Solar Cooling - Revision history

Leandra Roller: /* Overview */

2019-01-18T12:21:28Z

‎Overview

Ranisha at 14:07, 29 July 2016

2016-07-29T14:07:19Z

Nicole Mueller: /* Country Experiences */

2016-07-13T13:09:50Z

‎Country Experiences

Ranisha at 14:20, 18 April 2016

2016-04-18T14:20:19Z

Lorenz Blume: /* Solar Cooling in Jordan */

2016-04-15T11:45:00Z

‎Solar Cooling in Jordan

Lorenz Blume: /* Work Done so Far */

2016-04-14T08:18:28Z

‎Work Done so Far

Lorenz Blume: /* Starting Situation */

2016-04-14T07:14:34Z

‎Starting Situation

Lorenz Blume: /* Starting Situation */

2016-04-14T07:10:53Z

‎Starting Situation

Lorenz Blume: /* Work Done so Far */

2016-04-13T15:05:30Z

‎Work Done so Far

Lorenz Blume: /* Solar Cooling in Jordan */

2016-04-13T15:03:55Z

‎Solar Cooling in Jordan

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 = Overview<br/> =
-Why solar cooling? In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed poer is used for sooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this context, there is a lot of potential for solar cooling.<br/><br/><u>The main arguments for '''solar assisted cooling (SAC)''' originate from an energy saving perspective:</u><br/>
+Why solar cooling? In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed power is used for cooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this context, there is a lot of potential for solar cooling.<br/><br/><u>The main arguments for '''solar assisted cooling (SAC)''' originate from an energy saving perspective:</u><br/>
 *Application of SAC saves electricity and thus conventional primary energy sources
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 = Applications<br/> =

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 = Overview<br/> =
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 *Missing of reliable data on cooling and heating loads of premises
-The full study is accessible here: [[:File:https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/giz2015-en-solar-cooling-jordan.pdf|https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/giz2015-en-solar-cooling-jordan.pdf]]<br/>
+The full study is accessible here: [https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/giz2015-en-solar-cooling-jordan.pdf https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/giz2015-en-solar-cooling-jordan.pdf]<br/>
 '''Work Done so Far'''<br/>
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 <references />
 [[Category:Jordan]]

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 = Country Experiences<br/> =
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 Industrial Solar GmbH is a technology and solution provider for solar process heat and solar thermal cooling. It was founded in 2008 in the environment of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany. The solutions of Industrial Solar are built upon its innovative linear concentrating Fresnel collector which is optimized for industrial applications in the medium power range. Industrial Solar has already realized various projects in all kind of industries in different countries. Moreover, Industrial Solar has developed close partnerships with major industrial companies and offers various products and services for industrial applications.Its is also network partner of the [[Green Cooling Initiative|Green Cooling Initiative (GCI)]] which promotes environmental sound cooling solution worldwide.<br/>
-{{Go to Top}}
+{{Go to Top}}<br/>
 = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling<ref name="http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf">http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf">https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> =

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 *environmentally sound materials without ozone depletion and no (or very small) global warming potential are used with SAC
 *Coincide of solar energy supply and demand in many cases - when it is the hottest and most cooling is demanded, usually the most sun is shining as well.
 = Applications<br/> =
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 <br/>
 = State of the Art world wide Solar Air Conditioning <ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf"> https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><ref name="Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.">Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.</ref><br/> =
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 <br/>
+{{Go to Top}}<br/>
 == Major Challenges<br/> ==
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 A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues.<br/>
+<br/>
 === Technology<br/> ===
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 <br/>
 === Cost<br/> ===
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 *Financial incentive scheme not explicitly designed to fulfill special SAC needs, often same as solar thermal for heating, if any
 === Policy<br/> ===
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 *Regulatory measures needed
 === Awareness<br/> ===
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 *Lacking (large-scale) experiences and showcases for replication
 == Solar Thermal vs. Photovoltaic (PV)<br/> ==
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 <br/>
 = Country Experiences<br/> =
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 <br/>
 === Experiences<br/> ===
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 *Evacuated heat pipes not produced in India
 *Efficiency of solar equipment needs to be improved
 == First Southern Africa Fresnel-solar Cooling system for a Data-Center at MTN Johannesburg<br/> ==
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 Industrial Solar GmbH is a technology and solution provider for solar process heat and solar thermal cooling. It was founded in 2008 in the environment of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany. The solutions of Industrial Solar are built upon its innovative linear concentrating Fresnel collector which is optimized for industrial applications in the medium power range. Industrial Solar has already realized various projects in all kind of industries in different countries. Moreover, Industrial Solar has developed close partnerships with major industrial companies and offers various products and services for industrial applications.Its is also network partner of the [[Green Cooling Initiative|Green Cooling Initiative (GCI)]] which promotes environmental sound cooling solution worldwide.<br/>
 = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling<ref name="http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf">http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf">https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> =
-<br/>
-−
-[[Category:Jordan]]
-[[Category:Cooling]]
-[[Category:Heating,_Ventilation_and_Air_Conditioning]]
-[[Category:MENA_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)]]
-[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]
-[[Category:Ozone_protection]]
-−
 = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling<ref name="http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf ">http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf ">https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> =
 '''Training and awareness raising'''<br/>
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 <br/>
 = Further Information<br/> =
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 <br/>
 = References =
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 <references />
 [[Category:Sustainability]]
 [[Category:Cooling]]

