Wind Energy Country Analyses South Africa - Revision history

Ranisha: /* Further Information */

2019-07-22T13:46:49Z

‎Further Information

Ranisha at 10:36, 27 March 2015

2015-03-27T10:36:47Z

Ranisha: /* Overview - Wind Energy Potential */

2014-12-10T15:10:23Z

‎Overview - Wind Energy Potential

Ranisha at 14:17, 13 August 2014

2014-08-13T14:17:52Z

Wiki Gardener: Wiki Gardener moved page Wind energy country analyses South Africa to Wind Energy Country Analyses South Africa without leaving a redirect

2014-06-12T13:49:52Z

Wiki Gardener moved page Wind energy country analyses South Africa to Wind Energy Country Analyses South Africa without leaving a redirect

Wiki Gardener at 13:49, 12 June 2014

2014-06-12T13:49:20Z

Wiki Gardener at 13:48, 12 June 2014

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Katharina Meder at 08:53, 24 February 2012

2012-02-24T08:53:59Z

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Nils Marscheider at 22:09, 29 July 2011

2011-07-29T22:09:14Z

Nils Marscheider at 22:07, 29 July 2011

2011-07-29T22:07:40Z

@@ Line 111: / Line 111: @@
 *[[South_Africa_Energy_Situation|South Africa Energy Situation]]<br/>
-*[[Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
+*[[Country-specific Wind Energy Facts|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal on energypedia]]
 <br/>
 = References<br/> =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Overview - Wind Energy Potential<br/> =
@@ Line 9: / Line 7: @@
 For the Western Cape Province, the following wind resource category areas where identified, showing a significant land area with excellent wind speeds of more than 8 m/s. Since these early weather station based studies, state-of the art assessments have been undertaken by private companies that are not in public domain.
-In order to close this gap, the GEF-financed South African Wind Energy Programme with the help of the Technical University of Denmark (RISØ) embarked on the elaboration of a meso-scale wind atlas based on computer simulations and calibrated by real wind measurements in strategic locations. The project started in November 2008 and will be completed in December 2012. Row data will be published consecutively on a website to be specified; once finalized, the wind atlas will be in public domain. In 2009, GTZ's TERNA Wind Energy Programme in cooperation with the Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (DEA&DP) and Eskom carried out a technical study aiming inter alia at analysing the effects of integration of wind energy on the transmission grid. The preliminary results of the study reveal that at least 2 800 MW of wind power can be integrated in the existing transmission grid. With a very good wind regime and sufficient back-up capacity provided by existing gas-fired power plants, this makes the province an excellent location for large-scale wind energy utilization<ref>The study was conducted by DIgSILENT. A final report will be made availableby November 2009 on the TERNA website [[www.gtz.de/wind]]</ref>.
+In order to close this gap, the GEF-financed South African Wind Energy Programme with the help of the Technical University of Denmark (RISØ) embarked on the elaboration of a meso-scale wind atlas based on computer simulations and calibrated by real wind measurements in strategic locations. The project started in November 2008 and will be completed in December 2012. Row data will be published consecutively on a website to be specified; once finalized, the wind atlas will be in public domain. In 2009, GTZ's TERNA Wind Energy Programme in cooperation with the Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (DEA&DP) and Eskom carried out a technical study aiming inter alia at analysing the effects of integration of wind energy on the transmission grid. The preliminary results of the study reveal that at least 2 800 MW of wind power can be integrated in the existing transmission grid. With a very good wind regime and sufficient back-up capacity provided by existing gas-fired power plants, this makes the province an excellent location for large-scale wind energy utilization<ref>The study was conducted by DIgSILENT. A final report will be made availableby November 2009 on the TERNA website </ref>.
 <br/>
@@ Line 122: / Line 120: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:South_Africa]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Overview - Wind Energy Potential<br/> =
@@ Line 11: / Line 12: @@
 <br/>
 = Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br/> =

