implement the Namibia Flood-Relief Energization Plan, with a goal to assess and address the energy needs of flood victims in Northern Namibia. https://www.lightingafrica.org/solar-lamps-for-disaster-relief/&nbsp;
 [https://share.ansi.org/Shared USAID-SAEP.pdf]
 |- valign="top"
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 *GIZas been very active in promiting the use of invader bush.<br/>
 *"GIZ focuses on the management of natural resources, transport, sustainable economic development and provides technical assistance in the fieldsof basic education and health. KfW provides assistance in energy, transport, water, education and health." <ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
 |-
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 | <br/>
+|
-MCC’s support focuses on education, tourism, health and livestock.<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
+*MCC’s support focuses on education, tourism, health and livestock.<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
 |-
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 |-
 | EU
 | <br/>
 | <br/>
+|
-The European Union(EU) is focusing on basic infrastructure (water, sanitation and roads), human resources development (education and health) and governance<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
+*(implemented from March 2017 to April 2019 to communities in Kavango East and West regions; close to 300 households benefitted from the project and that two solar-powered boreholes were constructed in Mayana and Sharukwe community gardens.) [https://www.energycentral.com/news/renewable-energy-projects-handed-over-communities-kavango-east-and-west Apr 2019]
 |- valign="top"
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 |- valign="top"
+|
+EU<br/>
+|
-CBEND project
+‘Combating Bush Encroachment for Namibia’s Development’ CBEND project<br/>
+|
@@ Line 928: / Line 933: @@
+|
-A 250 kW bush-to-electricity power plant on a commercial farm in the Otavi area (proof of concept; Namibias first IPP)
+A 250 kW bush-to-electricity power plant on a commercial farm in the Otavi area (proof of concept; Namibias first IPP; (not yet operational in mid-2018)
 |- valign="top"
@@ Line 970: / Line 977: @@
 |- valign="top"
 | <br/>
 | <br/>
-| <br/>
-| <br/>
+So far, four schools have been electrified through the PREN project. https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/pren-project <br/>
 |}
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 <br/>
 = Further Information<br/> =

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 <br/>
-== Energy Access ==
+== Energy Access<br/> ==
 There are around 1 million Namibians lack access to electricity, which means that almost half of the country is without access at all (~53% has access & ~47% has no access)<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html</ref><ref name="Tracking SDG7. (2019). Namibia. Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/country/namibia">Tracking SDG7. (2019). Namibia. Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/country/namibia</ref>.
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 [[File:04- Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/>
 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">According to the&nbsp;</span>[[Distributed Renewables for Energy Access in SADC Countries|REN21-SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report]]<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;(2018), the challenge in Namibia is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.</span><ref name="Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf">Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf</ref><br/>
-<br/>
+*The 27 localities, having 17 schools, that are earmarked for Off-Grid electrification, are located in three regions Kunene (6), Otjozondjupa (13) and Omaheke (8).<ref name="Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf">Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf</ref><br/>
 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">So far the country has developed several pilot mini-grids, including three off-grid systems: Gobabeb, Tsumkwe Mini Grid and Gam Solar PV Mini Grid. In rural and remote areas where neither the main grid nor mini- grids are available, consumers depend on stand-alone electricity sources, mainly diesel generators. The use of solar technologies has been increasing, and hybrid solar/diesel systems have proved to be technically sound off-grid solutions.</span><ref name="European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip .">European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip . </ref><br/>
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 <br/>
 = Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations<br/> =
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 <br/>
 === Past and current involvement of donors<br/> ===
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 <br/>
 === Climate Financing<br/> ===
@@ Line 977: / Line 984: @@
 "The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has been the biggest and most consistent donor in Namibia’s Climate Environment Energy fraternity. As mentioned in section 2.2, Germany has been the mainstay bilateral donor for CEE since Namibia’s Independence. The following CEE projects are active:<br/>
