Planning Wind Projects - Revision history

Wiki Gardener at 11:15, 18 February 2015

2015-02-18T11:15:27Z

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Wiki Gardener at 10:55, 18 February 2015

2015-02-18T10:55:56Z

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Ranisha at 11:52, 29 August 2014

2014-08-29T11:52:21Z

Ranisha at 08:20, 20 August 2014

2014-08-20T08:20:45Z

Ranisha at 14:48, 19 August 2014

2014-08-19T14:48:16Z

Ranisha at 15:55, 12 August 2014

2014-08-12T15:55:42Z

Ranisha at 13:10, 12 August 2014

2014-08-12T13:10:28Z

Ranisha at 09:36, 12 August 2014

2014-08-12T09:36:15Z

Ranisha at 09:34, 12 August 2014

2014-08-12T09:34:03Z

Ranisha: /* Dialogue and Consultation */

2014-08-12T09:32:03Z

‎Dialogue and Consultation

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 The initial site selection is the first phase in the development of any wind energy project. In this phase appropriate sites should be identified and their wind potentials should be estimated. By identifying environmental, technical, commercial and political constraints of the sites the project developer can decide whether a more extensive feasibility study should be conducted. As a starting point many developers visit the possible project sites, gathering first impressions about topography and infrastructure (roads, dwellings, grid-connection). As a central task in this phase, available environmental and technical data must be collected<ref name="European">European Wind Energy Association (1999) Best Practice Guidelines for Wind Energy Development, retrieved 8.7.2011, [[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/studies/doc/wind_energy/2002_best_practice.pdf]]</ref>.
-[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Site Selection ==
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 *Grid connection must be available in an appropriate distance to keep connection costs low.
-[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Considerations about Legal Aspects for the Site Selection<br/> ==
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 ''Economic considerations ''during this earliest phase of the project concern the search for potential investors and the estimation of the potential equity available for the project.
-[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 *Wind speed distribution is measured for an appropriate period of time (minimum one year, in case no other reliable sources are available). Measurement for large wind projects requires installation of masts of heights about 60 m. For the placement of these masts an own planning application is often necessary. This process extends the project development significantly. As small differences in the prediction of wind speed distribution causes large changes in potential wind energy yield, a measurement campaign is essential to create sufficient reliability for potential investors<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>.
-[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 *Decommissioning - The environmental statement must contain considerations about removal of the wind turbines and the related restoration processes of the landscape after the project period
-<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]</u>
+<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]</u>
 == Grid<br/> ==
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 The local electricity distribution system has to be examined by available plans and consultation of the local electricity company. The dialogue with this company reveals whether an electrical connection to the sites under consideration is technically and commercially feasible, because the company can give an indication of the likely costs of the wind project connection to the grid.
-<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]</u>
+<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]</u>
 = Planning Wind Projects<br/> =
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 *The outcome of soil surveys indicates, whether the optimal placements determined by modelling can be realised.
-<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]</u>
+<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]</u>
 == WEC / Grid ==
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 *The calculation is a complex optimisation depending on costs of the turbines, cost of grid connection and profits depending on expected wind conditions.
-<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]</u>
+<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]</u>
 == Financing<br/> ==
@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 Examination of possible support mechanisms (political framework conditions like feed-in tariffs or other funding mechanisms). CDM baseline studies can be prepared in case access to CDM is an option.
-[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == <u>Type of Company</u><br/> ==
@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 The choice depends partly on the number of people involved in the project. In general a larger number of people (e.g. a community as a whole) is a great advantage for the development of the wind project. A limited liability, a co-operative, or a joint-venture with a local energy company are feasible alternatives<ref name="European">_</ref>
-[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Economic Feasibility<br/> ==
@@ Line 139: / Line 139: @@
 The expected annual profit is calculated by comparison of costs and returns of the project. Additionally the overall profit is calculated by summing up the annual profits over project lifetime<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>.
-[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Building Application and Environmental Impact Review<br/> =
@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 *If the project developer and the planning authorities close discussion with a suitable outcome and the requested changes in the project development are implemented, the planning application is approved and the project permission is granted<ref name="BWEA (1994)">_</ref>.
-[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 159: / Line 159: @@
 <br/>
-[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == References<br/> ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Portal:Wind|► Back to Wind Portal]]
@@ Line 23: / Line 22: @@
 The 'desk-based' studies for site selection are conducted to decide whether site characteristics fulfill crucial technical criteria for the successful development of a wind project.
-*The developer will usually identify sites with sufficient potential for a suitable wind resource by using a combination of maps of the area, results of computer modelling, meteorological offices (airports, harbours, farming), or data from university departments dealing with wind energy. Promising values are average wind speeds above 6 m/s<ref name="European">_</ref>. Characteristics of other wind parks in the area have to be investigated.
+*The developer will usually identify sites with sufficient potential for a suitable wind resource by using a combination of maps of the area, results of computer modelling, meteorological offices (airports, harbors, farming), or data from university departments dealing with wind energy. Promising values are average wind speeds above 6 m/s<ref name="European">_</ref>. Characteristics of other wind parks in the area have to be investigated.
 *The local road network must be suitable to provide access for large transportation vessels. An initial investigation will give a first idea of the necessary extensions for the wind project<ref name="European">_</ref>.
 *Site ownership must be considered