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 In the White Paper on renewable energy (2003), the South African government targets 10 000 GWh renewable energy contribution to final energy consumption by 2013. The South African government has planned through the White Paper (2003) to implement 100 MW of wind farms across the country by March 2010<ref>DME (renamed Department of Energy)(2009) Electricity Distribution Industry, retrieved 29.7.2011 [[http://www.dme.gov.za/energy/elect_distrib.stm]]</ref>, to be later expanded to 200 MW, but the utility Eskom has delayed awarding the tender. The government states it plans to have independent power producers supply 400 MW of wind power in the next three years<ref>WWEA - World Wind Energy Association: Wind EnergyInternational - Country report 2009, South Africa. retrieved 29..7.2011[[http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php]]</ref> However, these figures are no official, binding targets.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_South_Africa#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 ==== Permission procedure<br/> ====
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 As of now there is no specific permission procedure for wind energy projects, which means guidelines described in chapter on framework conditions for renewable energies apply.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_South_Africa#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Grid expansion plans<br/> ====
 As part of the expansion programme up to 2026, ESKOM introduced a strengthening of the transmission system to meet rising electricity demand. The strengthening of the transmission system into the Cape has been ongoing for some time. Since 2002, work has been done on strengthening the North-of-Hydra part of the system which the lines are coming into the major Hydra Substation at De Aar in central South Africa. Work is currently being undertaken on the South of-Hydra part of the system and the Southern Cape grid. In the main corridor between the Free State and the Western Cape, installations of 400 kV capacitor banks are currently under way. The expected completion date of all this work is mid-2007. Additional activities aimed at reducing losses and increasing transfer capacity is already under way. The next phase will include the Cape project entailing the building of an additional 1 450 km of 765 kV power lines to strengthen the existing system. The line runs from Zeus in Mpumalanga to the new Omega substation in Cape Town and entails an R 6.3 billion investment. In terms of the current schedules, the proposed infrastructure is expected to be in service by 2010. Beyond the immediate transmission infrastructure plans, various options are being considered to further strengthen the transmission grid through the implementation of 765 kV reinforcements and possibly through the introduction of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) into the Cape network. These plans, however, need to be developed in an integrated manner, taking into account possible new generation options for the Cape networks.
 <u>Eskom’s other transmission strengthening projects include:</u>
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 *Johannesburg North - Construction on the substation is complete and provides 400 kV in-feed to the network, which strengthens the network supplying the area.<ref>ESKOM (2009) Annual Report 2009, retrieved on 29.7.2011 [[http://www.eskom.co.za/live/index.php]]</ref>
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_South_Africa#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 = Current use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline<br/> =
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 [[File:Areas with major project development activities in South africa.jpg|frame|center|180px|Areas with major project development activities in South africa.jpg]]
 = Business Climate<br/> =
@@ Line 59: / Line 63: @@
 Amongst the »wind seekers« there are also few experienced local and international project developers active in the country, see section »Private sector development« below.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_South_Africa#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Legal conditions<br/> ====
@@ Line 65: / Line 69: @@
 So far, a missing coherent framework and cheap electricity prices and a lack of support instruments prevented project development. This is going to change however with the implementation of the REFIT that provides higher incentives for wind energy than the German EEG (Renewable Energy Act).
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_South_Africa#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Private sector development<br/> ====
 Due to the high level of the mechanical engineering industry, South Africa has in principle the capability to manufacture almost all of the components of a wind power plant. Therefore, South Africa hopes to make a breakthrough in the technological development of wind energy.
 <u>The most important local manufacturers are:</u>
@@ Line 80: / Line 84: @@
 Proof of existing component manufacturing capacity is the fact that the towers for the two wind power projects in Klipheuwel and Darling were manufactured locally.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_South_Africa#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Human Resources and Education<br/> ====
@@ Line 90: / Line 94: @@
 *dedicated programmes exist at various other Universities, e. g. University of Johannesburg is leading worldwide in PV thin film technology research. Thus, South Africa has the necessary skills base to adequately operate and maintain the specialized equipment in the initial phases. However, with an increased utilization of renewable energies, this base will have to be broadened.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_South_Africa#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Financing Possibilities<br/> ====
@@ Line 96: / Line 100: @@
 Financing possibilities exist to develop wind power projects in South Africa. For instance, the Renewable Energy Finance and Subsidy Office (REFSO) manages renewable energy subsidies (see chapter on framework conditions for renewable energies ).82 Moreover, there are possibilities for foreign companies to develop joint venture with South African wind farm developers in order to build wind farm power plants such as the Irish company Mainstream Renewable Power. Financing possibilities also exist via the Energy Development Corporation (EDC) of the Central Energy Fund (see chapter on market actors) and via the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA). Development grants for the initial stages of a project are available via the Renewable Energy Market Transformation Project (REMT) described in chapter on market actors and via the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC), The IDC is a self-financing, national development finance institution with the aim to promote entrepreneurship through the building of competitive industries and enterprises based on sound business principles. Although not traditionally an area of focus, IDC is starting to take a much greater interest in the energy sector. In addition, South African private banks (e. g. Investec, Macquarie) are seriously considering to become active in the wind energy market.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_South_Africa#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 ==== Constraints<br/> ====
@@ Line 102: / Line 106: @@
 Constraints exist because of uncertainties regarding the concrete implementation of the REFIT. This refers for example to the issue of who has to pay for the grid-connection costs and whether a certain capacity limit will be introduced that would set a cap on the amount of MW eligible for the proposed tariffs, which inter alia would also entail long and costly pre-qualification procedures. Furthermore, concrete and consistent guidelines for the whole permitting process are missing, creating again uncertainties among project developers and investors.
-<br/>
+[[Wind_Energy_Country_Analyses_South_Africa#Overview_-_Wind_Energy_Potential|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
 *[[Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)|Wind Energy Map (country-specific wind energy facts)]]
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal on energypedia]]
@@ Line 115: / Line 120: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Wind]]

