Small-Scale Wind - Revision history

Ranisha: /* Village Power: Potable Water */

2015-01-16T07:41:25Z

‎Village Power: Potable Water

Melanie Uhlen: /* Village Power: Potable Water */

2015-01-15T15:54:16Z

‎Village Power: Potable Water

Ranisha at 12:56, 29 August 2014

2014-08-29T12:56:32Z

Ranisha at 15:23, 12 August 2014

2014-08-12T15:23:46Z

Ranisha at 11:13, 18 July 2014

2014-07-18T11:13:53Z

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Wiki Gardener at 14:27, 5 June 2014

2014-06-05T14:27:34Z

Wiki Gardener at 13:03, 5 June 2014

2014-06-05T13:03:01Z

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Wiki Gardener at 13:02, 5 June 2014

2014-06-05T13:02:40Z

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Detlef Loy at 07:06, 8 August 2011

2011-08-08T07:06:30Z

Detlef Loy at 07:02, 8 August 2011

2011-08-08T07:02:41Z

@@ Line 134: / Line 134: @@
 | colspan="5" | '''Results''': Supplies 4,000 people with 220% more water than original diesel pumps. Population decline has been reversed.
 |}
-<br/>
+<br clear=all>
-<br/>
-<br/>
-<br/>
-<br/>
-<br/>
-<br/>
 [[Small-Scale Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]

@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 = Common Applications =
 == Village Power: Potable Water ==
+Small mechanical wind turbines have been used to drive pumps for potable water for a very long time. Today small electric wind turbines are an efficient alternative which can be used to supply people and livestock with underground water from a well. Creating a village water tap eliminates the need to carry water from distant sources and using underground water generally avoids common health problems. The size and capacity of the needed generator is proportional to population served and pumping height. For example a turbine with a capacity of 1 kW can supply approximately 200 people.<ref>Bergey M. (2000) Small Wind Systems for Rural Energy Supply, Village Power 2000, Bergey WindPower Co.</ref> An example for this application is given in the following table.
-Small mechanical wind turbines have been used to drive pumps for potable water for a very long time. Today small electric wind turbines are a efficient alternative which can be used to supply people and livestock with underground water from a well. Creating a village water tap eliminates the need to carry water from distant sources and using underground water generally avoids common health problems. The size and capacity of the needed generator is proportional to population served and pumping height. For example a turbine with a capacity of 1 kW can supply approximately 200 people.<ref>Bergey M. (2000) Small Wind Systems for Rural Energy Supply, Village Power 2000, Bergey WindPower Co.</ref> An example for this application is given in the following table.
-−
 <br/>
 {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="left" style="width: 760px"
 |+ '''Table 1: Project examples - water-supply for people and livestock'''
 |-
-! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Site<br/>
+! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Site
-! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Application<br/>
+! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Application
-! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Equipment<br/>
+! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Equipment
-! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Performance<br/>
+! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Performance
-! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Cost<br/>
+! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Cost
-! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Installation<br/>
+! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Installation
 |-
-| Niama, Morocco<br/>
+| Niama, Morocco
-| Community Water Supply<br/>
+| Community Water Supply
-| Two Sites: 10 kW Wind; 18 & 24 m Towers; 15 & 26 Stage Submersible Pumps<br/>
+| Two Sites: 10 kW Wind; 18 & 24 m Towers; 15 & 26 Stage Submersible Pumps
-−
+|
 m<sup>3</sup> & 30 m<sup>3 </sup>of Water per Day<br/>
+| ~$100,000, Including Tech. Assist. and Training, US-AID Funded
-| ~$100.000, Including Tech. Assist. and Training, US-AID Funded<br/>
+| February 1990
-| February 1990<br/>
 |-
-| colspan="5" | '''Results''': Supplies 4,000 people with 220% more water than original diesel pumps. Population decline has been reversed.<br/>
+| colspan="5" | '''Results''': Supplies 4,000 people with 220% more water than original diesel pumps. Population decline has been reversed.
 |}
 <br/>
 <br/>
 <br/>
 <br/>
 <br/>
 <br/>
 <br/>
 == Village Power: Productive Uses<br/> ==

