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| | |CES Country Coordinates=23.7000° N, 90.3500° E | | |CES Country Coordinates=23.7000° N, 90.3500° E |
| | }} | | }} |
| | + | |
| | = Introduction = | | = Introduction = |
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| | An average household in Bangladesh consists of 4.5 household members and have an overall income of BDT 9648, or about BDT 2130 per head.The average per capita income level of consumers below the upper poverty line is BDT1271 per month, for those below the lower poverty line its only BDT 1102.84 per month on national level. According to the 2010 survey, the number of earners per household is 1.31 at national level, 1.27 in rural area and 1.40 in urban area. Since, 1995-96, number of earner per household shows a declining trend and has a positive correlation with the declining changing pattern of household size. The income per earner was found to be BDT 8795 for the country as a whole in 2010. In rural areas, this was BDT 7592 and in the urban BDT 11778. Income per earner increased to BDT 8795 in 2010 from BDT 5145 in 2005, an increase of BDT 3650 (70.94%) during this period. The average income per household in turn was found to be 9648tk in rural areas and 16477tk in urban areas, on a national level the average amounts to 11480tk. | | An average household in Bangladesh consists of 4.5 household members and have an overall income of BDT 9648, or about BDT 2130 per head.The average per capita income level of consumers below the upper poverty line is BDT1271 per month, for those below the lower poverty line its only BDT 1102.84 per month on national level. According to the 2010 survey, the number of earners per household is 1.31 at national level, 1.27 in rural area and 1.40 in urban area. Since, 1995-96, number of earner per household shows a declining trend and has a positive correlation with the declining changing pattern of household size. The income per earner was found to be BDT 8795 for the country as a whole in 2010. In rural areas, this was BDT 7592 and in the urban BDT 11778. Income per earner increased to BDT 8795 in 2010 from BDT 5145 in 2005, an increase of BDT 3650 (70.94%) during this period. The average income per household in turn was found to be 9648tk in rural areas and 16477tk in urban areas, on a national level the average amounts to 11480tk. |
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| − | | + | <br/> |
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| | In 2013, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ranked Bangladesh as having the sixth-largest renewable energy–related workforce in the world with 114,000 jobs. | | In 2013, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ranked Bangladesh as having the sixth-largest renewable energy–related workforce in the world with 114,000 jobs. |
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| | <br/>Socio-economic and Demographic Information <ref name="POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2011">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/Socio_Economic.pdf</ref> | | <br/>Socio-economic and Demographic Information <ref name="POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2011">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/Socio_Economic.pdf</ref> |
| | <div> | | <div> |
| − | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 100%" | + | {| style="width: 100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="width: 512px" | <div>'''Indicators/Variables'''</div> | | | style="width: 512px" | <div>'''Indicators/Variables'''</div> |
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| | | style="width: 47px" | <div>N/A</div> | | | style="width: 47px" | <div>N/A</div> |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | <br/></div>[[Bangladesh_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]<br/> | + | <br/></div>[[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]<br/> |
| | <br/>Poverty Situation<br/> | | <br/>Poverty Situation<br/> |
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| − | [[File:Local Poverty Lines BD.jpg|border|left|500px|Local Poverty Lines BD.jpg]]<br/> | + | [[File:Local Poverty Lines BD.jpg|border|left|500px|Local Poverty Lines BD.jpg|alt=Local Poverty Lines BD.jpg]]<br/> |
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| − | [[Bangladesh_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | = Energy Situation = | | = Energy Situation = |
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| | In 2013 only an estimated 59.6 %<ref name="Worldbank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS">Worldbank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS</ref> of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid. .From 10,213 MW installed electrical generation capacity (public, private and import), the maximum output delivered was 6,675 MW.<ref name="Power Development Board: http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=6">Power Development Board: http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=6</ref> | | In 2013 only an estimated 59.6 %<ref name="Worldbank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS">Worldbank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS</ref> of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid. .From 10,213 MW installed electrical generation capacity (public, private and import), the maximum output delivered was 6,675 MW.<ref name="Power Development Board: http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=6">Power Development Board: http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=6</ref> |
