Wind Energy - Introduction - Revision history

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 12:35, 21 September 2018

2018-09-21T12:35:56Z

Show changes

Ranisha: /* Wind Capacities */

2015-01-28T12:59:45Z

‎Wind Capacities

Ranisha at 10:54, 13 November 2014

2014-11-13T10:54:23Z

Ranisha at 10:53, 13 November 2014

2014-11-13T10:53:26Z

Ranisha: /* 1. Overview */

2014-11-13T10:23:44Z

‎1. Overview

Ranisha: /* Overview */

2014-11-13T10:16:40Z

‎Overview

Ranisha at 11:48, 29 August 2014

2014-08-29T11:48:43Z

Ranisha at 14:46, 19 August 2014

2014-08-19T14:46:05Z

Ranisha: /* Potentials */

2014-08-19T14:27:23Z

‎Potentials

Ranisha: /* Overview */

2014-08-19T14:25:04Z

‎Overview

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 <u>Global Installed Wind Capacity:</u>
-[[File:Total 2012.jpg|frame|center|180px|Add caption here|link=http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php]]
+[[File:Total 2012.jpg|frame|center|180px|Fig:Global Installed Wind Capacity|link=http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php]]
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 = Further Information<br/> =

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 <br/>
-= 1. Overview =
+= Overview =
 In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most economical renewable energy technology. Today, electricity generating wind turbines employ proven and tested technology, and provide a secure and sustainable energy supply. At good, windy sites, wind energy can already successfully compete with conventional energy production<ref>GTZ (2000) Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia. Eschborn, retrieved 08.01.2013 https://www.docstoc.com/pass/22042181]</ref>. Many countries have considerable wind resources, which are still untapped.

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 <br/>
-= Overview =
+= 1. Overview =
 In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most economical renewable energy technology. Today, electricity generating wind turbines employ proven and tested technology, and provide a secure and sustainable energy supply. At good, windy sites, wind energy can already successfully compete with conventional energy production<ref>GTZ (2000) Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia. Eschborn, retrieved 08.01.2013 https://www.docstoc.com/pass/22042181]</ref>. Many countries have considerable wind resources, which are still untapped.
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 = The Technology<br/> =