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Small units often have direct drive generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind<ref>Wood D. and Freere P. (2010) Stand-alone wind energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems - Technology, energy storage and applications, S.165-190, Woodhead Publishing</ref>. Larger, more costly turbines generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, flaps and are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched.<ref>Wikipedia (2011) Small Wind turbine, Retrieved 9.6.2011 [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_wind_turbine#cite_ref-pgWEB_6-0]]</ref><br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Small Wind Turbine Technology =
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 To prevent damages caused by very high winds, every wind turbine needs a means for ''overspeed control.'' The preferred mechanism used by producers is furling or folding the turbine across a hinge so that the rotor swings towards the tail vane. In case of a passiv furling mechanism, the thrust of very high winds overcomes the restraining force which kept the the rotor towards the wind. The threshold value (wind speed) for this mechanism is caused by the design of the hinge, which connects the body of the turbine and the tail vane. Furling mechanisms are very common for micro and mini wind turbines, while many household-sized turbines pitch the rotor-blades for overspeed control and a few also use a combination of pitching and furling<ref>Ibid.</ref>.<br/>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 = Classes of Small Wind Turbines<br/> =
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 As an alternative the ''energy ''(in kWh) that is generated by a small wind turbine at a site with a given average wind speed can be used to compare the turbines. Finally the combination of ''rotor diameter ''and energy generated per year (at a reference wind speed) is a roughly reliable indicator for comparing small wind turbines<ref>Ibid.</ref>.<br/>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Micro Wind Turbines<br/> ==
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 These wind turbines have a very small rotor diameter of around 1 m or less and generate about 300 kWh per year at sites with an average wind speed of 5,5 m/s. They are typically used for low-power uses in remote areas (e.g. fence-charging, basic lighting, electricity for sailboats).<br/>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Mini Wind Turbines<br/> ==
-Mini wind turbines typically have rotor diameters of 1,5-2,6 m an generate 1000-2000 kWh per year at sites with 5,5 m/s.<br/>
+Mini wind turbines typically have rotor diameters of 1,5-2,6 m an generate 1000-2000 kWh per year at sites with 5,5 m/s.
-−
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 == Household-size Wind Turbines<br/> ==
-This term summarizes a much broader field of wind turbines depending on the very different size of 'households' and the related applications: Household-size turbines are suitable for the supply of homes, but also for farms, ranches and even for small businesses and telecommunications. Thus in this class rotor diameters of 2.7-9 m can be found and the generated energy per year ranges from 2,000-20,000 kWh for sites with 5.5 m/s.<br/>[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
+This term summarizes a much broader field of wind turbines depending on the very different size of 'households' and the related applications: Household-size turbines are suitable for the supply of homes, but also for farms, ranches and even for small businesses and telecommunications. Thus in this class rotor diameters of 2.7-9 m can be found and the generated energy per year ranges from 2,000-20,000 kWh for sites with 5.5 m/s.<br/>[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Siting and Safety =
@@ Line 70: / Line 68: @@
 To safe costs it is essential to use any given advantages of the landscape: If there is a hill near the building or village which should be supplied with electricity, the best place for the new wind turbine will be on the top of the hill. Choosing the distance between the tower and the supplied building, the cost of connecting and the burial of the cable have to be considered. Installing a wind turbine directly on a roof is problematic for three reasons: The turbulence in the wind stream caused by the building is very high and the performance will be significantly decreased. Secondly, small wind turbines can be very noisy especially in high winds and a last very important reason is the risk for the people living in the house. Modern small wind turbines are durable and reliable but nevertheless it must be avoided by all means to work or live beneath a machine with parts moving as fast as the blades of a small wind turbine.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Installation of Small Wind Turbines =
@@ Line 84: / Line 82: @@
 The ''power conductors'' carrying the generated power to the ground are threaded through the inside of the tower tube in most cases. Their attachment is a very important but often overlooked aspect of the installation: If the conducting cables are connected to the leads of the wind turbine only, the leads are likely to be pulled out and damaged by the weight of the conductor. For this reason a strain relief has to be used to support the weight of the cable. A strain relief is a fine-meshed wire net which can be put around the cable. The upper side of the strain relief is fixed at a point at the top of the tower. Additionally the connection between the wind turbine leads and the cable should be done by an in-line vibration proof compression connector<ref>Ibid.</ref>.<br/>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Tools for the Installation of Small Wind Turbines ==
@@ Line 90: / Line 88: @@
 For the erection of a tilt-up tower with a wind turbine either an electrical winch or a type of hoist is necessary. A relatively light-weight, low-cost and very effective tool working like a hoist in principle is the so called griphoist. In contrast to a winch a griphoist does not furl the cable, wire or rope, but it pulls it directly through a hoist inside the tool. The griphoist is used manually by a lever and needs no supply of electricity. Combined with the low weight it is an ideal tool for raising tilt-up towers especially in remote areas, where an electrical winch and the necessary battery are not available. Besides practitioners prefer these tools because of the full and direct control the operator has over the raising process. The force needed by the operator to move the lever is a good indicator for the status of the raising procedure. In this way the operator is able to react on unusual tensions on the cable and can reduce the lift, when the tower is near to vertical<ref>Ibid.</ref>.<br/>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == The Raising Procedure ==
@@ Line 108: / Line 106: @@
 After practising the raising procedures a couple of times the wind turbine can be attached and the procedure can be repeated. When the tower reached a vertical position the guying cables have to be connected and tightened to the anchors. Again it is important to raise the tension on the guy cables step by step to prevent the thin tube material of the tower from buckling.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Common Applications =
@@ Line 154: / Line 152: @@
 <br/>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Village Power: Productive Uses<br/> ==
@@ Line 188: / Line 186: @@
 <br/>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Village Power: Pre-Electrification<br/> ==
@@ Line 224: / Line 222: @@
 <br/>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Small-Scale_Wind#toc|►Go to Top]]
-= Further Information<br/> =
+= Further Information =
 *[[Wind Turbine Technology|Wind Turbine Technology]]<br/>
 *[[Economical Feasibility of Wind Energy Projects|Economical Feasibility of Wind Energy Projects]]<br/>
-[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+<br/>
 = References =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Overview =
-'''[[Wind_Turbine_Technology|Small wind turbines]]''' generally have a much lower energy output than large commercial wind turbines, but their size can differ significantly: So called Micro wind turbines may be as small as a fifty watt generator and generate only about 300 kWh per year. They are used for boats, caravans, miniature refrigeration unit, but also for fence-charging and other low-power uses. In comparison to that household-size turbines reach diameters of 9-meter, can have a rated power of 20kW and produce about 20000 kWh per year for homes, farms, ranches and small businesses.<ref>Gipe P. (1999) Wind Energy Basics - A Guide to Small and Micro Wind Systems, Chelsea Green Publishing Company</ref> The biggest turbines described as small-scale wind turbines have a rated power of 50 kW<ref>Carbon Trust (2008) Small-scale wind energy Policy insights and practical guidance, The Carbon Trust, UK [[http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTC738&amp;amp;amp;amp;respos=0&amp;amp;amp;amp;q=wind&amp;amp;amp;amp;o=Rank&amp;amp;amp;amp;ps=10]]</ref>.
