Wind Energy Country Analyses Pakistan - Revision history

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Nils Marscheider at 14:27, 28 August 2011

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Nils Marscheider at 07:47, 22 July 2011

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== National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) USA under the USAID assistance program in 2007 has carried out a wind resource study of Pakistan a..."

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Created page with "== Wind energy potential == National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) USA under the USAID assistance program in 2007 has carried out a wind resource study of Pakistan a..."

New page

== Wind energy potential ==

National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) USA under the USAID assistance program in 2007 has carried out a wind resource study of Pakistan and developed a map showing the wind speed potential available at 50m altitude<ref>NREL/USAID/3TIER Wind energy map (50m height wind speeds)for pakistan, retrieved 21.7.2011 [[http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/
final1-1-1pwr50pk.pdf]]</ref>. The NREL wind resource map of Pakistan has given a great boost to the wind power development activities in the wind corridor regions. These regions are: The Karachi – Hyderabad region especially on hilltops, ridges in the northern Indus valley, wind corridor areas in western Pakistan, high mountainous regions and hills and ridges in south-western Pakistan. Now this potential area has become the focal point for the development of wind energy in the near future. As per the collected data, the coastal belt of Pakistan has a wind corridor that is 60 km wide and 180 km long. This corridor has an exploitable wind power potential of up to 50 000 MW of electricity generation. 

With regard to production targets for renewable energy the short term plan aims to develop 680 MW of wind generation capacity by 2010, 3 730 MW by 2020 and 9 700 MW by 2030<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. The development for the increase in generation can be seen in table 1. 

== [[Image:Projection_for_wind_energy_development_in_Pakistan.jpg|frame|center|Projection for wind energy development until 2030]]Framework Conditions for Wind Energy ==

The Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, December 2006, provides the following incentives for wind energy project developers: 

*The provision of land at an attractive cost for wind energy projects ($ 8 per acre per year), 
*Pre-feasibility studies have been done by Alternative Energy Development Board of the Ministry of Water and Power of Pakistan (AEDB) 
*Wind data has been measured and analyzed and the wind data has been validated by Risoe National Laboratory of Denmark, 
*The wind risk for the first few projects is taken over by the Government. The term wind risk refers to the following provision: If the wind speed at the wind farm is below the set benchmark for the site and generation is reduced accordingly the IPP will nevertheless be paid according to the benchmark capacity.<ref>GOP 2009 – Government of Pakistan Press Information Department, Retrieved on 18th August 2009 [[http://www.pid.gov.pk/press21-05-09.htm]]</ref> and, 
*A 15 % Return on Equity (ROE) guaranteed as per guidelines of the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). 

=== Licensing and Permitting Procedure ===

Table 2 shows the sequence of activities required for setting up a wind powered Independent Power Producers for sale of all power generated to the grid. AEDB has issued Letters of Interest (LoI) to 93 national and international investors, 7 of which completed feasibility studies. 

[[Image:Procedure_to_set_up_a_wind_power_IPP.jpg|frame|center|Table 2: Procedure to set up a wind power IPP]] 

The eight following investors have so far applied for grant of Generation License to NEPRA: New Park Energy Ltd, Tenaga Generasi Ltd., Green Power ( Pvt ) Ltd, Win Power Ltd., Zephyr Power Ltd, Milergo Pakistan Ltd, Beacon Energy Ltd and Zorlu Enerji 

Pakistan Ltd. 

== Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline ==

The Zorlu Enerji 50 MW Project is the first ever wind power plant of Pakistan and was inaugurated in April 2009 at Jhimpir, Sindh. This project is being developed by Zorlu Enerji of Turkey and will be completed in two phases. In the first phase 6 MW were commissioned, while the complete 50 MW shall be commissioned by December 2009<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Zorlu Enerji Groups plans to enhance the capacity of the wind farm to 300 MW upon successful completion of the 50 MW phase. NEPRA has awarded the project a tariff of 12.1057 US cents per kWh (8.3 €c), which is less than electricity generated from conventional thermal sources. This tariff is nevertheless assumed to be deemed sufficient to fulfil the guaranteed ROE for the wind farm of 15 % as per NEPRA guidelines<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Besides large scale plants the AEDB installed a 40 kW Micro Wind Turbine Demonstration Unit at Kallar Kahar, district Chakwal. The project, which is the first effort in the wind energy sector in the province of Punjab, aims at the setting up of 160 turbines of 600 kW.<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>

== Business Climate ==

Pakistan’s emerging wind industry is facing manifold challenges. The first challenge is the lack of historical proven and bankable wind data which is available in western countries and improves lenders confidence. Furthermore fluctuations in wind turbine prices make the long-term planning of projects more complicated. International contractors have currently shown little interest in Pakistan due to a perceived high risk environment. As the pilot projects are located on tidal flats (i.e. areas endangered by frequent flooding), construction costs are high and land ownership is fragmented. Infrastructure which is needed for the erection of a wind park is often insufficient and therefore existing bridges and roads have to be updated. Another hindrance is the lack of heavy lift cranes. The regulatory process is fragmented (see table 2) and a bureaucratic resistance is being perceived by investors.

The unregulated nature of wind power leads to a negative bias of the regulatory body which is more used to deal with thermal power plants. Furthermore technical requirements are based on thermal power plants. On the one hand the Government of Pakistan is offering a wind speed risk guarantee as an incentive to promote wind project development. Yet the drafting of a legal document (plant power curve & bench mark energy table) with consideration of the technical issues, incorporating such a guarantee poses a major challenge.<ref>Mayura Botejue 2007 – Wind Power Sector: Issues & challenges in Pakistan, Retrieved on
14th September 2009 [[http://www.powerasia.com.pk/
icaep2008/presentation/SI_Mayura.pdf]]</ref>

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 = Further Information =
-*[[Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
+*[[Country-specific Wind Energy Facts|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal on energypedia]]
 *[[Pakistan Energy Situation|Pakistan Energy Situation]]<br/>
 [[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_Pakistan#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 = References =