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| − | Die Stromversorgung in Bangladesch ist nach wie vor unzureichend, auch wenn die gesamten Erzeugungskapazitäten in den letzten Jahren auf ca. 11,532 MW gesteigert werden konnten (13,540 MW inklusive captive power generation) und weitere 500MW Kapazität durch Stromimporte aus Indien zur Verfügung stehen. Durch den massiven Ausbau der Netzinfrastruktur und andere Elektrifizierungsmaßnahmen gelten mittlerweile 74% der Bevölkerung als elektrifiziert. In der Realität leiden die Haushalte jedoch weiterhin unter der unverlässlichen Stromversorgung, mit bis zu 14 Stunden Stromausfall jeden Tag. Die Versorgung der Bevölkerung und der Industrie Bangladeschs mit moderner Energie ist im Vergleich zu Ländern ähnlicher Wirtschaftskraft auf einem niedrigen Entwicklungsstand. Die Pro-Kopf-Erzeugung kommerzieller Energie ist zwar seit 2010 von 220kWh auf 371kWh angestiegen, gehört aber weiterhin zu den niedrigsten auf der Welt<sup>2</sup>. Bangladesh will probably need to triple that amount in order to achieve its target to become a middle income country by 2021. At the same time avoidable energy wastage in the industrial and household sectors mitigates a large share of the benefit this energy could bring to the country.
| + | In 2016, the total number of consumers connected to the grid is 21.8 million. Out of the 21.8 million 16 million are domestic connections (households), which would represent roughly 50% of all Bangladeshi households (30-40 million). Another 15% of the households have access to off-grid electricity. The government is estimating that more than 70% of Bangladeshi households now have access to electricity (76%, June 2016)<ref name="Government of Bangladesh. ‘Bangladesh’s Power Sector at a Glance (May 2015), 2016. http://www.powercell.gov.bd/site/page/d730f98d-8912-47a2-8a35-382c4935eddc/Power-Sector-at-a-Glance.">Government of Bangladesh. ‘Bangladesh’s Power Sector at a Glance (May 2015), 2016. http://www.powercell.gov.bd/site/page/d730f98d-8912-47a2-8a35-382c4935eddc/Power-Sector-at-a-Glance.</ref>. The government plans to connect 98% of households mainly through grid extension by 2021. |
| | + | |
| | + | Power cuts and the low reliability of the power supply are the major problem of the grid extension. Even with newly installed capacities (in total 11,532 MW; 13, 540 including captive power generation) and the import capacity of 500 MW from India. There has been a massive expansion of the grid infrastructure and other electrification measurements, the electrification rate is around 75%, but in reality many households suffer from unreliable electricity supply with power outages of up to 14 hours per day. However, the number of connections is in fact increasing rapidly with around 250.000 per month. |
| | + | |
| | + | The supply of population and industry with modern energy is very low compared to countries with similar economies. The per-capita production of commercial energy increased since 2010 to 371kWh, but is still one of the lowest in the world. |
| | + | |
| | + | Bangladesh will probably need to triple that amount in order to achieve its target to become a middle income country by 2021. At the same time avoidable energy wastage in the industrial and household sectors mitigates a large share of the benefit this energy could bring to the country. |
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| | Only about 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, such as wood, cow dung and agricultural residues are collected mainly from the local environment and have become a traded commodity as cooking fuel as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. Inefficient, kerosene lamps are the most common sources of light. The kerosene price has increased from 42 tk (end 2010) to 70 tk (July 2014). The supply of new gas connections to industries have been suspended in 2009 and resumed in April 2012 <ref name="Global Observer March 03 2012">http://www.globserver.com/en/bangladesh/press/bangladesh-resume-new-gas-connections-industrial-users-2012-03-03-1</ref>. Also new gas connections to household were suspended for a certain time. | | Only about 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, such as wood, cow dung and agricultural residues are collected mainly from the local environment and have become a traded commodity as cooking fuel as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. Inefficient, kerosene lamps are the most common sources of light. The kerosene price has increased from 42 tk (end 2010) to 70 tk (July 2014). The supply of new gas connections to industries have been suspended in 2009 and resumed in April 2012 <ref name="Global Observer March 03 2012">http://www.globserver.com/en/bangladesh/press/bangladesh-resume-new-gas-connections-industrial-users-2012-03-03-1</ref>. Also new gas connections to household were suspended for a certain time. |