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 The initial site selection is the first phase in the development of any wind energy project. In this phase appropriate sites should be identified and their wind potentials should be estimated. By identifying environmental, technical, commercial and political constraints of the sites the project developer can decide whether a more extensive feasibility study should be conducted. As a starting point many developers visit the possible project sites, gathering first impressions about topography and infrastructure (roads, dwellings, grid-connection). As a central task in this phase, available environmental and technical data must be collected<ref name="European">European Wind Energy Association (1999) Best Practice Guidelines for Wind Energy Development, retrieved 8.7.2011, [[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/studies/doc/wind_energy/2002_best_practice.pdf]]</ref>.
-[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 == Site Selection ==
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 *Grid connection must be available in an appropriate distance to keep connection costs low.
-[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 == Considerations about Legal Aspects for the Site Selection<br/> ==
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ''Economic considerations ''during this earliest phase of the project concern the search for potential investors and the estimation of the potential equity available for the project.
-[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 *Wind speed distribution is measured for an appropriate period of time (minimum one year, in case no other reliable sources are available). Measurement for large wind projects requires installation of masts of heights about 60 m. For the placement of these masts an own planning application is often necessary. This process extends the project development significantly. As small differences in the prediction of wind speed distribution causes large changes in potential wind energy yield, a measurement campaign is essential to create sufficient reliability for potential investors<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>.
-[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 *Decommissioning - The environmental statement must contain considerations about removal of the wind turbines and the related restoration processes of the landscape after the project period
-<u>[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]</u>
+<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]</u>
 == Grid<br/> ==
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 The local electricity distribution system has to be examined by available plans and consultation of the local electricity company. The dialogue with this company reveals whether an electrical connection to the sites under consideration is technically and commercially feasible, because the company can give an indication of the likely costs of the wind project connection to the grid.
-<u>[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]</u>
+<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]</u>
 = Planning Wind Projects<br/> =
@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
 *The outcome of soil surveys indicates, whether the optimal placements determined by modelling can be realised.
-<u>[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]</u>
+<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]</u>
 == WEC / Grid ==
@@ Line 111: / Line 111: @@
 *The calculation is a complex optimisation depending on costs of the turbines, cost of grid connection and profits depending on expected wind conditions.
-<u>[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]</u>
+<u>[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]</u>
 == Financing<br/> ==
@@ Line 119: / Line 119: @@
 Examination of possible support mechanisms (political framework conditions like feed-in tariffs or other funding mechanisms). CDM baseline studies can be prepared in case access to CDM is an option.
-[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 == <u>Type of Company</u><br/> ==
@@ Line 127: / Line 127: @@
 The choice depends partly on the number of people involved in the project. In general a larger number of people (e.g. a community as a whole) is a great advantage for the development of the wind project. A limited liability, a co-operative, or a joint-venture with a local energy company are feasible alternatives<ref name="European">_</ref>
-[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 == Economic Feasibility<br/> ==
@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 The expected annual profit is calculated by comparison of costs and returns of the project. Additionally the overall profit is calculated by summing up the annual profits over project lifetime<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>.
-[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 = Building Application and Environmental Impact Review<br/> =
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 <u>With the submission of the application, the project developer starts a phase of discussion and co-operation:</u>
 *The planning application has to be made available to the public to allow inspection and response.
-*Based on the environmental statements, the planning authorities may implement additional regulations concerning noise control, traffic safety, decomissioning and restoration, interferences with telecommunications, ecological impacts as well as the design and colour of the turbines<ref name="European">_</ref>.
+*Based on the environmental statements, the planning authorities may implement additional regulations concerning noise control, traffic safety, decommissioning and restoration, interferences with telecommunications, ecological impacts as well as the design and colour of the turbines<ref name="European">_</ref>.
 *If the project developer and the planning authorities close discussion with a suitable outcome and the requested changes in the project development are implemented, the planning application is approved and the project permission is granted<ref name="BWEA (1994)">_</ref>.
-[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 160: / Line 160: @@
 <br/>
-[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
+[[Planning_Wind_Projects#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 == References<br/> ==