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 *A 15 % Return on Equity (ROE) guaranteed as per guidelines of the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA).<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_Pakistan#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 == Licensing and Permitting Procedure<br/> ==
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 [[File:Procedure to set up a wind power IPP.jpg|frame|center|180px|Table 2: Procedure to set up a wind power IPP]]<br/>
-<u>The eight following investors have so far applied for grant of Generation License to NEPRA: </u>
+<u>The eight following investors have so far applied for grant of Generation License to NEPRA:</u>
 New Park Energy Ltd, Tenaga Generasi Ltd., Green Power ( Pvt ) Ltd, Win Power Ltd., Zephyr Power Ltd, Milergo Pakistan Ltd, Beacon Energy Ltd and Zorlu Enerji Pakistan Ltd.<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_Pakistan#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 = Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline<br/> =
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 The Zorlu Enerji 50 MW Project is the first ever wind power plant of Pakistan and was inaugurated in April 2009 at Jhimpir, Sindh. This project is being developed by Zorlu Enerji of Turkey and will be completed in two phases. In the first phase 6 MW were commissioned, while the complete 50 MW shall be commissioned by December 2009<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Zorlu Enerji Groups plans to enhance the capacity of the wind farm to 300 MW upon successful completion of the 50 MW phase. NEPRA has awarded the project a tariff of 12.1057 US cents per kWh (8.3 €c), which is less than electricity generated from conventional thermal sources. This tariff is nevertheless assumed to be deemed sufficient to fulfil the guaranteed ROE for the wind farm of 15 % as per NEPRA guidelines<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Besides large scale plants the AEDB installed a 40 kW Micro Wind Turbine Demonstration Unit at Kallar Kahar, district Chakwal. The project, which is the first effort in the wind energy sector in the province of Punjab, aims at the setting up of 160 turbines of 600 kW.<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_Pakistan#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 = Business Climate =
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 The unregulated nature of wind power leads to a negative bias of the regulatory body which is more used to deal with thermal power plants. Furthermore technical requirements are based on thermal power plants. On the one hand the Government of Pakistan is offering a wind speed risk guarantee as an incentive to promote wind project development. Yet the drafting of a legal document (plant power curve & bench mark energy table) with consideration of the technical issues, incorporating such a guarantee poses a major challenge.<ref>Mayura Botejue 2007 – Wind Power Sector: Issues &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; challenges in Pakistan, Retrieved on 14th September 2009 [[http://www.powerasia.com.pk/icaep2008/presentation/SI_Mayura.pdf]]</ref><br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_Pakistan#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
-*[[Wind_Energy_Map_(country-specific_wind_energy_facts)|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
+*[[Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal on energypedia]]
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_Pakistan#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 = References =
@@ Line 56: / Line 57: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Pakistan]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) USA under the USAID assistance program in 2007 has carried out a wind resource study of Pakistan and developed a map showing the wind speed potential available at 50m altitude<ref>NREL/USAID/3TIER Wind energy map (50m height wind speeds)for pakistan, retrieved 21.7.2011 [[http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/fckLRfinal1-1-1pwr50pk.pdf]]</ref>. The NREL wind resource map of Pakistan has given a great boost to the wind power development activities in the wind corridor regions. These regions are: The Karachi – Hyderabad region especially on hilltops, ridges in the northern Indus valley, wind corridor areas in western Pakistan, high mountainous regions and hills and ridges in south-western Pakistan. Now this potential area has become the focal point for the development of wind energy in the near future. As per the collected data, the coastal belt of Pakistan has a wind corridor that is 60 km wide and 180 km long. This corridor has an exploitable wind power potential of up to 50 000 MW of electricity generation. <br>
+= Overview - Wind Energy Potential<br/> =