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 [[Portal:Wind|► Back to Wind Portal]]
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 It is only in recent years that appreciable development of the market potential in developing countries and emerging economies has taken place. The share of global wind generating capacity accounted for by Africa, Asia and Latin America reached about 20%<br/>at the end of 2008, with an installed capacity of 26 GW. This is attributable above all to breathtaking growth in India and China: these two countries alone are responsible for 22 GW. This proves that economic use of wind energy in developing countries and emerging economies is possible, and also indicates that there is immense potential that is still unexploited<ref>GTZ (2009) TERNA Wind Energy Programme 1997-2009 – Impact Report –. Eschborn, Germany, retrieved 25.7.2011 [[http://hinfo.humaninfo.ro/gsdl/genus/documents/s20880en/s20880en.pdf]]</ref>.
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#toc|►Go to Top]]
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 Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched and direct current generators are sometimes used.<br/>Since wind speed is not constant, the annual energy production of a wind converter is dependent on the capacity factor. A well sited wind generator will have a capacity factor of about 35%. This compares to typical capacity factors of 90% for nuclear plants, 70% for coal plants, and 30% for thermal plants.<br/>As a general rule, wind generators are practical where the average wind speed is 4.5 m/s or greater. Usually sites are pre-selected on the basis of a wind atlas, and validated with on site wind measurements.<br/>Wind energy is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions if used to replace fossil-fuel-derived electricity. The intermittency of wind does not create problems when using wind power at low to moderate penetration levels<ref name="Energy Technology">GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: I - Energy Technology.</ref>.
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#toc|►Go to Top]]
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 Recently, wind energy has also been used to desalinate water. For further information on use of wind power for water desalination, see [[Wind Energy - Water Desalination|Wind Energy - Water Desalination]].
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#Introductin|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Wind Electric<br/> ==
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 *See also [[Economic Analyses of Wind Energy Projects|Economic Analyses of Wind Energy Projects]]
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Wind Pumps ==
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 In off-grid areas where there is sufficient wind (3-5 m/s) and ground water supply, wind pumps often offer a cost-effective method for domestic and community water supply, small-scale irrigation and livestock watering.To select a suitable wind pump, the following information is needed: mean wind speed, total pumping head, daily water requirement, well draw down, water quality and storage requirements. In the Eastern Africa region, there are at least 3 manufacturers with a production of less than 100 units per year. Donors and missionaries have been the main purchasers of both imported and locally manufactured wind pumps <ref name="Energy Technology">GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: I - Energy Technology</ref>.
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#toc|►Go to Top]]
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 Even if it remains a matter of dispute whether wind energy would still be competitive without promotional support, it is beyond doubt that the wind industry has made considerable progress. While in the early 1990s the cost of systems still averaged almost 1,300 EUR/kW, in the meantime specific investment costs have fallen to around 900 EUR/kW. The advantages of mass production have been further boosted by considerable increases in the efficiency of turbines (greater hub height, larger rotor diameter etc.), which have improved the economics of wind energy. There are now turbines on the market with a rated output of up to 6 MW, for example. This trend further illustrates that the growth market in the wind industry is mainly seen in electricity generation and grid feed-in.<ref>GTZ 2009: Technical and Economic Potential of Wind-Powered Water Desalination. TERNA Wind Energy Programme. Eschborn, retrieved 25.7.2011 [[http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-study-wind-powered-water-desalination.pdf]]</ref>
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Wind Energy for Development<br/> =
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 *Wind projects attract new capital and can be included in the new approach of Independent Power Production (IPP).<ref>GTZ (2000) Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia. Eschborn, retrieved 08.01.2013 [https://www.docstoc.com/pass/22042181]</ref>
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#toc|►Go to Top]]
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 *Wind generators are designed to work over a given range of wind speeds, usually 4– 12m/s. This means that the technology can only be used in areas with sufficient winds<ref name="Energy Technology">GTZ (2007): Eastern Africa Resource Base: GTZ Online Regional Energy Resource Base: Regional and Country Specific Energy Resource Database: I - Energy Technology.</ref>.
-[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#Overview|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Wind Capacities =
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-[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#Introductin|►Go to Top]]
+[[Wind_Energy_-_Introduction#toc|►Go to Top]]
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 == Potentials<br/> ==
-"The wind energy potential in many developing and emerging countries is substantial. In many locations, generating electricity from wind energy presents an economically viable alternative to the use of conventional fossil energy sources such as coal or diesel. In developing and emerging countries, wind turbines are an alternative to conventional power stations. In comparison to fossil-fuelled power stations, wind energy can now be cost-effective in many places, as well as being non-polluting and reducing dependence on imports of fossil fuels."