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| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="width: 160px" | '''Source''' | | | style="width: 160px" | '''Source''' |
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| − | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="width: 802px; font-size: 13.33px" | + | {| style="width: 802px; font-size: 13.33px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" |
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| | | style="width: 247px" | '''Fuel Type''' | | | style="width: 247px" | '''Fuel Type''' |
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| | == Household Sector<br/> == | | == Household Sector<br/> == |
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| | === Cooking situation<br/> === | | === Cooking situation<br/> === |
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| − | {| style="width: 725px; height: 563px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" | + | {| style="width: 725px; height: 563px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" |
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| | | colspan="2" | <br/> | | | colspan="2" | <br/> |
| | | colspan="3" | <center>'''Heating'''</center> | | | colspan="3" | <center>'''Heating'''</center> |
| − | | style="width: 243px;" colspan="3" | <br/> | + | | style="width: 243px" colspan="3" | <br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | '''Energy Type''' | | | '''Energy Type''' |
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| | | '''Cooling''' | | | '''Cooling''' |
| | | '''Lighting''' | | | '''Lighting''' |
| − | | style="width: 70px;" | '''Amusement''' | + | | style="width: 70px" | '''Amusement''' |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 720px;" colspan="8" | '''Biomass (kg)''' | + | | style="width: 720px" colspan="8" | '''Biomass (kg)''' |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | Fuelwood | | | Fuelwood |
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| | | — | | | — |
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| − | | style="width: 70px;" | — | + | | style="width: 70px" | — |
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| | | Tree leaves | | | Tree leaves |
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| | | — | | | — |
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| − | | style="width: 70px;" | — | + | | style="width: 70px" | — |
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| | | Crop residue | | | Crop residue |
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| | | Dung cake/stick | | | Dung cake/stick |
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| | | Sawdust | | | Sawdust |
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| − | | style="width: 720px;" colspan="8" | '''Non-biomass''' | + | | style="width: 720px" colspan="8" | '''Non-biomass''' |
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| | | Candle (piece) | | | Candle (piece) |
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| | | — | | | — |
| | | 15.86 | | | 15.86 |
| − | | style="width: 70px;" | — | + | | style="width: 70px" | — |
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| | | Kerosene (liter) | | | Kerosene (liter) |
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| | | — | | | — |
| | | 27.16 | | | 27.16 |
| − | | style="width: 70px;" | — | + | | style="width: 70px" | — |
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| | | Natural gas (Tk) | | | Natural gas (Tk) |
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| | | LPG/LNG (liter) | | | LPG/LNG (liter) |
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| | | Grid electricity (kWh) | | | Grid electricity (kWh) |
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| | | 49.50 | | | 49.50 |
| | | 80.74 | | | 80.74 |
| − | | style="width: 70px;" | 9.34 | + | | style="width: 70px" | 9.34 |
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| | | Solar PV (kWh) | | | Solar PV (kWh) |
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| | | 0.04 | | | 0.04 |
| | | 0.48 | | | 0.48 |
| − | | style="width: 70px;" | 0.01 | + | | style="width: 70px" | 0.01 |
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| | | Storage cell (kWh) | | | Storage cell (kWh) |
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| | | 0.14 | | | 0.14 |
| − | | style="width: 70px;" | 0.41 | + | | style="width: 70px" | 0.41 |
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| | | Dry-cell battery (piece) | | | Dry-cell battery (piece) |
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| | |} | | |} |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | + | <br/> |
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| | == Solar Energy == | | == Solar Energy == |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | + | <br/> |
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| | = Electricity Situation = | | = Electricity Situation = |