-With regard to production targets for renewable energy the short term plan aims to develop 680 MW of wind generation capacity by 2010, 3 730 MW by 2020 and 9 700 MW by 2030<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. The development for the increase in generation can be seen in table 1. <br>
+'''National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL)''' USA under the USAID assistance program in 2007 has carried out a wind resource study of Pakistan and developed a map showing the wind speed potential available at 50m altitude<ref>NREL/USAID/3TIER Wind energy map (50m height wind speeds)for pakistan, retrieved 21.7.2011 [[http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/fckLRfinal1-1-1pwr50pk.pdf]]</ref>. The NREL wind resource map of Pakistan has given a great boost to the wind power development activities in the wind corridor regions. These regions are: The Karachi – Hyderabad region especially on hilltops, ridges in the northern Indus valley, wind corridor areas in western Pakistan, high mountainous regions and hills and ridges in south-western Pakistan. Now this potential area has become the focal point for the development of wind energy in the near future. As per the collected data, the coastal belt of Pakistan has a wind corridor that is 60 km wide and 180 km long. This corridor has an exploitable wind power potential of up to 50 000 MW of electricity generation.<br/>
-[[Image:Projection for wind energy development in Pakistan.jpg|frame|center|Projection for wind energy development until 2030]]
+With regard to production targets for renewable energy the short term plan aims to develop 680 MW of wind generation capacity by 2010, 3 730 MW by 2020 and 9 700 MW by 2030<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. The development for the increase in generation can be seen in table 1.<br/>
-== Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br>  ==
+[[File:Projection for wind energy development in Pakistan.jpg|frame|center|180px|Projection for wind energy development until 2030]]
-The Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, December 2006, provides the following incentives for wind energy project developers: <br>
+= Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br/> =
-*The provision of land at an attractive cost for wind energy projects ($ 8 per acre per year), <br>
+<u>The Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, December 2006, provides the following incentives for wind energy project developers:</u><br/>
-*Pre-feasibility studies have been done by Alternative Energy Development Board of the Ministry of Water and Power of Pakistan (AEDB)<br>
+*The provision of land at an attractive cost for wind energy projects ($ 8 per acre per year),<br/>
-*Wind data has been measured and analyzed and the wind data has been validated by Risoe National Laboratory of Denmark, <br>
+*Pre-feasibility studies have been done by Alternative Energy Development Board of the Ministry of Water and Power of Pakistan (AEDB)<br/>
-*The wind risk for the first few projects is taken over by the Government. The term wind risk refers to the following provision: If the wind speed at the wind farm is below the set benchmark for the site and generation is reduced accordingly the IPP will nevertheless be paid according to the benchmark capacity.<ref>GOP 2009 – Government of Pakistan Press Information Department, Retrieved on 18th August 2009 [[http://www.pid.gov.pk/press21-05-09.htm]]</ref> and, <br>
+*Wind data has been measured and analyzed and the wind data has been validated by Risoe National Laboratory of Denmark,<br/>
-*A 15&nbsp;% Return on Equity (ROE) guaranteed as per guidelines of the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). <br>
+*The wind risk for the first few projects is taken over by the Government. The term wind risk refers to the following provision: If the wind speed at the wind farm is below the set benchmark for the site and generation is reduced accordingly the IPP will nevertheless be paid according to the benchmark capacity.<ref>GOP 2009 – Government of Pakistan Press Information Department, Retrieved on 18th August 2009 [[http://www.pid.gov.pk/press21-05-09.htm]]</ref> and,<br/>
-[[Image:Procedure to set up a wind power IPP.jpg|frame|center|Table 2: Procedure to set up a wind power IPP]]<br>
+== Licensing and Permitting Procedure<br/> ==
-The eight following investors have so far applied for grant of Generation License to NEPRA: New Park Energy Ltd, Tenaga Generasi Ltd., Green Power ( Pvt ) Ltd, Win Power Ltd., Zephyr Power Ltd, Milergo Pakistan Ltd, Beacon Energy Ltd and Zorlu Enerji<br>
+Table 2 shows the sequence of activities required for setting up a wind powered Independent Power Producers for sale of all power generated to the grid. AEDB has issued Letters of Interest (LoI) to 93 national and international investors, 7 of which completed feasibility studies.<br/>
-Pakistan Ltd. <br>
+[[File:Procedure to set up a wind power IPP.jpg|frame|center|180px|Table 2: Procedure to set up a wind power IPP]]<br/>
-== Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline <br>  ==
+<u>The eight following investors have so far applied for grant of Generation License to NEPRA: </u>
-The Zorlu Enerji 50 MW Project is the first ever wind power plant of Pakistan and was inaugurated in April 2009 at Jhimpir, Sindh. This project is being developed by Zorlu Enerji of Turkey and will be completed in two phases. In the first phase 6 MW were commissioned, while the complete 50 MW shall be commissioned by December 2009<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Zorlu Enerji Groups plans to enhance the capacity of the wind farm to 300 MW upon successful completion of the 50 MW phase. NEPRA has awarded the project a tariff of 12.1057 US cents per kWh (8.3 €c), which is less than electricity generated from conventional thermal sources. This tariff is nevertheless assumed to be deemed sufficient to fulfil the guaranteed ROE for the wind farm of 15&nbsp;% as per NEPRA guidelines<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Besides large scale plants the AEDB installed a 40 kW Micro Wind Turbine Demonstration Unit at Kallar Kahar, district Chakwal. The project, which is the first effort in the wind energy sector in the province of Punjab, aims at the setting up of 160 turbines of 600 kW.<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>
+New Park Energy Ltd, Tenaga Generasi Ltd., Green Power ( Pvt ) Ltd, Win Power Ltd., Zephyr Power Ltd, Milergo Pakistan Ltd, Beacon Energy Ltd and Zorlu Enerji Pakistan Ltd.<br/>
-The unregulated nature of wind power leads to a negative bias of the regulatory body which is more used to deal with thermal power plants. Furthermore technical requirements are based on thermal power plants. On the one hand the Government of Pakistan is offering a wind speed risk guarantee as an incentive to promote wind project development. Yet the drafting of a legal document (plant power curve &amp; bench mark energy table) with consideration of the technical issues, incorporating such a guarantee poses a major challenge.<ref>Mayura Botejue 2007 – Wind Power Sector: Issues &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; challenges in Pakistan, Retrieved on 14th September 2009 [[http://www.powerasia.com.pk/icaep2008/presentation/SI_Mayura.pdf]]</ref><br>
+= Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline<br/> =
-== References  ==
+The Zorlu Enerji 50 MW Project is the first ever wind power plant of Pakistan and was inaugurated in April 2009 at Jhimpir, Sindh. This project is being developed by Zorlu Enerji of Turkey and will be completed in two phases. In the first phase 6 MW were commissioned, while the complete 50 MW shall be commissioned by December 2009<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Zorlu Enerji Groups plans to enhance the capacity of the wind farm to 300 MW upon successful completion of the 50 MW phase. NEPRA has awarded the project a tariff of 12.1057 US cents per kWh (8.3 €c), which is less than electricity generated from conventional thermal sources. This tariff is nevertheless assumed to be deemed sufficient to fulfil the guaranteed ROE for the wind farm of 15 % as per NEPRA guidelines<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Besides large scale plants the AEDB installed a 40 kW Micro Wind Turbine Demonstration Unit at Kallar Kahar, district Chakwal. The project, which is the first effort in the wind energy sector in the province of Punjab, aims at the setting up of 160 turbines of 600 kW.<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>
-<references />
 <br>
-[[Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
+= Business Climate =
-<br>
-[[Portal:Wind]]
+Pakistan’s emerging wind industry is facing manifold challenges. The first challenge is the lack of historical proven and bankable wind data which is available in western countries and improves lenders confidence. Furthermore fluctuations in wind turbine prices make the long-term planning of projects more complicated. International contractors have currently shown little interest in Pakistan due to a perceived high risk environment.<br/>As the pilot projects are located on tidal flats (i.e. areas endangered by frequent flooding), construction costs are high and land ownership is fragmented. Infrastructure which is needed for the erection of a wind park is often insufficient and therefore existing bridges and roads have to be updated. Another hindrance is the lack of heavy lift cranes. The regulatory process is fragmented (see table 2) and a bureaucratic resistance is being perceived by investors.
 [[Category:Wind]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Wind energy potential <br> ==
+== Wind energy potential <br>  ==
