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| | = Country Experiences<br/> = | | = Country Experiences<br/> = |
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| | == Solar Cooling in [[India Energy Situation#Solar Energy|India]]<br/> == | | == Solar Cooling in [[India Energy Situation#Solar Energy|India]]<br/> == |
| − | In India, boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems'''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>''' | + | |
| − | Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling. | + | In India, boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems'''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>''' Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling. Indian customers are looking for reliable cooling options - this is a chance for solar applications. Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more<ref>Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.</ref> The total installed cooling load is 35.000MWe (28.7% of installed capacity)'''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>'''<br/>'''Residential sector – great future challenge'''<br/> |
| − | Indian customers are looking for reliable cooling options - this is a chance for solar applications. | + | |
| − | Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more<ref>Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.</ref> | + | |
| − | The total installed cooling load is 35.000MWe (28.7% of installed capacity)'''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>''' | + | |
| − | <br/>'''Residential sector – great future challenge''' | + | |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| | *Penetration level for A/C < 1% only and switch from air evaporation systems expected <ref>DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.</ref> | | *Penetration level for A/C < 1% only and switch from air evaporation systems expected <ref>DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.</ref> |
| | *Lacking affordabel, small scale renewable technologies | | *Lacking affordabel, small scale renewable technologies |
| | *Highest load in non-sunshine hours -> no coincide of supply and demand, challenge of storage | | *Highest load in non-sunshine hours -> no coincide of supply and demand, challenge of storage |
| | * | | * |
| − | '''Industrial and commercial sector – short and medium term market''' | + | |
| − | <br/> | + | '''Industrial and commercial sector – short and medium term market'''<br/> |
| | + | |
| | *Larger central systems in place already – solar technologies available for these sizes | | *Larger central systems in place already – solar technologies available for these sizes |
| | *often coincide of loads and solar gains | | *often coincide of loads and solar gains |
| | * | | * |
| − | '''Solar Cold Storage''' | + | |
| − | <br/> | + | '''Solar Cold Storage'''<br/> |
| | + | |
| | *India is looking for cold storages for a range of applications: fishing, agricultural produce, milk and dairy products etc. as vast part of rural areas still lack access to grid electricity. Currently TERI is working on a combined solution, a [http://www.teriin.org/index.php?option=com_ongoing&task=about_project&sid=114, http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/inive/clima2000/1997/p301.pdf biomas-solar-hybrid-electricity grid with cold storage], yet this project is still at a pilot phase. | | *India is looking for cold storages for a range of applications: fishing, agricultural produce, milk and dairy products etc. as vast part of rural areas still lack access to grid electricity. Currently TERI is working on a combined solution, a [http://www.teriin.org/index.php?option=com_ongoing&task=about_project&sid=114, http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/inive/clima2000/1997/p301.pdf biomas-solar-hybrid-electricity grid with cold storage], yet this project is still at a pilot phase. |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| − | <br/> | + | <br/><br/> |
| | + | |
| | === Experiences<br/> === | | === Experiences<br/> === |
| − | The '''Ministry of New and Renewable Energe (MNRE)''' proposed an [http://www.aprekh.org/files/A_K_Singhal.pdf Action Plan on Solar Cooling]in 2009, together with the establishment of a working group on solar cooling. However, the plan has not been followed. There are no updates and the working group is not active anymore. | + | |
| − | <br/> | + | The '''Ministry of New and Renewable Energe (MNRE)''' proposed an [http://www.aprekh.org/files/A_K_Singhal.pdf Action Plan on Solar Cooling]in 2009, together with the establishment of a working group on solar cooling. However, the plan has not been followed. There are no updates and the working group is not active anymore.<br/>Because of electricity shortages, comapnies with exhaust heat and own generator have started using VAM systems which are available locally. the VAMs run on gas, wood or exhaust heat. Hence, an established VAM market (around 5 Mio USD) is in place which is one of the main drivers with regards to SAC in India. So far, a hand full of projects has been realised (around 10), mostly R&D and some private (non commercial/green) initiatives are in place, using concentrated solar collectors + VAM<br/> |
| − | Because of electricity shortages, comapnies with exhaust heat and own generator have started using VAM systems which are available locally. the VAMs run on gas, wood or exhaust heat. Hence, an established VAM market (around 5 Mio USD) is in place which is one of the main drivers with regards to SAC in India. | + | |
| − | So far, a hand full of projects has been realised (around 10), mostly R&D and some private (non commercial/green) initiatives are in place, using concentrated solar collectors + VAM | + | |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| | *Solar Energy Center, TERI, IITs,… | | *Solar Energy Center, TERI, IITs,… |
| | *Thermax (3-effect VAM with COP of 1.7-1.8)<ref>http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html</ref>, Baskara Solar, Gadhia Solar<ref>http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028 </ref>,.. | | *Thermax (3-effect VAM with COP of 1.7-1.8)<ref>http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html</ref>, Baskara Solar, Gadhia Solar<ref>http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028 </ref>,.. |
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| | *So far no coherent strategic approach, lacking knowledge sharing | | *So far no coherent strategic approach, lacking knowledge sharing |
