SPIS Toolbox - Understanding Groundwater - Revision history

Ranisha at 19:28, 21 July 2020

2020-07-21T19:28:08Z

Stefan Eibisch at 10:00, 3 April 2018

2018-04-03T10:00:38Z

Stefan Eibisch at 15:33, 28 March 2018

2018-03-28T15:33:37Z

Ranisha at 13:05, 22 March 2018

2018-03-22T13:05:49Z

Ranisha at 11:09, 14 November 2017

2017-11-14T11:09:28Z

Admin at 14:55, 13 November 2017

2017-11-13T14:55:32Z

Admin at 14:51, 13 November 2017

2017-11-13T14:51:04Z

Admin at 14:50, 13 November 2017

2017-11-13T14:50:45Z

Ranisha at 10:52, 13 November 2017

2017-11-13T10:52:58Z

Stefan Eibisch at 14:47, 22 September 2017

2017-09-22T14:47:55Z

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-| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" | <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 90%;">'''[[SPIS Toolbox - Analyze Water Management and Regulation|►Go to the Next Chapter]]'''</span></span>
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-| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" | <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 90%;">'''[[SPIS Toolbox - Analyze Water Management and Regulation|►Go to the Next Chapter]]'''</span></span>
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 | style="width: 139px; text-align: center;" | '''Groundwater abstraction'''
-| style="width: 343px;" | Groundwater pumping from wells lowers the water table.
+| style="width: 343px; text-align: center;" | Groundwater pumping from wells lowers the water table.<br/>
-| style="width: 235px;" | Groundwater abstraction quotas, licensing of drilled wells.
+| style="width: 235px; text-align: center;" | Groundwater abstraction quotas, licensing of drilled wells.<br/>
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 *Compliance to the legal and regulatory framework in obtaining user rights and permits and the &nbsp;conditions and quantities they define;
-*If no water regulation is in place, farmers should lobby for setting up a regulatory framework in order to get planning and production security (see step 4);
+*If no water regulation is in place, farmers should lobby for setting up a regulatory framework in order to get planning and production security (see step 4);<br/>
 *Monitoring and documentation of water use based on rights and permits.