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 In order to close this gap, the GEF-financed South African Wind Energy Programme with the help of the Technical University of Denmark (RISØ) embarked on the elaboration of a meso-scale wind atlas based on computer simulations and calibrated by real wind measurements in strategic locations. The project started in November 2008 and will be completed in December 2012. Row data will be published consecutively on a website to be specified; once finalized, the wind atlas will be in public domain. In 2009, GTZ's TERNA Wind Energy Programme in cooperation with the Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (DEA&DP) and Eskom carried out a technical study aiming inter alia at analysing the effects of integration of wind energy on the transmission grid. The preliminary results of the study reveal that at least 2 800 MW of wind power can be integrated in the existing transmission grid. With a very good wind regime and sufficient back-up capacity provided by existing gas-fired power plants, this makes the province an excellent location for large-scale wind energy utilization<ref>The study was conducted by DIgSILENT. A final report will be made availableby November 2009 on the TERNA website [[www.gtz.de/wind]]</ref>.
+<br/>
 = Framework Conditions for Wind Energy<br/> =
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 In the White Paper on renewable energy (2003), the South African government targets 10 000 GWh renewable energy contribution to final energy consumption by 2013. The South African government has planned through the White Paper (2003) to implement 100 MW of wind farms across the country by March 2010<ref>DME (renamed Department of Energy)(2009) Electricity Distribution Industry, retrieved 29.7.2011 [[http://www.dme.gov.za/energy/elect_distrib.stm]]</ref>, to be later expanded to 200 MW, but the utility Eskom has delayed awarding the tender. The government states it plans to have independent power producers supply 400 MW of wind power in the next three years<ref>WWEA - World Wind Energy Association: Wind EnergyInternational - Country report 2009, South Africa. retrieved 29..7.2011[[http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php]]</ref> However, these figures are no official, binding targets.
+<br/>
 ==== Permission procedure<br/> ====
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 As of now there is no specific permission procedure for wind energy projects, which means guidelines described in chapter on framework conditions for renewable energies apply.
+<br/>
 ==== Grid expansion plans<br/> ====
-As part of the expansion programme up to 2026, ESKOM introduced a strengthening of the transmission system to meet rising electricity demand. The strengthening of the transmission system into the Cape has been ongoing for some time. Since 2002, work has been done on strengthening the North-of-Hydra part of the system which the lines are coming into the major Hydra Substation at De Aar in central South Africa. Work is currently being undertaken on the South of-Hydra part of the system and the Southern Cape grid. In the main corridor between the Free State and the Western Cape, installations of 400 kV capacitor banks are currently under way. The expected completion date of all this work is mid-2007. Additional activities aimed at reducing losses and increasing transfer capacity is already under way. The next phase will include the Cape project entailing the building of an additional 1 450 km of 765 kV power lines to strengthen the existing system. The line runs from Zeus in Mpumalanga to the new Omega substation in Cape Town and entails an R 6.3 billion investment. In terms of the current schedules, the proposed infrastructure is expected to be in service by 2010. Beyond the immediate transmission infrastructure plans, various options are being considered to further strengthen the transmission grid through the implementation of 765 kV reinforcements and possibly through the introduction of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) into the Cape network. These plans, however, need to be developed in an integrated manner, taking into account possible new generation options for the Cape networks. <u></u>
+As part of the expansion programme up to 2026, ESKOM introduced a strengthening of the transmission system to meet rising electricity demand. The strengthening of the transmission system into the Cape has been ongoing for some time. Since 2002, work has been done on strengthening the North-of-Hydra part of the system which the lines are coming into the major Hydra Substation at De Aar in central South Africa. Work is currently being undertaken on the South of-Hydra part of the system and the Southern Cape grid. In the main corridor between the Free State and the Western Cape, installations of 400 kV capacitor banks are currently under way. The expected completion date of all this work is mid-2007. Additional activities aimed at reducing losses and increasing transfer capacity is already under way. The next phase will include the Cape project entailing the building of an additional 1 450 km of 765 kV power lines to strengthen the existing system. The line runs from Zeus in Mpumalanga to the new Omega substation in Cape Town and entails an R 6.3 billion investment. In terms of the current schedules, the proposed infrastructure is expected to be in service by 2010. Beyond the immediate transmission infrastructure plans, various options are being considered to further strengthen the transmission grid through the implementation of 765 kV reinforcements and possibly through the introduction of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) into the Cape network. These plans, however, need to be developed in an integrated manner, taking into account possible new generation options for the Cape networks.