| | *R&D for solid and liquid dessicant systems | | *R&D for solid and liquid dessicant systems |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| − | '''Economics''' | + | <br/>'''Economics'''<br/> |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| | *Investment costs 3x higher than conventional systems | | *Investment costs 3x higher than conventional systems |
| | *High capital investment and long payback periods (> 7 years) highest drawback | | *High capital investment and long payback periods (> 7 years) highest drawback |
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| | *Costs for chillers and solar components are decreasing | | *Costs for chillers and solar components are decreasing |
| | *Energy demand for control system and backup not to be underestaimated | | *Energy demand for control system and backup not to be underestaimated |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| − | '''Reliability of system and back-up storage''' | + | <br/>'''Reliability of system and back-up storage'''<br/> |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| | *as the main selling argument for SAC in India is the increased reliability an independence from the grid, a reliable system is key | | *as the main selling argument for SAC in India is the increased reliability an independence from the grid, a reliable system is key |
| | *Improving quality of chillers and solar components, but still an issue | | *Improving quality of chillers and solar components, but still an issue |
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| | *Variation in irradiation and diffiulty of prediction - dynamic system needed | | *Variation in irradiation and diffiulty of prediction - dynamic system needed |
| | *Standardization of storage (cold and heat) necessary | | *Standardization of storage (cold and heat) necessary |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| − | '''System Design''' | + | <br/>'''System Design'''<br/> |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| | *System design, integration and optimization prove difficult | | *System design, integration and optimization prove difficult |
| | *maintenance is a great issue | | *maintenance is a great issue |
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| | *Space availability for solar collectors and cooling towers is a challenge | | *Space availability for solar collectors and cooling towers is a challenge |
| | *High humidity and water scarcity – find suitable technologies | | *High humidity and water scarcity – find suitable technologies |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| − | '''Collectors''' | + | <br/>'''Collectors'''<br/> |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| | *Concentrating collectors (for higher temperature applications) face difficulties at the moment because of high fraction of diffuce radiation (dust, cloud coverage) in some regions | | *Concentrating collectors (for higher temperature applications) face difficulties at the moment because of high fraction of diffuce radiation (dust, cloud coverage) in some regions |
| | *Used as locally produced but also more expensive than flat plate/evacuated tube | | *Used as locally produced but also more expensive than flat plate/evacuated tube |
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| | *Evacuated heat pipes not produced in India | | *Evacuated heat pipes not produced in India |
| | *Efficiency of solar equipment needs to be improved | | *Efficiency of solar equipment needs to be improved |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| − | <br/> | + | == <br/>First Southern Africa Fresnel-solar Cooling system for a Data-Center at MTN Johannesburg == |
| | + | |
| | + | <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Industrial Solar GmbH provided the leading South African mobile operator MTN (Mobile Telecom Networks) in Johannesburg/South Africa with a solar thermal cooling system. The Fresnel collector powers an absorption chiller which supports the local district cooling grid.</span> Its Cooling capacity lies about 330 kW. |
| | + | |
| | + | <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Industrial Solar GmbH is a technology and solution provider for solar process heat and solar thermal cooling. It was founded in 2008 in the environment of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany. The solutions of Industrial Solar are built upon its innovative linear concentrating Fresnel collector which is optimized for industrial applications in the medium power range. Industrial Solar has already realized various projects in all kind of industries in different countries. Moreover, Industrial Solar has developed close partnerships with major industrial companies and offers various products and services for industrial applications.</span> Its is also network partner of the [[Green_Cooling_Initiative|Green Cooling Initiative (GCI)]] which promotes environmental sound cooling solution worldwide. |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling<ref>http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref>https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = | | = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling<ref>http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref>https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = |
| | '''Training and awareness raising''' | | '''Training and awareness raising''' |
Why solar cooling? In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed poer is used for sooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts.
Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this context, there is a lot of potential for solar cooling.
The main arguments for solar assisted cooling (SAC) originate from an energy saving perspective:
Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.[3]
A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues.
Still, most of the issues are related to the technology. One of the main problems beeing that there is not one single solution and experiences with new applications are collected constantly
New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers?
The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary:
In India, boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems[4] Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling. Indian customers are looking for reliable cooling options - this is a chance for solar applications. Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more[5] The total installed cooling load is 35.000MWe (28.7% of installed capacity)[6]
Residential sector – great future challenge