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-| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" | <span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size: 90%">'''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Analyze_Water_Management_and_Regulation|►Go to the Next Chapter]]</span></span>
+| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" | <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 90%;">'''[[SPIS Toolbox - Analyze Water Management and Regulation|►Go to the Next Chapter]]'''</span></span>
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 | style="width: 139px; text-align: center;" | '''Soil compaction'''<br/>
-| style="width: 343px; text-align: center;" | Due to natural conditions of drying and wetting, heavy machineries and inappropriate tillage top- and subsoil is compacted and groundwater recharge decreases<br/>
+| style="width: 343px; text-align: center;" | Due to natural conditions of drying and wetting, heavy machineries and inappropriate tillage top- and subsoil is compacted and groundwater recharge decreases.<br/>
-| style="width: 235px; text-align: center;" | Regulations for tillage practices and machinery use .<br/>
+| style="width: 235px; text-align: center;" | Regulations for tillage practices and machinery use.<br/>
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 | style="width: 139px; text-align: center;" | '''Excess irrigation'''<br/>
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 As recharge processes are complex and dependent of numerous hydrogeological processes, the responsible water authorities and managers need to have as-accurate-as-possible data on the following aspects:
-*Total extraction of groundwater by human activities (groundwater pumping) and natural springs
+*Total extraction of groundwater by human activities (groundwater pumping) and natural springs.<br/>
 *Whenever possible, the estimation of discharge should rely on metered pumping records and measured spring discharge
-*To estimate the recharge, high-resolution data on precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff are needed. In addition, hydrogeological data on the ground-water flow and underground storage characteristics (e.g. derived from pumping tests) have to be taken into account
+*To estimate the recharge, high-resolution data on precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff are needed. In addition, hydrogeological data on the ground-water flow and underground storage characteristics (e.g. derived from pumping tests) have to be taken into account.<br/>
-*Land-use and vegetation/crop mapping of the groundwater basin helps to quantify more exactly the evapotranspiration and runoff variables
+*Land-use and vegetation/crop mapping of the groundwater basin helps to quantify more exactly the evapotranspiration and runoff variables.<br/>
 *Depending on the available data and resources, the recharge can be estimated via standard formulas and expert knowledge, but also by more sophisticated hydrological (computer) models.
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+| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" | <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 90%;">'''[[SPIS Toolbox - Analyze Water Management and Regulation|►Go to the Next Chapter]]'''</span></span>
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 *To estimate the recharge, high-resolution data on precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff are needed. In addition, hydrogeological data on the ground-water flow and underground storage characteristics (e.g. derived from pumping tests) have to be taken into account
 *Land-use and vegetation/crop mapping of the groundwater basin helps to quantify more exactly the evapotranspiration and runoff variables
-*Depending on the available data and resources, the recharge can be estimated via standard formulas and expert knowledge, but also by more sophisticated hydrologic (computer) models.
+*Depending on the available data and resources, the recharge can be estimated via standard formulas and expert knowledge, but also by more sophisticated hydrological (computer) models.
 In some instances, groundwater may also be subject to artificial recharge, which means the planned technical infiltration of water to groundwater bodies. Some progressive communities are presently practicing the artificial recharge of their aquifers in order to conserve the groundwater resource. For example, in the Terai region of North Bengal (India), gully plugs and bunds have been constructed by local farmer committees to retain rainwater and increase groundwater recharge. This stabilized the water tables and reduced the impact of drought periods on rain-fed paddy cultivation. As a result, the cropping intensity could be doubled and yields as well as farmers’ income improved <ref>Tuinhof et al. 2012.Profit from storage. The cost and benefits of water buffering. Wageningen: 3R Water Secretariat.</ref>.
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-Pumping groundwater causes a drop of the water table. The water table is the surface of the area saturated with groundwater. When groundwater is pumped, the water table drops in the surroundings of the well developing. Cones of depression appear in ''unconfined aquifers'' as a lowering of water levels (see figure below). In''confined aquifers'', that means that aquifers overlain by a geological layer of low permeability (aquitard or aquiclude), the pressure in the surroundings of the pumped well reduces when water is abstracted.
+Pumping groundwater causes a drop of the water table. The water table is the surface of the area saturated with groundwater. When groundwater is pumped, the water table drops in the surroundings of the well developing. Cones of depression appear in ''unconfined aquifers'' as a lowering of water levels (see figure below). In ''confined aquifers'', that means that aquifers overlain by a geological layer of low permeability (aquitard or aquiclude), the pressure in the surroundings of the pumped well reduces when water is abstracted.
 ===== '''Well Interference''' =====
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 Despite the risks mentioned, sustainably managed groundwater is the crucial resource for agriculture, food security and rural livelihoods. In many regions, it is relatively easy to access and extract, even more if decentralized solar power supply is available. Groundwater has the potential to buffer droughts and increase agricultural production in water-scarce regions, as it is less sensitive to climate variability and change than surface water.
-However, groundwater users – and hence the farmer operating a SPIS – share the responsibility for a sustainable management of the resources. Beyond that, in order to take long-term advantage from groundwater, it is rather self-interest of the SPIS farmer to avoid aquifer overexploitation and consequent socio-economic and legal conflicts. For the farmer this entails some crucial responsibilities and duties:
+However, groundwater users - and hence the farmer operating a SPIS – share the responsibility for a sustainable management of the resources. Beyond that, in order to take long-term advantage from groundwater, it is rather self-interest of the SPIS farmer to avoid aquifer overexploitation and consequent socio-economic and legal conflicts. For the farmer this entails some crucial responsibilities and duties:
 *Compliance to the legal and regulatory framework in obtaining user rights and permits and the &nbsp;conditions and quantities they define;
-*If no water regulation is in place, farmers should lobby for setting up a regulatory framework in order to get planning and production security (see also step 4);
+*If no water regulation is in place, farmers should lobby for setting up a regulatory framework in order to get planning and production security (see step 4);
 *Monitoring and documentation of water use based on rights and permits.

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:50, 13 November 2017
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		+	\| style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" \| <span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size: 90%">'''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Analyze_Water_Management_and_Regulation\|►Go to the Next Chapter]]</span></span>
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	=== '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">1. Understanding Groundwater</span>''' ===		=== '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">1. Understanding Groundwater</span>''' ===

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 {{SPIS Safeguard Water}}{{Back to SPIS Toolbox}}<br/>
-=== '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">Understanding Groundwater</span>''' ===
+=== '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">1. Understanding Groundwater</span>''' ===
 ===== '''Groundwater within the Hydrological Cycle''' =====