+'''[[Wind Turbine Technology|Small wind turbines]]''' generally have a much lower energy output than large commercial wind turbines, but their size can differ significantly: So called Micro wind turbines may be as small as a fifty watt generator and generate only about 300 kWh per year. They are used for boats, caravans, miniature refrigeration unit, but also for fence-charging and other low-power uses. In comparison to that household-size turbines reach diameters of 9-meter, can have a rated power of 20kW and produce about 20000 kWh per year for homes, farms, ranches and small businesses.<ref>Gipe P. (1999) Wind Energy Basics - A Guide to Small and Micro Wind Systems, Chelsea Green Publishing Company</ref> The biggest turbines described as small-scale wind turbines have a rated power of 50 kW<ref>Carbon Trust (2008) Small-scale wind energy Policy insights and practical guidance, The Carbon Trust, UK [[http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTC738&amp;amp;amp;amp;respos=0&amp;amp;amp;amp;q=wind&amp;amp;amp;amp;o=Rank&amp;amp;amp;amp;ps=10]]</ref>.
 <br/>
@@ Line 30: / Line 32: @@
 To prevent damages caused by very high winds, every wind turbine needs a means for ''overspeed control.'' The preferred mechanism used by producers is furling or folding the turbine across a hinge so that the rotor swings towards the tail vane. In case of a passiv furling mechanism, the thrust of very high winds overcomes the restraining force which kept the the rotor towards the wind. The threshold value (wind speed) for this mechanism is caused by the design of the hinge, which connects the body of the turbine and the tail vane. Furling mechanisms are very common for micro and mini wind turbines, while many household-sized turbines pitch the rotor-blades for overspeed control and a few also use a combination of pitching and furling<ref>Ibid.</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 = Classes of Small Wind Turbines<br/> =
@@ Line 42: / Line 44: @@
 As an alternative the ''energy ''(in kWh) that is generated by a small wind turbine at a site with a given average wind speed can be used to compare the turbines. Finally the combination of ''rotor diameter ''and energy generated per year (at a reference wind speed) is a roughly reliable indicator for comparing small wind turbines<ref>Ibid.</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 == Micro Wind Turbines<br/> ==
@@ Line 48: / Line 50: @@
 These wind turbines have a very small rotor diameter of around 1 m or less and generate about 300 kWh per year at sites with an average wind speed of 5,5 m/s. They are typically used for low-power uses in remote areas (e.g. fence-charging, basic lighting, electricity for sailboats).<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 == Mini Wind Turbines<br/> ==
@@ Line 54: / Line 56: @@
 Mini wind turbines typically have rotor diameters of 1,5-2,6 m an generate 1000-2000 kWh per year at sites with 5,5 m/s.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 == Household-size Wind Turbines<br/> ==
-This term summarizes a much broader field of wind turbines depending on the very different size of 'households' and the related applications: Household-size turbines are suitable for the supply of homes, but also for farms, ranches and even for small businesses and telecommunications. Thus in this class rotor diameters of 2.7-9 m can be found and the generated energy per year ranges from 2,000-20,000 kWh for sites with 5.5 m/s.<br/>
+This term summarizes a much broader field of wind turbines depending on the very different size of 'households' and the related applications: Household-size turbines are suitable for the supply of homes, but also for farms, ranches and even for small businesses and telecommunications. Thus in this class rotor diameters of 2.7-9 m can be found and the generated energy per year ranges from 2,000-20,000 kWh for sites with 5.5 m/s.<br/>[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
-−
 <br/>
 = Siting and Safety =
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 To safe costs it is essential to use any given advantages of the landscape: If there is a hill near the building or village which should be supplied with electricity, the best place for the new wind turbine will be on the top of the hill. Choosing the distance between the tower and the supplied building, the cost of connecting and the burial of the cable have to be considered. Installing a wind turbine directly on a roof is problematic for three reasons: The turbulence in the wind stream caused by the building is very high and the performance will be significantly decreased. Secondly, small wind turbines can be very noisy especially in high winds and a last very important reason is the risk for the people living in the house. Modern small wind turbines are durable and reliable but nevertheless it must be avoided by all means to work or live beneath a machine with parts moving as fast as the blades of a small wind turbine.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 = Installation of Small Wind Turbines =
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 The ''power conductors'' carrying the generated power to the ground are threaded through the inside of the tower tube in most cases. Their attachment is a very important but often overlooked aspect of the installation: If the conducting cables are connected to the leads of the wind turbine only, the leads are likely to be pulled out and damaged by the weight of the conductor. For this reason a strain relief has to be used to support the weight of the cable. A strain relief is a fine-meshed wire net which can be put around the cable. The upper side of the strain relief is fixed at a point at the top of the tower. Additionally the connection between the wind turbine leads and the cable should be done by an in-line vibration proof compression connector<ref>Ibid.</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 == Tools for the Installation of Small Wind Turbines ==
@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 For the erection of a tilt-up tower with a wind turbine either an electrical winch or a type of hoist is necessary. A relatively light-weight, low-cost and very effective tool working like a hoist in principle is the so called griphoist. In contrast to a winch a griphoist does not furl the cable, wire or rope, but it pulls it directly through a hoist inside the tool. The griphoist is used manually by a lever and needs no supply of electricity. Combined with the low weight it is an ideal tool for raising tilt-up towers especially in remote areas, where an electrical winch and the necessary battery are not available. Besides practitioners prefer these tools because of the full and direct control the operator has over the raising process. The force needed by the operator to move the lever is a good indicator for the status of the raising procedure. In this way the operator is able to react on unusual tensions on the cable and can reduce the lift, when the tower is near to vertical<ref>Ibid.</ref>.<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 == The Raising Procedure ==
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 After practising the raising procedures a couple of times the wind turbine can be attached and the procedure can be repeated. When the tower reached a vertical position the guying cables have to be connected and tightened to the anchors. Again it is important to raise the tension on the guy cables step by step to prevent the thin tube material of the tower from buckling.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 = Common Applications =
@@ Line 154: / Line 154: @@
 <br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 == Village Power: Productive Uses<br/> ==
@@ Line 182: / Line 182: @@
 |}
-<br/>
+<br/><br/><br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 188: / Line 188: @@
 <br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
-−
-<br/>
 == Village Power: Pre-Electrification<br/> ==
@@ Line 218: / Line 216: @@
 |}
-<br/>
+<br/><br/><br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 226: / Line 224: @@
 <br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
-−
-<br/>
 = Further Information<br/> =
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
-*[[Wind_Turbine_Technology|Wind Turbine Technology]]<br/>
+*[[Wind Turbine Technology|Wind Turbine Technology]]<br/>
-*[[Economical_Feasibility_of_Wind_Energy_Projects|Economical Feasibility of Wind Energy Projects]]<br/>
+*[[Economical Feasibility of Wind Energy Projects|Economical Feasibility of Wind Energy Projects]]<br/>
-<br/>
+[[Small-Scale Wind#Overview|►Go to Top]]
 = References =