| | | | |
| − | [[File:Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG|thumb|right|180px]]The government’s vision of electrifying the entire country by 2020 through grid expansion is not realistic due to inaccessibility and low consumer density in many rural areas, as well as financial constraints. To reach the government’s vision of universal electrification, renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy will have to play a vital role for off-grid electrification. | + | [[File:Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG|thumb|right|180px|alt=Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG]]The government’s vision of electrifying the entire country by 2020 through grid expansion is not realistic due to inaccessibility and low consumer density in many rural areas, as well as financial constraints. To reach the government’s vision of universal electrification, renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy will have to play a vital role for off-grid electrification. |
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| | Within the reach of the national grid Bangladesh is still reeling under 600 - 1200 MW of ‘load-shedding’. A situation which deteriorates during irrigation seasons, when the demand-supply gap reaches up to 1500 MW. Domestic and industrial sectors consume about 43% and 44% electrical energy respectively, i.e. a total of about 87% of power consumption occurs in these two sectors. Out of this, a large part of electrical energy is consumed for lighting. All power sector experts acknowledge that the maximum power gap occurs primarily during the evening. A way to manage the evening load is the introduction of energy efficient lights/lighting systems.'''<ref name="The Daily Prothom-Alo">http://www.eprothomalo.com/index.php?opt=view&page=1&date=2013-03-06</ref>''' | | Within the reach of the national grid Bangladesh is still reeling under 600 - 1200 MW of ‘load-shedding’. A situation which deteriorates during irrigation seasons, when the demand-supply gap reaches up to 1500 MW. Domestic and industrial sectors consume about 43% and 44% electrical energy respectively, i.e. a total of about 87% of power consumption occurs in these two sectors. Out of this, a large part of electrical energy is consumed for lighting. All power sector experts acknowledge that the maximum power gap occurs primarily during the evening. A way to manage the evening load is the introduction of energy efficient lights/lighting systems.'''<ref name="The Daily Prothom-Alo">http://www.eprothomalo.com/index.php?opt=view&page=1&date=2013-03-06</ref>''' |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | [[Bangladesh_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]<br/> | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]<br/> |
| | | | |
| | == Electricity Generation == | | == Electricity Generation == |
| | | | |
| − | [[File:Bangladesh grid map.jpg|thumb|right|140px]]Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.<br/>In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power. | + | [[File:Bangladesh grid map.jpg|thumb|right|140px|alt=Bangladesh grid map.jpg]]Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.<br/>In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power. |
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| | | Public Sector | | | Public Sector |
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| | | Private Sector | | | Private Sector |
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| | |- | | |- |
| | | Installed Capacity (as of fuel type) | | | Installed Capacity (as of fuel type) |
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| | |- | | |- |
| | | Share of installed Capacity by used technology | | | Share of installed Capacity by used technology |
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| | Bangladesh has signed a protocol deal with Russia on October 21, 2011 after series talks on cooperation in the field of peaceful usage of nuclear energy as the country plans to install a nuclear power plant in Pabna district, some 216 km northwest of capital Dhaka. | | Bangladesh has signed a protocol deal with Russia on October 21, 2011 after series talks on cooperation in the field of peaceful usage of nuclear energy as the country plans to install a nuclear power plant in Pabna district, some 216 km northwest of capital Dhaka. |
| | | | |
| − | [[File:Generation Capacity Graph.png|frame|left|180px]] | + | [[File:Generation Capacity Graph.png|frame|left|180px|alt=Generation Capacity Graph.png]] |
| | | | |
| − | <br/> | + | Currently 3% of the power generation is based on coal. In future, this share shall grow to 21% by 2020 and 50% by 2030 according to the seventh 5-years plan published in 2015. 8% (2020) and 10% (2030) shall be based on nuclear power. <ref name="http://www.plancomm.gov.bd/7th-five-year-plan/">http://www.plancomm.gov.bd/7th-five-year-plan/</ref> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Bangladesh_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Electricity Access == | | == Electricity Access == |
| | | | |