@@ Line 156: / Line 156: @@
 *[[Wind Energy - Introduction|Wind Energy - Introduction]]
-*[[Wind_Projects_-_Initial_Site_Selection|Wind Projects - Initial Site Selection]]
+*[[Wind Projects - Initial Site Selection|Wind Projects - Initial Site Selection]]
 <br/>

@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 = Further Information =
-*[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction|Wind Energy - Introduction]]
+*[[Wind Energy - Introduction|Wind Energy - Introduction]]
 [[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]

@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 <u>In European countries planning authorities often request an environmental statement, containing a number of assessments concerning the following environmental issues<ref name="European">_</ref></u>
-*<u>Justification of the site selection</u>
+*Justification of the site selection
-*<u>Visual and landscape assessment - Description of the landscape and the possible impact of the project</u>
+*Visual and landscape assessment - Description of the landscape and the possible impact of the project
-*<u>Assessment of the noise generated by the wind turbines - conclusions for the chosen distance to domestic dwellings</u>
+*Assessment of the noise generated by the wind turbines - conclusions for the chosen distance to domestic dwellings
-*<u>Ecological assessment</u>
+*Ecological assessment
-*<u>Archaelogical assessment</u>
+*Archaelogical assessment
-*<u>Hydrological assessment</u>
+*Hydrological assessment
-*<u>Interference with telecommunications systems</u>
+*Interference with telecommunications systems
-*<u>Aircraft safety</u>
+*Aircraft safety
-*<u>Safety Assessment - technical description of the integrity of the chosen turbines for the site</u>
+*Safety Assessment - technical description of the integrity of the chosen turbines for the site
-*<u>Traffic management and construction - like the impact of the wind turbines the construction of the access roads has to be discussed with local authorities</u>
+*Traffic management and construction - like the impact of the wind turbines the construction of the access roads has to be discussed with local authorities
-*<u>Electrical connection</u>
+*Electrical connection
-*<u>Effects on the local economy</u>
+*Effects on the local economy
-*<u>Tourism and recreational effects</u>
+*Tourism and recreational effects
-*<u>Global environmental effects - By the estimation of the energy yield of a project, the expected avoided emissions can be estimated.</u>
+*Global environmental effects - By the estimation of the energy yield of a project, the expected avoided emissions can be estimated.
-*<u>Decommissioning - The environmental statement must contain considerations about removal of the wind turbines and the related restoration processes of the landscape after the project period</u>
+*Decommissioning - The environmental statement must contain considerations about removal of the wind turbines and the related restoration processes of the landscape after the project period
 <u>[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]</u>
-== <u>Grid</u><br/> ==
+== Grid<br/> ==
-<u>The local electricity distribution system has to be examined by available plans and consultation of the local electricity company. The dialogue with this company reveals whether an electrical connection to the sites under consideration is technically and commercially feasible, because the company can give an indication of the likely costs of the wind project connection to the grid.</u>
+The local electricity distribution system has to be examined by available plans and consultation of the local electricity company. The dialogue with this company reveals whether an electrical connection to the sites under consideration is technically and commercially feasible, because the company can give an indication of the likely costs of the wind project connection to the grid.
 <u>[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]</u>
-= <u>Planning Wind Projects</u><br/> =
+= Planning Wind Projects<br/> =
-== <u>Planning</u> ==
+== Planning ==
-*<u>[[Layout of Wind Projects|Wind park layout]] is planned based on wind speed distribution, surface parameters and environmental conditions. Type and rating of wind turbines are selected and the layout is optimized by computer tools concerning the expected output. Besides output, installation of connection lines and (possible) transformer station as well as construction of roads for installation and service of the wind park are essential criteria for the project layout<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>.</u>
+*[[Layout of Wind Projects|Wind park layout]] is planned based on wind speed distribution, surface parameters and environmental conditions. Type and rating of wind turbines are selected and the layout is optimized by computer tools concerning the expected output. Besides output, installation of connection lines and (possible) transformer station as well as construction of roads for installation and service of the wind park are essential criteria for the project layout<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>.