 National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) USA under the USAID assistance program in 2007 has carried out a wind resource study of Pakistan and developed a map showing the wind speed potential available at 50m altitude<ref>NREL/USAID/3TIER Wind energy map (50m height wind speeds)for pakistan, retrieved 21.7.2011 [[http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/fckLRfinal1-1-1pwr50pk.pdf]]</ref>. The NREL wind resource map of Pakistan has given a great boost to the wind power development activities in the wind corridor regions. These regions are: The Karachi – Hyderabad region especially on hilltops, ridges in the northern Indus valley, wind corridor areas in western Pakistan, high mountainous regions and hills and ridges in south-western Pakistan. Now this potential area has become the focal point for the development of wind energy in the near future. As per the collected data, the coastal belt of Pakistan has a wind corridor that is 60 km wide and 180 km long. This corridor has an exploitable wind power potential of up to 50 000 MW of electricity generation. <br>
 With regard to production targets for renewable energy the short term plan aims to develop 680 MW of wind generation capacity by 2010, 3 730 MW by 2020 and 9 700 MW by 2030<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. The development for the increase in generation can be seen in table 1. <br>
 [[Image:Projection for wind energy development in Pakistan.jpg|frame|center|Projection for wind energy development until 2030]]
-== Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br> ==
+== Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br>  ==
 The Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, December 2006, provides the following incentives for wind energy project developers: <br>
 *The provision of land at an attractive cost for wind energy projects ($ 8 per acre per year), <br>
 *Pre-feasibility studies have been done by Alternative Energy Development Board of the Ministry of Water and Power of Pakistan (AEDB)<br>
 *Wind data has been measured and analyzed and the wind data has been validated by Risoe National Laboratory of Denmark, <br>
 *The wind risk for the first few projects is taken over by the Government. The term wind risk refers to the following provision: If the wind speed at the wind farm is below the set benchmark for the site and generation is reduced accordingly the IPP will nevertheless be paid according to the benchmark capacity.<ref>GOP 2009 – Government of Pakistan Press Information Department, Retrieved on 18th August 2009 [[http://www.pid.gov.pk/press21-05-09.htm]]</ref> and, <br>
 *A 15&nbsp;% Return on Equity (ROE) guaranteed as per guidelines of the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). <br>
-=== Licensing and Permitting Procedure <br> ===
+=== Licensing and Permitting Procedure <br>  ===
 Table 2 shows the sequence of activities required for setting up a wind powered Independent Power Producers for sale of all power generated to the grid. AEDB has issued Letters of Interest (LoI) to 93 national and international investors, 7 of which completed feasibility studies. <br>
 [[Image:Procedure to set up a wind power IPP.jpg|frame|center|Table 2: Procedure to set up a wind power IPP]]<br>
 The eight following investors have so far applied for grant of Generation License to NEPRA: New Park Energy Ltd, Tenaga Generasi Ltd., Green Power ( Pvt ) Ltd, Win Power Ltd., Zephyr Power Ltd, Milergo Pakistan Ltd, Beacon Energy Ltd and Zorlu Enerji<br>
 Pakistan Ltd. <br>
-== Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline <br> ==
+== Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline <br>  ==
 The Zorlu Enerji 50 MW Project is the first ever wind power plant of Pakistan and was inaugurated in April 2009 at Jhimpir, Sindh. This project is being developed by Zorlu Enerji of Turkey and will be completed in two phases. In the first phase 6 MW were commissioned, while the complete 50 MW shall be commissioned by December 2009<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Zorlu Enerji Groups plans to enhance the capacity of the wind farm to 300 MW upon successful completion of the 50 MW phase. NEPRA has awarded the project a tariff of 12.1057 US cents per kWh (8.3 €c), which is less than electricity generated from conventional thermal sources. This tariff is nevertheless assumed to be deemed sufficient to fulfil the guaranteed ROE for the wind farm of 15&nbsp;% as per NEPRA guidelines<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Besides large scale plants the AEDB installed a 40 kW Micro Wind Turbine Demonstration Unit at Kallar Kahar, district Chakwal. The project, which is the first effort in the wind energy sector in the province of Punjab, aims at the setting up of 160 turbines of 600 kW.<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 Pakistan’s emerging wind industry is facing manifold challenges. The first challenge is the lack of historical proven and bankable wind data which is available in western countries and improves lenders confidence. Furthermore fluctuations in wind turbine prices make the long-term planning of projects more complicated. International contractors have currently shown little interest in Pakistan due to a perceived high risk environment. <br>As the pilot projects are located on tidal flats (i.e. areas endangered by frequent flooding), construction costs are high and land ownership is fragmented. Infrastructure which is needed for the erection of a wind park is often insufficient and therefore existing bridges and roads have to be updated. Another hindrance is the lack of heavy lift cranes. The regulatory process is fragmented (see table 2) and a bureaucratic resistance is being perceived by investors.