| − | Bangladesh has currently (2013) a electrification rate of 59.6%. In the cooking field Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass will continue for several decades. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.<br/> | + | Bangladesh has currently (2016) a electrification rate of 76%<ref name="Government of Bangladesh. ‘Bangladesh’s Power Sector at a Glance (May 2015), 2016. http://www.powercell.gov.bd/site/page/d730f98d-8912-47a2-8a35-382c4935eddc/Power-Sector-at-a-Glance.">Government of Bangladesh. ‘Bangladesh’s Power Sector at a Glance (May 2015), 2016. http://www.powercell.gov.bd/site/page/d730f98d-8912-47a2-8a35-382c4935eddc/Power-Sector-at-a-Glance.</ref>. In the cooking field Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass will continue for several decades. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.<br/> |
| | | | |
| | Energy Access based on presence of expenditures for electricity (HIES 2010) | | Energy Access based on presence of expenditures for electricity (HIES 2010) |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | [[Bangladesh_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]<br/> | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]<br/> |
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| | *90% of all Bangladeshis cook with biomass, such as rice straw, dried leaves, jute sticks, cow dung, or wood. | | *90% of all Bangladeshis cook with biomass, such as rice straw, dried leaves, jute sticks, cow dung, or wood. |
| | | | |
| − | [[Bangladesh_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | *The introduction of energy efficient cook stoves was set one of the key targets to control air pollution in rural settings. "Building coalitions with NGOs for wider dissemination of fuel-efficient cooking stoves" and "Promote R&D to change building and construction standards and designs for pollution-free kitchens" were the respective planned actions on the policy agenda for the fiscal year 2005/06 (p. 301). | | *The introduction of energy efficient cook stoves was set one of the key targets to control air pollution in rural settings. "Building coalitions with NGOs for wider dissemination of fuel-efficient cooking stoves" and "Promote R&D to change building and construction standards and designs for pollution-free kitchens" were the respective planned actions on the policy agenda for the fiscal year 2005/06 (p. 301). |
| | | | |
| − | [[Bangladesh_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy<br/> == | | == General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy<br/> == |
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| | *Regulatory Policy | | *Regulatory Policy |
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| − | [[Bangladesh_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] | + | == (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions == |
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| | + | In the [[Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contributions_(INDC)|INDC]], the government announced to install 3000 Mega Watts of solar energy and continue to promote off-grid solar energy as well as improved cook stoves. It looks like the GoB is following a parallel strategy: on the one hand, increase power generation based on coal, on the other hand offer projects in the field of on-grid and off-grid solar electrification and stoves to be supported by donors.<ref name="http://www4.unfccc.int/Submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Bangladesh/1/INDC_2015_of_Bangladesh.pdf">http://www4.unfccc.int/Submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Bangladesh/1/INDC_2015_of_Bangladesh.pdf</ref> |
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| | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | == Specific Strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.)<br/> == | | == Specific Strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.)<br/> == |
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| | = Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector = | | = Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector = |
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| | *The ''Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) ''is supporting improved cooking promotion through provision of a subsidy component. | | *The ''Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) ''is supporting improved cooking promotion through provision of a subsidy component. |
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| | *The ''Solar Association of Bangladesh ''whose member are solar companies and NGOs selling solar products and implementing solar projects. The association is mainly a lobbying organisation providing advice to governental entities and representing the interest of the solar industry in national debates. | | *The ''Solar Association of Bangladesh ''whose member are solar companies and NGOs selling solar products and implementing solar projects. The association is mainly a lobbying organisation providing advice to governental entities and representing the interest of the solar industry in national debates. |