 <u>Eskom’s other transmission strengthening projects include:</u>
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 *Johannesburg North - Construction on the substation is complete and provides 400 kV in-feed to the network, which strengthens the network supplying the area.<ref>ESKOM (2009) Annual Report 2009, retrieved on 29.7.2011 [[http://www.eskom.co.za/live/index.php]]</ref>
+<br/>
 = Current use of Wind Energy and Project Pipeline<br/> =
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 Amongst the »wind seekers« there are also few experienced local and international project developers active in the country, see section »Private sector development« below.
+<br/>
 ==== Legal conditions<br/> ====
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 So far, a missing coherent framework and cheap electricity prices and a lack of support instruments prevented project development. This is going to change however with the implementation of the REFIT that provides higher incentives for wind energy than the German EEG (Renewable Energy Act).
+<br/>
 ==== Private sector development<br/> ====
-Due to the high level of the mechanical engineering industry, South Africa has in principle the capability to manufacture almost all of the components of a wind power plant. Therefore, South Africa hopes to make a breakthrough in the technological development of wind energy. <u></u>
+Due to the high level of the mechanical engineering industry, South Africa has in principle the capability to manufacture almost all of the components of a wind power plant. Therefore, South Africa hopes to make a breakthrough in the technological development of wind energy.
 <u>The most important local manufacturers are:</u>
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 *Isivunguvungu Wind Energy Converter (I_WEC) plans the establishment of a production facility for 2.5 MW turbines near Cape Town.
+<br/>
 Proof of existing component manufacturing capacity is the fact that the towers for the two wind power projects in Klipheuwel and Darling were manufactured locally.
+<br/>
 ==== Human Resources and Education<br/> ====
@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 *dedicated programmes exist at various other Universities, e. g. University of Johannesburg is leading worldwide in PV thin film technology research. Thus, South Africa has the necessary skills base to adequately operate and maintain the specialized equipment in the initial phases. However, with an increased utilization of renewable energies, this base will have to be broadened.
+<br/>
 ==== Financing Possibilities<br/> ====
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 Financing possibilities exist to develop wind power projects in South Africa. For instance, the Renewable Energy Finance and Subsidy Office (REFSO) manages renewable energy subsidies (see chapter on framework conditions for renewable energies ).82 Moreover, there are possibilities for foreign companies to develop joint venture with South African wind farm developers in order to build wind farm power plants such as the Irish company Mainstream Renewable Power. Financing possibilities also exist via the Energy Development Corporation (EDC) of the Central Energy Fund (see chapter on market actors) and via the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA). Development grants for the initial stages of a project are available via the Renewable Energy Market Transformation Project (REMT) described in chapter on market actors and via the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC), The IDC is a self-financing, national development finance institution with the aim to promote entrepreneurship through the building of competitive industries and enterprises based on sound business principles. Although not traditionally an area of focus, IDC is starting to take a much greater interest in the energy sector. In addition, South African private banks (e. g. Investec, Macquarie) are seriously considering to become active in the wind energy market.
+<br/>
 ==== Constraints<br/> ====
@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 Constraints exist because of uncertainties regarding the concrete implementation of the REFIT. This refers for example to the issue of who has to pay for the grid-connection costs and whether a certain capacity limit will be introduced that would set a cap on the amount of MW eligible for the proposed tariffs, which inter alia would also entail long and costly pre-qualification procedures. Furthermore, concrete and consistent guidelines for the whole permitting process are missing, creating again uncertainties among project developers and investors.
+<br/>
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 *[[Portal:Wind|Wind Portal on energypedia]]
 = References<br/> =
-== References<br/> ==
 <references />
 [[Category:Wind]]