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 <br/>
+[[Category:Jordan]]
-=== Potential<br/> ===
+[[Category:Cooling]]
+[[Category:Heating,_Ventilation_and_Air_Conditioning]]
-At the same time, the domestic legal framework is supportive of finding alternative technologies for the air-conditioning sector in a bet to reduce government spending for fossil fuel imports. The ''Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law'', which was introduced in March 2012, encourages the use of renewable energy, and aims, amongst others, for a doubling of the solar thermal energy capacity from 15% to 30%.<ref name="D. Oppelt, M. Martin, T.März, M. El-Nass, E. Zimmermann 2013, Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce (SCIC): Study on the Solar Cooling Potential in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://energypedia.info/images/3/33/Solar_Cooling_for_Industry_and_Commerce_%E2%80%93_Study_on_the_Solar_Cooling_Potential_in_Jordan.pdf">D. Oppelt, M. Martin, T.März, M. El-Nass, E. Zimmermann 2013, Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce (SCIC): Study on the Solar Cooling Potential in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://energypedia.info/images/3/33/Solar_Cooling_for_Industry_and_Commerce_%E2%80%93_Study_on_the_Solar_Cooling_Potential_in_Jordan.pdf</ref> To realize those developments, the law established the ''Jordan Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund'' (operational since June 2015).<ref name="J. Hosking, 2015, Fund Activates JD25 million for Renewable Energy Projects, Venture Magazine, http://www.venturemagazine.me/2015/08/fund-activates-jd25-million-for-renewable-energy-projects/">J. Hosking, 2015, Fund Activates JD25 million for Renewable Energy Projects, Venture Magazine, http://www.venturemagazine.me/2015/08/fund-activates-jd25-million-for-renewable-energy-projects/</ref> Furthermore, the government plans to eliminate electricity subsidies by 2017, thereby making renewable energy technologies profitable.<ref name="M. Al-Daameh, 2014, Jordan's Finance Minister: We will eliminate electricity subsidies by 2017, Asharq Al-Awsat, http://english.aawsat.com/2014/05/article55332275/jordans-finance-minister-we-will-eliminate-electricity-subsidies-by-2017">M. Al-Daameh, 2014, Jordan's Finance Minister: We will eliminate electricity subsidies by 2017, Asharq Al-Awsat, http://english.aawsat.com/2014/05/article55332275/jordans-finance-minister-we-will-eliminate-electricity-subsidies-by-2017</ref> At present, solar thermal energy is mainly used to heat water in buildings. However, good local conditions, such as high solar radiation, make solar cooling, and here especially through the application of sorption technologies, also very suitable for the Jordanian context. Solar cooling takes advantage of the fact that the peak cooling need in summer correlates with the highest solar irradiation.<br/>
+[[Category:MENA_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)]]
+[[Category:Renewable_Energy]]
-Solar cooling absorption technologies can use up to 75 percent less electricity than conventional compression chillers. Further environmental and climate benefits also result from the use of natural refrigerants (e.g. lithium bromide in the case of an absorption chiller), virtually eliminating direct greenhouse gas emissions from leakages of refrigerants with high global warming potential.<br/>
-−
-<br/>
-−
-=== Barriers<br/> ===
-−
-A 2013 GIZ study of the solar cooling potential in Jordan identified a range of key barriers that hinder market penetration and a wider application of solar cooling. Among the most prominent barriers were the following:<br/>
-−
-*No economies of scale, and therefore higher up-front investment costs
-*Limited roof space
-*Limited local technical capacity
-*Limited availability of different system types or components, difficult to source
-*Necessary to create custom-made solar air conditioners in order to take local specifics into context (roof space, already existing solar water heating system etc.)
-*Limited information available, for example in the form of guidelines and manuals
-−
-The full study can be found here:
-−
-[[File:Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce – Study on the Solar Cooling Potential in Jordan.pdf|180px|GIZ 2013 Solar Cooling Potential Study Jordan|alt=GIZ 2013 Solar Cooling Potential Study Jordan]]
-−
-<br/>
-−
-−
-−
-=== Work Done so Far<br/> ===
-−
-GIZ, in a partnership with the Jordanian Ministry of Environment, are jointly implementing the project 'Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce' as part of GIZ's [[Green_Cooling_Initiative|Green Cooling Initative]]. Under this project, GIZ established four pilot projects on solar cooling absorption chillers with solar thermal energy supply in different regions - and within different sectors - in Jordan to demonstrate solar cooling’s economical and technical feasibility.<ref name="Solar Cooling for Industry and Commernce, Heat, http://www.heat-international.de/projects/solar-cooling-for-industry-and-commerce/">Solar Cooling for Industry and Commernce, Heat, http://www.heat-international.de/projects/solar-cooling-for-industry-and-commerce/</ref> Demonstrating feasibility helps in increasing public awareness of alternative technologies and overcome some of the barriers, for example by providing training to technical staff on the ground and developing custom-made solutions that build up synergies with already existing water heating systems. Those projects create the base for establishing sustainable and climate-friendly air-conditioning in Jordan and the region, with a potential to be up-scaled. Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be eliminated, and indirect emissions can be reduced up to 75% by operating solar cooling systems with natural refrigerants.<br/>
-−
-Projects sites are located at the German-Jordanian University (160 kW)<ref name="Air-Conditioning Chillers: Solar Cooling at German-Jordanian University, http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/network/best-practice-example/?tx_bestpractice_list[bestPractice]=35&tx_bestpractice_list[action]=show&tx_bestpractice_list[controller]=BestPractice&cHash=19d144c34153a713dc3c220e64bf5ad1">Air-Conditioning Chillers: Solar Cooling at German-Jordanian University, http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/network/best-practice-example/?tx_bestpractice_list[bestPractice]=35&tx_bestpractice_list[action]=show&tx_bestpractice_list[controller]=BestPractice&cHash=19d144c34153a713dc3c220e64bf5ad1</ref>, the Irbid Chamber of Commerce (50 kW), Social Security Cooperation and the Royal Cultural Center (150 kW).
-−
 [[Category:Ozone_protection]]
 = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling<ref name="http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf ">http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf ">https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> =