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| | == Activities of Other Donors<br/> == | | == Activities of Other Donors<br/> == |
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| | *''U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)'': USAID has been supporting rural electrification program of Bangladesh for the last 35 years. Currently, USAID has approved a 50 million USD program for energy. 35 million are foreseen for energy efficiency measures and 15 million for improved cook stoves. | | *''U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)'': USAID has been supporting rural electrification program of Bangladesh for the last 35 years. Currently, USAID has approved a 50 million USD program for energy. 35 million are foreseen for energy efficiency measures and 15 million for improved cook stoves. |
| | *''Practical Action'' (PA): PA is mostly active in infrastructure and livelihood improvement in poor urban areas. As part of their efforts to provide energy access to the poor, they are interested to cooperate with SED in the promotion of improved cook stove as well as related monitoring and evaluation activities. | | *''Practical Action'' (PA): PA is mostly active in infrastructure and livelihood improvement in poor urban areas. As part of their efforts to provide energy access to the poor, they are interested to cooperate with SED in the promotion of improved cook stove as well as related monitoring and evaluation activities. |
| − | *''Swedis<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>h International Development Agency'' (SIDA): SIDA is planning to start improved cook stove activities in Bangladesh. It is not yet decided wheter this will happen in cooperation with GIZ. | + | *''Swedis<span style="font-weight: bold"></span>h International Development Agency'' (SIDA): SIDA is planning to start improved cook stove activities in Bangladesh. It is not yet decided wheter this will happen in cooperation with GIZ. |
| | *''UK Department for International Development'' (DFID): DFID has made tremendous funds available for electrification projects. They have indicated strong interest in SHS/SSHS, PicoPV as well as improved cook stove activities. Also they will be active in the field of political advisory, e.g. they are working on the topic of reallocation of subsidies for energy services and fuels. | | *''UK Department for International Development'' (DFID): DFID has made tremendous funds available for electrification projects. They have indicated strong interest in SHS/SSHS, PicoPV as well as improved cook stove activities. Also they will be active in the field of political advisory, e.g. they are working on the topic of reallocation of subsidies for energy services and fuels. |
| | *''Climate and Clean Air Coalition'' (CCAC): CCAC is a new partnership represented by the USA, Canada, Sweden, Mexico, Ghana and Bangladesh. This group is focussing on the reduction of short lived pollutants such as black carbon and methane by promoting new environmentally friendly technologies and processes like improved cook stoves, brick kilns and rice parboiling system. Detailed discussions for cooperation have taken place in Toronto and Paris recently. | | *''Climate and Clean Air Coalition'' (CCAC): CCAC is a new partnership represented by the USA, Canada, Sweden, Mexico, Ghana and Bangladesh. This group is focussing on the reduction of short lived pollutants such as black carbon and methane by promoting new environmentally friendly technologies and processes like improved cook stoves, brick kilns and rice parboiling system. Detailed discussions for cooperation have taken place in Toronto and Paris recently. |
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| | = Further Information<br/> = | | = Further Information<br/> = |
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| | *[http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P071794/rural-electrification-renewable-energy-development?lang=en Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development] (World Bank Report) | | *[http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P071794/rural-electrification-renewable-energy-development?lang=en Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development] (World Bank Report) |
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| | <references /><br/><br/> | | <references /><br/><br/> |
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| − | [[Category:Bangladesh]]
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Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest and most densely populated nations. The last Household Income and Expenditure Survey (2010) classified 32% (from 56.6% in 1990/91) of the country’s population as “poor” (i.e. incomes below the upper poverty line of BDT 1311-2038, which is calculated on regional base - see graph below). 17% of the population is considered “extremely poor” having income below the lower poverty line. In rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, 35% are below the upper benchmark and 21% fall even below the lower regional poverty lines (BDT 1192-1495).