@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 *the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES) at Stellenbosch University<ref>University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES) [[http://academic.sun.ac.za/crses/]]</ref> acts as the national Renewable Energy Hub (government initiative to concentrate RE research in one institution (hub) with various other institution (spokes) attached to it). CRSES has a technical focus with dedicated wind courses.
-*the Energy Research Centre (ERC) at University of Cape Town<ref>[[http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/]]</ref> focuses on policy-oriented economic modelling of energy and climate issues.
+*the Energy Research Centre (ERC) at University of Cape Town<ref>University of Cape Town -energy research centre [[http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/]]</ref> focuses on policy-oriented economic modelling of energy and climate issues.
 *dedicated programmes exist at various other Universities, e. g. University of Johannesburg is leading worldwide in PV thin film technology research. Thus, South Africa has the necessary skills base to adequately operate and maintain the specialized equipment in the initial phases. However, with an increased utilization of renewable energies, this base will have to be broadened.

@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 *In addition to Eskom in-house experience gained through the demonstration project, there are various research institutes at universities with a focus on renewable energies, e. g.
-*the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES) at Stellenbosch University<ref>[[http://academic.sun.ac.za/crses/]]</ref> acts as the national Renewable Energy Hub (government initiative to concentrate RE research in one institution (hub) with various other institution (spokes) attached to it). CRSES has a technical focus with dedicated wind courses.
+*the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES) at Stellenbosch University<ref>University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES) [[http://academic.sun.ac.za/crses/]]</ref> acts as the national Renewable Energy Hub (government initiative to concentrate RE research in one institution (hub) with various other institution (spokes) attached to it). CRSES has a technical focus with dedicated wind courses.
 *the Energy Research Centre (ERC) at University of Cape Town<ref>[[http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/]]</ref> focuses on policy-oriented economic modelling of energy and climate issues.