+"The wind energy potential in many developing and emerging countries is substantial. In many locations, generating electricity from wind energy presents an economically viable alternative to the use of conventional fossil energy sources such as coal or diesel. In developing and emerging countries, wind turbines are an alternative to conventional power stations. In comparison to fossil-fueled power stations, wind energy can now be cost-effective in many places, as well as being non-polluting and reducing dependence on imports of fossil fuels."
 <u>Advantages of wind can be:</u>
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 *Wind energy projects can develop local resources in terms of labour, capital and materials,
 *Wind projects reinforce the cooperation with different donors including Germany, enhacing local capacities and technological know-how,
-*Wind projects attract new capital and can be included in the new approach of Independent Power Production (IPP).<ref>GTZ (2000) Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia. Eschborn, retrieved 08.01.2013 [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/22042181/Wind-Energy-Projects-in-Morocco-and-Namibia]</ref>
+*Wind projects attract new capital and can be included in the new approach of Independent Power Production (IPP).<ref>GTZ (2000) Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia. Eschborn, retrieved 08.01.2013 [https://www.docstoc.com/pass/22042181]</ref>
 [[Wind Energy - Introduction#Overview|Go To Top]]
 == Challenges<br/> ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Portal:Wind|► Back to Wind Portal]]
 = Overview =
-In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most economical renewable energy technology. Today, electricity generating wind turbines employ proven and tested technology, and provide a secure and sustainable energy supply. At good, windy sites, wind energy can already successfully compete with conventional energy production<ref>GTZ (2000) Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia. Eschborn, retrieved 08.01.2013 [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/22042181/Wind-Energy-Projects-in-Morocco-and-Namibia]</ref>. Many countries have considerable wind resources, which are still untapped.
+In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most economical renewable energy technology. Today, electricity generating wind turbines employ proven and tested technology, and provide a secure and sustainable energy supply. At good, windy sites, wind energy can already successfully compete with conventional energy production<ref>GTZ (2000) Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia. Eschborn, retrieved 08.01.2013 https://www.docstoc.com/pass/22042181]</ref>. Many countries have considerable wind resources, which are still untapped.
 <br/>
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 The technological development of recent years, bringing more efficient and more reliable wind turbines, is making wind power more cost-effective. In general, the specific energy costs per annual kWh decrease with the size of the turbine notwithstanding existing supply difficulties.
-Many African countries expect to see electricity demand expand rapidly in coming decades. At the same time, finite natural resources are becoming depleted, and the environmental impact of energy use and energy conversion have been generally accepted as a threat to our natural habitat. Indeed these have become major issues for international policy.<ref>GTZ (2000) Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia. Eschborn, retrieved 08.01.2013 [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/22042181/Wind-Energy-Projects-in-Morocco-and-Namibia]</ref>
+Many African countries expect to see electricity demand expand rapidly in coming decades. At the same time, finite natural resources are becoming depleted, and the environmental impact of energy use and energy conversion have been generally accepted as a threat to our natural habitat. Indeed these have become major issues for international policy.<ref>GTZ (2000) Wind Energy Projects in Morocco and Namibia. Eschborn, retrieved 08.01.2013 [https://www.docstoc.com/pass/22042181]</ref>
 Many developing countries and emerging economies have substantial unexploited wind energy potential. In many locations, generating electricity from wind energy offers a cost-effective alternative to thermal power stations. It has a lower impact on the environment and climate, reduces dependence on fossil fuel imports and increases security of energy supply<ref>Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Overview of stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems, in: Kaldellis J.K. (2010) Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems, Woodhead publishing</ref>.
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 <br/>
-It is only in recent years that appreciable development of the market potential in developing countries and emerging economies has taken place. The share of global wind generating capacity accounted for by Africa, Asia and Latin America reached about 20%<br/>at the end of 2008, with an installed capacity of 26 GW. This is attributable above all to breathtaking growth in India and China: these two countries alone are responsible for 22 GW. This proves that economic use of wind energy in developing countries and emerging economies is possible, and also indicates that there is immense potential that is still unexploited<ref>GTZ (2009) TERNA Wind Energy Programme 1997-2009 – Impact Report –. Eschborn, Germany, retrieved 25.7.2011 [[http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-terna-impact-report.pdf]]</ref>.
+It is only in recent years that appreciable development of the market potential in developing countries and emerging economies has taken place. The share of global wind generating capacity accounted for by Africa, Asia and Latin America reached about 20%<br/>at the end of 2008, with an installed capacity of 26 GW. This is attributable above all to breathtaking growth in India and China: these two countries alone are responsible for 22 GW. This proves that economic use of wind energy in developing countries and emerging economies is possible, and also indicates that there is immense potential that is still unexploited<ref>GTZ (2009) TERNA Wind Energy Programme 1997-2009 – Impact Report –. Eschborn, Germany, retrieved 25.7.2011 [[http://hinfo.humaninfo.ro/gsdl/genus/documents/s20880en/s20880en.pdf]]</ref>.
 [[Wind Energy - Introduction#Overview|Go To Top]]
 = The Technology<br/> =