An average household in Bangladesh consists of 4.5 household members and have an overall income of BDT 9648, or about BDT 2130 per head.The average per capita income level of consumers below the upper poverty line is BDT1271 per month, for those below the lower poverty line its only BDT 1102.84 per month on national level. According to the 2010 survey, the number of earners per household is 1.31 at national level, 1.27 in rural area and 1.40 in urban area. Since, 1995-96, number of earner per household shows a declining trend and has a positive correlation with the declining changing pattern of household size. The income per earner was found to be BDT 8795 for the country as a whole in 2010. In rural areas, this was BDT 7592 and in the urban BDT 11778. Income per earner increased to BDT 8795 in 2010 from BDT 5145 in 2005, an increase of BDT 3650 (70.94%) during this period. The average income per household in turn was found to be 9648tk in rural areas and 16477tk in urban areas, on a national level the average amounts to 11480tk.
In 2013, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ranked Bangladesh as having the sixth-largest renewable energy–related workforce in the world with 114,000 jobs.
Lack of access to modern energy services is one of the reasons for poverty and low economic development. Almost 75% of Bangladesh’s 161 million citizens live in rural areas.[2]
In 2010, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics mentioned 90% access in urban areas and only 42% access in rural areas.The electricity supply is not reliable; supply does not meet the demand. However, as far as possible, load shedding is scheduled[3]
In 2016, the total number of consumers connected to the grid is 21.8 million. Out of the 21.8 million 16 million are domestic connections (households), which would represent roughly 50% of all Bangladeshi households (30-40 million). Another 15% of the households have access to off-grid electricity. The government is estimating that more than 70% of Bangladeshi households now have access to electricity (76%, June 2016)[6]. The government plans to connect 98% of households mainly through grid extension by 2021.
Power cuts and the low reliability of the power supply are the major problem of the grid extension. Even with newly installed capacities (in total 11,532 MW; 13, 540 including captive power generation) and the import capacity of 500 MW from India. There has been a massive expansion of the grid infrastructure and other electrification measurements, the electrification rate is around 75%, but in reality many households suffer from unreliable electricity supply with power outages of up to 14 hours per day. However, the number of connections is in fact increasing rapidly with around 250.000 per month.
The supply of population and industry with modern energy is very low compared to countries with similar economies. The per-capita production of commercial energy increased since 2010 to 371kWh, but is still one of the lowest in the world.
Bangladesh will probably need to triple that amount in order to achieve its target to become a middle income country by 2021. At the same time avoidable energy wastage in the industrial and household sectors mitigates a large share of the benefit this energy could bring to the country.
Only about 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, such as wood, cow dung and agricultural residues are collected mainly from the local environment and have become a traded commodity as cooking fuel as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. Inefficient, kerosene lamps are the most common sources of light. The kerosene price has increased from 42 tk (end 2010) to 70 tk (July 2014). The supply of new gas connections to industries have been suspended in 2009 and resumed in April 2012 [7]. Also new gas connections to household were suspended for a certain time.
The most important staple food in Bangladesh is Rice in combination with various kinds of lentils (locally known as daal). Also common are wheat, meat, eggs, and different vegetables. In regions near the sea or lakes households eat also more fish. Meals are generally prepared by women on fixed stoves indoors or in a semi-enclosed shelter. Portable stoves are also common but used more occasionally. Most Bangladeshi households in rural areas (99%) as well as urban areas (60 - 66%) use biomass such as wood, cow dung, jute sticks or other agricultural wastes for cooking. The fuel is used in traditional stoves which consist of a hole in the ground with a raised clay lip to rest the pot, with a separate fuel entry hole. Many households cook large volumes of food in large pots. Stoves are often fed with bigger pieces of wood or dungsticks. Households are unaccustomed and/or unwilling to chop wood into small pieces. In addition, traditional stoves are constructed in a way that the fuel naturally slides further into the combustion chamber as it burns. This allows multi-tasking during cooking.