-The unregulated nature of wind power leads to a negative bias of the regulatory body which is more used to deal with thermal power plants. Furthermore technical requirements are based on thermal power plants. On the one hand the Government of Pakistan is offering a wind speed risk guarantee as an incentive to promote wind project development. Yet the drafting of a legal document (plant power curve &amp; bench mark energy table) with consideration of the technical issues, incorporating such a guarantee poses a major challenge.<ref>Mayura Botejue 2007 – Wind Power Sector: Issues &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; challenges in Pakistan, Retrieved on 14th September 2009 [[http://www.powerasia.com.pk/icaep2008/presentation/SI_Mayura.pdf]]</ref><br>
+The unregulated nature of wind power leads to a negative bias of the regulatory body which is more used to deal with thermal power plants. Furthermore technical requirements are based on thermal power plants. On the one hand the Government of Pakistan is offering a wind speed risk guarantee as an incentive to promote wind project development. Yet the drafting of a legal document (plant power curve &amp; bench mark energy table) with consideration of the technical issues, incorporating such a guarantee poses a major challenge.<ref>Mayura Botejue 2007 – Wind Power Sector: Issues &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; challenges in Pakistan, Retrieved on 14th September 2009 [[http://www.powerasia.com.pk/icaep2008/presentation/SI_Mayura.pdf]]</ref><br>
 == References  ==
 <references />
 [[Category:Wind]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Wind energy potential <br>  ==
+== Wind energy potential <br> ==
 National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) USA under the USAID assistance program in 2007 has carried out a wind resource study of Pakistan and developed a map showing the wind speed potential available at 50m altitude<ref>NREL/USAID/3TIER Wind energy map (50m height wind speeds)for pakistan, retrieved 21.7.2011 [[http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/fckLRfinal1-1-1pwr50pk.pdf]]</ref>. The NREL wind resource map of Pakistan has given a great boost to the wind power development activities in the wind corridor regions. These regions are: The Karachi – Hyderabad region especially on hilltops, ridges in the northern Indus valley, wind corridor areas in western Pakistan, high mountainous regions and hills and ridges in south-western Pakistan. Now this potential area has become the focal point for the development of wind energy in the near future. As per the collected data, the coastal belt of Pakistan has a wind corridor that is 60 km wide and 180 km long. This corridor has an exploitable wind power potential of up to 50 000 MW of electricity generation. <br>
 With regard to production targets for renewable energy the short term plan aims to develop 680 MW of wind generation capacity by 2010, 3 730 MW by 2020 and 9 700 MW by 2030<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. The development for the increase in generation can be seen in table 1. <br>
 [[Image:Projection for wind energy development in Pakistan.jpg|frame|center|Projection for wind energy development until 2030]]
-== Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br>  ==
+== Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br> ==
 The Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, December 2006, provides the following incentives for wind energy project developers: <br>
 *The provision of land at an attractive cost for wind energy projects ($ 8 per acre per year), <br>
 *Pre-feasibility studies have been done by Alternative Energy Development Board of the Ministry of Water and Power of Pakistan (AEDB)<br>
 *Wind data has been measured and analyzed and the wind data has been validated by Risoe National Laboratory of Denmark, <br>
 *The wind risk for the first few projects is taken over by the Government. The term wind risk refers to the following provision: If the wind speed at the wind farm is below the set benchmark for the site and generation is reduced accordingly the IPP will nevertheless be paid according to the benchmark capacity.<ref>GOP 2009 – Government of Pakistan Press Information Department, Retrieved on 18th August 2009 [[http://www.pid.gov.pk/press21-05-09.htm]]</ref> and, <br>