-Namibia National Parks Programme (US$4.2m); Biodiversity Management and Climate Change (US$7.5m); Resource Mobilisation for Effective Implementation of the Updated Biodiversity Strategy (US$3.13m);Bush Control and Biomass Utilisation (US$12.5m); Support to Land Reform Beneficiaries (US$2.5m); Adaptation of agriculture to climate change in northern Namibia (US$7.5m); Community-based natural resource management (US$6.25m); SDG initiative (US$3.75m); Conservation and sustainable use of the Benguela Current large marine ecosystem (US$11m); Transboundary water management in SADC (US$17.76m); Sector support to combat desertification (US$7.9m) and transboundary conservation and use of natural resources in SADC (US$10m)."<ref name="UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf ">UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf </ref><br/>
+Namibia National Parks Programme (US$4.2m); Biodiversity Management and Climate Change (US$7.5m); Resource Mobilisation for Effective Implementation of the Updated Biodiversity Strategy (US$3.13m);Bush Control and Biomass Utilisation (US$12.5m); Support to Land Reform Beneficiaries (US$2.5m); Adaptation of agriculture to climate change in northern Namibia (US$7.5m); Community-based natural resource management (US$6.25m); SDG initiative (US$3.75m); Conservation and sustainable use of the Benguela Current large marine ecosystem (US$11m); Transboundary water management in SADC (US$17.76m); Sector support to combat desertification (US$7.9m) and transboundary conservation and use of natural resources in SADC (US$10m)."<ref name="UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf">UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf </ref><br/>
-The Annex 11: Namibia’s energy generation and access situation – financing and investments lists a total investement of 101,426,307 USD by 5 private entities, 2 state-owned entities (larges share by the Development Bank of Namibia) and the micro-medium lender Kongalend.<ref name="UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf ">UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf </ref><br/>
+The Annex 11: Namibia’s energy generation and access situation – financing and investments lists a total investement of 101,426,307 USD by 5 private entities, 2 state-owned entities (larges share by the Development Bank of Namibia) and the micro-medium lender Kongalend.<ref name="UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf">UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf </ref><br/>
 <br/><br/>
 = Further Information<br/> =

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 <br/>
 === Past and current involvement of donors<br/> ===
 {| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1"
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-'''Sonstiges'''
+'''Information'''
 |- valign="top"
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 „Namibia’s second-largest lender, Bank Windhoek last November issued a green bond on the Namibia Stock Exchange to fund renewable energy projects. It’s also financing projects as implementing partner of the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Energy Finance Fund, which was established by the French Development Agency.“
 *Bank support to energy infrastructure will include the Kudu Gas Power Project.<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
-Bank support to energy infrastructure will include the Kudu Gas Power Project.<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
+*Zimbabwe-Zambia-Botswana-Namibia Interconnector
-−
-−
 Zimbabwe-Zambia-Botswana-Namibia Interconnector
 |- valign="top"
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 *GIZas been very active in promiting the use of invader bush.<br/>
 *"GIZ focuses on the management of natural resources, transport, sustainable economic development and provides technical assistance in the fieldsof basic education and health. KfW provides assistance in energy, transport, water, education and health." <ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
-"GIZ focuses on the management of natural resources, transport, sustainable economic development and provides technical assistance in the fieldsof basic education and health. KfW provides assistance in energy, transport, water, education and health." <ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref><br/>
 |-
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 | <br/>
+|
 MCC’s support focuses on education, tourism, health and livestock.<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
-MCC’s support focuses on education, tourism, health and livestock.<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref><br/>
 |-
 | China
+| <br/>
+| <br/>
+|
 "China is now Namibia’s third largest provider of bilateral development assistanceand has invested in a number of sectors, including construction and mining."<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
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 |-
 | EU
+|
 The European Union(EU) is focusing on basic infrastructure (water, sanitation and roads), human resources development (education and health) and governance<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
-−
-*The European Union(EU) is focusing on basic infrastructure (water, sanitation and roads), human resources development (education and health) and governance<ref name="ADB Namibia 2018">https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf</ref>
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 <br/>
 === Climate Financing<br/> ===