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 To prevent damages caused by very high winds, every wind turbine needs a means for ''overspeed control.'' The preferred mechanism used by producers is furling or folding the turbine across a hinge so that the rotor swings towards the tail vane. In case of a passiv furling mechanism, the thrust of very high winds overcomes the restraining force which kept the the rotor towards the wind. The threshold value (wind speed) for this mechanism is caused by the design of the hinge, which connects the body of the turbine and the tail vane. Furling mechanisms are very common for micro and mini wind turbines, while many household-sized turbines pitch the rotor-blades for overspeed control and a few also use a combination of pitching and furling<ref>Ibid.</ref>.<br/>
-= Classes of small wind turbines<br/> =
 == Comparing Small Wind Turbines<br/> ==
@@ Line 93: / Line 95: @@
 |+ '''Table 1: Project examples - water-supply for people and livestock'''
 |-
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Site<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Site<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Application<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Application<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Equipment<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Equipment<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Performance<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Performance<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Cost<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Cost<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Installation<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Installation<br/>
 |-
 | Niama, Morocco<br/>
@@ Line 131: / Line 133: @@
 |+ '''Table 2: Project examples for productive uses of small wind turbines in rural areas'''
 |-
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | '''Site'''<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | '''Site'''<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Application
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Application
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | '''Equipment'''<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | '''Equipment'''<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | '''Performance'''<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | '''Performance'''<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Cost<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Cost<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Installation<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Installation<br/>
 |-
 | Oesao, Timor, Indonesia<br/>
@@ Line 165: / Line 167: @@
 |+ '''Table 3: Project examples - pre-electrification'''
 |-
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Site<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Site<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Application<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Application<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Equipment<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Equipment<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Performance<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Performance<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Cost<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Cost<br/>
-! style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" scope="col" | Installation<br/>
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Installation<br/>
 |-
 | Tomenas, Timor, Indonesia<br/>