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 == Solar Cooling in Jordan<br/> ==
 === Starting Situation<br/> ===
-Electricity consumption<ref name="D. Oppelt, M. Martin, T.März, M. El-Nass, E. Zimmermann 2013, Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce (SCIC): Study on the Solar Cooling Potential in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://energypedia.info/images/3/33/Solar_Cooling_for_Industry_and_Commerce_%E2%80%93_Study_on_the_Solar_Cooling_Potential_in_Jordan.pdf">D. Oppelt, M. Martin, T.März, M. El-Nass, E. Zimmermann 2013, Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce (SCIC): Study on the Solar Cooling Potential in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://energypedia.info/images/3/33/Solar_Cooling_for_Industry_and_Commerce_%E2%80%93_Study_on_the_Solar_Cooling_Potential_in_Jordan.pdf</ref> in Jordan has risen by 50 percent between 2004 and 2009. This rapid growth is in part due to increasing living standards as well as high energy subsidies that cause price distortion. Due to the very hot and often humid climate, air-conditioning contributes significantly to electricity demand in Jordan and its use is expected to increase along with economic growth and rising global temperatures. The dominant available technologies for air-conditioning in Jordan are chillers with low energy-efficiency and high leakage rates (up to 35% annually) that use ozone- and climate-damaging refrigerants.<ref name="B. Schweiger, n.d., Solar Cooling for Industry and Commernce: Creating the base for sustainable air-conditioning in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-ar-solar-cooling-factsheet-jordan.pdf">B. Schweiger, n.d., Solar Cooling for Industry and Commernce: Creating the base for sustainable air-conditioning in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-ar-solar-cooling-factsheet-jordan.pdf</ref><br/>
+Electricity consumption<ref name="D. Oppelt, M. Martin, T.März, M. El-Nass, E. Zimmermann 2013, Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce (SCIC): Study on the Solar Cooling Potential in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://energypedia.info/images/3/33/Solar_Cooling_for_Industry_and_Commerce_%E2%80%93_Study_on_the_Solar_Cooling_Potential_in_Jordan.pdf">D. Oppelt, M. Martin, T.März, M. El-Nass, E. Zimmermann 2013, Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce (SCIC): Study on the Solar Cooling Potential in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://energypedia.info/images/3/33/Solar_Cooling_for_Industry_and_Commerce_%E2%80%93_Study_on_the_Solar_Cooling_Potential_in_Jordan.pdf</ref> in Jordan has risen by 50 percent between 2004 and 2009. This rapid growth is in part due to increasing living standards as well as high energy subsidies that cause price distortion. Jordan is highly dependent on fossil fuel imports to cover its rapdily growing energy demand. Due to the very hot and often humid climate, air-conditioning contributes significantly to electricity demand in Jordan and its use is expected to increase along with economic growth and rising global temperatures. The dominant available technologies for air-conditioning in Jordan are chillers with low energy-efficiency and high leakage rates (up to 35% annually) that use ozone- and climate-damaging refrigerants.<ref name="B. Schweiger, n.d., Solar Cooling for Industry and Commernce: Creating the base for sustainable air-conditioning in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-ar-solar-cooling-factsheet-jordan.pdf">B. Schweiger, n.d., Solar Cooling for Industry and Commernce: Creating the base for sustainable air-conditioning in Jordan, Eschborn, Germany. https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-ar-solar-cooling-factsheet-jordan.pdf</ref><br/>
 <br/>