-*<u>The outcome of soil surveys indicates, whether the optimal placements determined by modelling can be realised.</u>
+*The outcome of soil surveys indicates, whether the optimal placements determined by modelling can be realised.
 <u>[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]</u>
-== <u>WEC / Grid</u> ==
+== WEC / Grid ==
-*<u>The choice of number, type and rated power is influenced by available grid capacity at the site<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>. The cost of building a transformer station or long grid connections have to be evaluated as initial costs in comparison to expected profits.</u>
+*The choice of number, type and rated power is influenced by available grid capacity at the site<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>. The cost of building a transformer station or long grid connections have to be evaluated as initial costs in comparison to expected profits.
-*<u>The calculation is a complex optimisation depending on costs of the turbines, cost of grid connection and profits depending on expected wind conditions.</u>
+*The calculation is a complex optimisation depending on costs of the turbines, cost of grid connection and profits depending on expected wind conditions.
 <u>[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]</u>
-== <u>Financing</u><br/> ==
+== Financing<br/> ==
-<u>All costs related to the proposed layout have to be evaluated including wind turbines, basements, grid-connection, road construction, planning and monitoring of the construction process, advice about legal and tax conditions, cost of planning, project approval and environmental studies<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>.</u>
+All costs related to the proposed layout have to be evaluated including wind turbines, basements, grid-connection, road construction, planning and monitoring of the construction process, advice about legal and tax conditions, cost of planning, project approval and environmental studies<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>.
-<u>Examination of possible support mechanisms (political framework conditions like feed-in tariffs or other funding mechanisms). CDM baseline studies can be prepared in case access to CDM is an option.</u>
+Examination of possible support mechanisms (political framework conditions like feed-in tariffs or other funding mechanisms). CDM baseline studies can be prepared in case access to CDM is an option.
-<u>[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]</u>
+[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
 == <u>Type of Company</u><br/> ==
@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 = Further Information =
-*[[Wind Energy - Introduction|Portal:Wind]]
+*[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction|Wind Energy - Introduction]]
 [[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 [[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
 == Dialogue and Consultation ==
-At this stage of a project, dialogue with local authorities has to be opened to gather information and to define the major issues related to the planning process which have to be discussed in more detail in the following planning phases. The officers of the local authorities may also recommend other consultants with experiences in wind energy development in the area. The focus of the consultation for site selection is gathering and distributing information<ref name="BWEA (1994)">.fckLRfckLRFor more information about site selection, see [[Wind Projects - Initial Site Selection|Wind Projects - Initial Site Selection]].fckLRfckLR[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]fckLRfckLR= Site Evaluation =fckLRfckLRFor the site, which has been identified to fulfill the crucial requirements for project development, an in depth site evaluation is conducted to generate reliable information about wind speed distribution and the related annual energy yield, building ground conditions and grid-connection opportunities.fckLRfckLR[[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]fckLRfckLR== Wind<br/> ==fckLRfckLR*An assessment of the Orography, roughness of site surface and obstacles (trees, buildings etc.) is implemented<ref name="Gasch">_</ref>.
+At this stage of a project, dialogue with local authorities has to be opened to gather information and to define the major issues related to the planning process which have to be discussed in more detail in the following planning phases. The officers of the local authorities may also recommend other consultants with experiences in wind energy development in the area. The focus of the consultation for site selection is gathering and distributing information<ref name="BWEA (1994)">_</ref>.
 *Evaluation of the quality of wind data collected during the pilot study: Based on the outcome of this evaluation the developer has to decide, whether own wind measurements are necessary for reliability of the estimation of the expected profits of the project.
 *Common and established methods for site evaluation should be applied (see [[Wind Energy - Resource Analysis|Resource analysis]])
@@ Line 57: / Line 58: @@
 [[Planning Wind Projects#Overview|Go to Top]]
 == Building Ground<br/> ==