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 === Siting and safety  ===
-Finding the right place for the wind turbine can be the most challenging part of the installation. The most important parameters for this choice are give by the terrain surrounding the site of the wind turbine:&nbsp;Tower height and distance from buildings or other obstacles have to be considered carefully, while the related costs often are a limiting factor. For siting a small wind turbine there is an old ''rule of thumb ''called the 30-foot (10-meter) rule: For good performance the wind turbine should be installed at least 10 m above all obstacles within 100 m. This is a minimum to avoid placing the wind turbine in the disturbed wind flow around trees or buildings. Thus in a perfect surrounding of a grass land without any obstacles, a tower should be at least 10 m high. To safe costs it is essential to use any given advantages of the landscape:&nbsp;If there is a hill near the building or village which should be supplied with electricity, the best place for the new wind turbine will be on the top of the hill. Choosing the distance between the tower and the supplied building, the cost of connecting and the burial of the cable have to be considered. Installing a wind turbine directly on a roof is problematic for three reasons: The turbulence in the wind stream caused by the building is very high and the performance will be decreased by a large amount. Secondly small wind turbines can be very noisy especially in high winds and a last very important reason is the risk for the people living in the house. Modern small wind turbines are durable and reliable but nevertheless it must be avoided by all means to work or live beneath a machine with parts moving as fast as the blades of a small wind turbine.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
+Finding the right place for the wind turbine can be the most challenging part of the installation. The most important parameters for this choice are given by the terrain surrounding the site of the wind turbine:&nbsp;Tower height and distance from buildings or other obstacles have to be considered carefully, while the related costs often are a limiting factor. For siting a small wind turbine there is an old ''rule of thumb ''called the 30-foot (10-meter) rule: For good performance the wind turbine should be installed at least 10 m above all obstacles within 100 m. This is a minimum to avoid placing the wind turbine in the disturbed wind flow around trees or buildings. Thus in a perfect surrounding of a grass land without any obstacles, a tower should be at least 10 m high.
 === Installation of small wind turbines  ===

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 ==== Household-size wind turbines<br>  ====
-This term summarizes a much broader field of wind turbines depending on the very different size of 'households' and the related applications: Household-size turbines are suitable for the supply of homes, but also for farms, ranches and even for small businesses and telecommunications. Thus in this class rotor diameters of 2,7-9 m can be found and the generated energy per year ranges from 2000-20000 kWh for sites with 5,5 m/s.<br>
+This term summarizes a much broader field of wind turbines depending on the very different size of 'households' and the related applications: Household-size turbines are suitable for the supply of homes, but also for farms, ranches and even for small businesses and telecommunications. Thus in this class rotor diameters of 2.7-9 m can be found and the generated energy per year ranges from 2,000-20,000 kWh for sites with 5.5 m/s.<br>
 === Siting and safety  ===