 *A 15&nbsp;% Return on Equity (ROE) guaranteed as per guidelines of the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). <br>
-=== Licensing and Permitting Procedure <br>  ===
+=== Licensing and Permitting Procedure <br> ===
 Table 2 shows the sequence of activities required for setting up a wind powered Independent Power Producers for sale of all power generated to the grid. AEDB has issued Letters of Interest (LoI) to 93 national and international investors, 7 of which completed feasibility studies. <br>
 [[Image:Procedure to set up a wind power IPP.jpg|frame|center|Table 2: Procedure to set up a wind power IPP]]<br>
 The eight following investors have so far applied for grant of Generation License to NEPRA: New Park Energy Ltd, Tenaga Generasi Ltd., Green Power ( Pvt ) Ltd, Win Power Ltd., Zephyr Power Ltd, Milergo Pakistan Ltd, Beacon Energy Ltd and Zorlu Enerji<br>
 Pakistan Ltd. <br>
-== Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline <br>  ==
+== Current Use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline <br> ==
 The Zorlu Enerji 50 MW Project is the first ever wind power plant of Pakistan and was inaugurated in April 2009 at Jhimpir, Sindh. This project is being developed by Zorlu Enerji of Turkey and will be completed in two phases. In the first phase 6 MW were commissioned, while the complete 50 MW shall be commissioned by December 2009<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Zorlu Enerji Groups plans to enhance the capacity of the wind farm to 300 MW upon successful completion of the 50 MW phase. NEPRA has awarded the project a tariff of 12.1057 US cents per kWh (8.3 €c), which is less than electricity generated from conventional thermal sources. This tariff is nevertheless assumed to be deemed sufficient to fulfil the guaranteed ROE for the wind farm of 15&nbsp;% as per NEPRA guidelines<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>. Besides large scale plants the AEDB installed a 40 kW Micro Wind Turbine Demonstration Unit at Kallar Kahar, district Chakwal. The project, which is the first effort in the wind energy sector in the province of Punjab, aims at the setting up of 160 turbines of 600 kW.<ref>AEDB 2009 – Alternative Energy Development Board, Retrieved 20.7.2011 [[http://www.aedb.org/Policy/REpolicy.pdf]]</ref>
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 Pakistan’s emerging wind industry is facing manifold challenges. The first challenge is the lack of historical proven and bankable wind data which is available in western countries and improves lenders confidence. Furthermore fluctuations in wind turbine prices make the long-term planning of projects more complicated. International contractors have currently shown little interest in Pakistan due to a perceived high risk environment. <br>As the pilot projects are located on tidal flats (i.e. areas endangered by frequent flooding), construction costs are high and land ownership is fragmented. Infrastructure which is needed for the erection of a wind park is often insufficient and therefore existing bridges and roads have to be updated. Another hindrance is the lack of heavy lift cranes. The regulatory process is fragmented (see table 2) and a bureaucratic resistance is being perceived by investors.
-The unregulated nature of wind power leads to a negative bias of the regulatory body which is more used to deal with thermal power plants. Furthermore technical requirements are based on thermal power plants. On the one hand the Government of Pakistan is offering a wind speed risk guarantee as an incentive to promote wind project development. Yet the drafting of a legal document (plant power curve &amp; bench mark energy table) with consideration of the technical issues, incorporating such a guarantee poses a major challenge.<ref>Mayura Botejue 2007 – Wind Power Sector: Issues &amp;amp;amp;amp; challenges in Pakistan, Retrieved on 14th September 2009 [[http://www.powerasia.com.pk/icaep2008/presentation/SI_Mayura.pdf]]</ref><br>
+The unregulated nature of wind power leads to a negative bias of the regulatory body which is more used to deal with thermal power plants. Furthermore technical requirements are based on thermal power plants. On the one hand the Government of Pakistan is offering a wind speed risk guarantee as an incentive to promote wind project development. Yet the drafting of a legal document (plant power curve &amp; bench mark energy table) with consideration of the technical issues, incorporating such a guarantee poses a major challenge.<ref>Mayura Botejue 2007 – Wind Power Sector: Issues &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; challenges in Pakistan, Retrieved on 14th September 2009 [[http://www.powerasia.com.pk/icaep2008/presentation/SI_Mayura.pdf]]</ref><br>
-== References ==
+== References  ==
 <references />