The traditional clay stoves are inefficient and generally poorly ventilated so that they produce fine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dioxins and other carcinogens (ROUSE 2004). Housewives are exposed to high levels of these toxins between three and seven hours a day. Research revealed that this indoor air pollution (IAP) occurs not only in the kitchen but only slightly lower in the living area therewith affecting also other family members such as children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated (based on 2002 data) that more than 46,000 women and children die each year as a direct result of exposure to indoor air pollution, while many more suffer from respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, eye diseases, and lung cancer. Further WHO attributes 1.3 million disability adjusted life years (DALY) to the use of solid fuels . Right behind unsafe water and inadequate sanitation, indoor air pollution is the second biggest environmental contributor to illness worldwide (WHO 2007[10]).
Although the estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is one of the lowest in the world, biomass is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. The natural growth of forests as well as afforestation measures are too low to meet the consumption of the population due to inefficient burning of biomass for cooking purposes and high population growths, putting pressure on the economic situation of biomass-purchasing households. Poor rural households have to spend a significant amount of time on biomass collection. Wastage of biomass is depriving the soil of nutrients, resulting in unsustainable low levels of organic matter in the soil.
The figure shows the distribution of the energy consumption of rural households. Nearly one half of the total consumption is for firewood.
Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings offer good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia.
Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse etc. This technology can be disseminated on a larger scale for electricity generation.
Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls.
Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracts. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 kW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with present installed capacity of 230 MW.
Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Potentialities of these sources are yet to be explored.
The government’s vision of electrifying the entire country by 2020 through grid expansion is not realistic due to inaccessibility and low consumer density in many rural areas, as well as financial constraints. To reach the government’s vision of universal electrification, renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy will have to play a vital role for off-grid electrification.
Within the reach of the national grid Bangladesh is still reeling under 600 - 1200 MW of ‘load-shedding’. A situation which deteriorates during irrigation seasons, when the demand-supply gap reaches up to 1500 MW. Domestic and industrial sectors consume about 43% and 44% electrical energy respectively, i.e. a total of about 87% of power consumption occurs in these two sectors. Out of this, a large part of electrical energy is consumed for lighting. All power sector experts acknowledge that the maximum power gap occurs primarily during the evening. A way to manage the evening load is the introduction of energy efficient lights/lighting systems.[12]
Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.
In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power.
In the Western Zone, Coal and imported liquid fuel is used for generation of electricity. The fuel cost per unit generation in the Western Zone is much higher than that of the Eastern Zone. Therefore, as a policy, low cost electricity generated in the Eastern Zone is transferred to the Western Zone through the 230 kV East-West Inter connector transmission line.
Bangladesh has signed a protocol deal with Russia on October 21, 2011 after series talks on cooperation in the field of peaceful usage of nuclear energy as the country plans to install a nuclear power plant in Pabna district, some 216 km northwest of capital Dhaka.
Currently 3% of the power generation is based on coal. In future, this share shall grow to 21% by 2020 and 50% by 2030 according to the seventh 5-years plan published in 2015. 8% (2020) and 10% (2030) shall be based on nuclear power. [18]
The Bangladeshi Energy Strategy of 1996 with its actualisation in 2002 is the main document of the promotion of RE It focusses on energy supply in rural areas. In December 2009 the "Renewable Energy Policy for Bangladesh was ratified. It was intended to integrate this policy paper into the New Energy Policy (NEP). The NEP was developed in 2006 by the "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme" in cooperation with the UNDP.
Furthermore a lot of procedures will be simplified and investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects will be facilitated.
The Power Division of Bangladesh Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources has announced and published the Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves (CAP) in November 2013. The target of CAP is o disseminate cookstoves to over 30 million households in Bangladesh by 2030. CAP defines ten priority interventions, to be implemented immediately:
As one of the measures to support this plan the government of Bangladesh has approved $ 4.4 million from their Climate Change Trust Fund to implement the Bondhu Chula (improved cookstove) program.
