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| | = Introduction = | | = Introduction = |
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| − | Liberia has currently a population of roughly 4.6 million people. It is estimated that 38% of the population has an income of less than US$1.90 a day. Poverty is considerably higher in rural areas than in urban areas. | + | Liberia has currently a population of roughly 4.6 million people. It is estimated that 38% of the population has an income of less than US$1.90 a day. Poverty is considerably higher in rural areas than in urban areas.<br/> |
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| − | [[Liberia Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
| + | Energy consumption in Liberia is dominated by biomass with a share of more than 80% of the used primary energy sources. Most important is woody biomass being used for domestic cooking and heating. In 2004, it was estimated that over 95% of the population depends on firewood and charcoal for cooking and heating needs and palm oil for lighting. The most recent Census (2008 data, published in 2009) shows that 70% of the urban population use charcoal for cooking and 5% of the rural population; 91% of the rural population use firewood for cooking and 21% of the urban population. In Monrovia, the percentage of households using charcoal is even higher, 85%. Around 2% of the population have access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (World Bank, 2014)<br/> |
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| − | <br/>
| + | Modern energy services based on electricity and petroleum products are predominantly used for economic production and transportation. In the households, the use of modern energy services consists mainly of kerosene, electricity, and liquefied petroleum gas for lighting, cooking, and entertainment. These are used by higher income households in urban areas.<br/> |
| − | | + | |
| − | = Energy Situation<br/> =
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Energy consumption in Liberia is dominated by biomass with a share of more than 80% of the used primary energy sources. Most important is woody biomass being used for domestic cooking and heating. In 2004, it was estimated that over 95% of the population depends on firewood and charcoal for cooking and heating needs and palm oil for lighting. The most recent Census (2008 data, published in 2009) shows that 70% of the urban population use charcoal for cooking and 5% of the rural population; 91% of the rural population use firewood for cooking and 21% of the urban population. In Monrovia, the percentage of households using charcoal is even higher, 85%. Around 2% of the population have access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (World Bank, 2014)<br/>Modern energy services based on electricity and petroleum products are predominantly used for economic production and transportation. In the households, the use of modern energy services consists mainly of kerosene, electricity, and liquefied petroleum gas for lighting, cooking, and entertainment. These are used by higher income households in urban areas.
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| | Historically, electricity was mainly provided in the capital of Monrovia; around 35,000 customers—almost 13 percent of the population—were served by 1989. Total installed electricity capacity was 191 MW. The generation mix was composed of hydropower from the plant at Mt. Coffee—with a supply capacity of 63 MW during the wet season and 5 MW during the dry season (six months)—and 31 percent HFO and 21 percent diesel. The utility LEC also handled the electricity supply of rural areas outside Monrovia through 10 small isolated power systems with a total installed capacity of 13 MW. | | Historically, electricity was mainly provided in the capital of Monrovia; around 35,000 customers—almost 13 percent of the population—were served by 1989. Total installed electricity capacity was 191 MW. The generation mix was composed of hydropower from the plant at Mt. Coffee—with a supply capacity of 63 MW during the wet season and 5 MW during the dry season (six months)—and 31 percent HFO and 21 percent diesel. The utility LEC also handled the electricity supply of rural areas outside Monrovia through 10 small isolated power systems with a total installed capacity of 13 MW. |
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| − | According to the data of the government and world bank, about 16.8% of urban residents and less than 2% of rural residents have currently electricity access largely from self-generation with gasoline or diesel generators using expensive imported fuel. The access rate to public electricity is roughly 1%. In March 2012 LEC served about 5,600 connections in Monrovia (around 2,500 residents from an estimated number of 210,000 households), In August 2012 already 11,000 customers are served by LEC. A baseline study carried out by Norad estimates that close to 90,000 households and businesses in Monrovia may be served by small gasoline and diesel generators.Imported electricity from Ivory Coast can be used by around 36000 persons in Nimba, Grand Gedeh, Maryland county. | + | According to the data of the government and world bank, about 16.8% of urban residents and less than 2% of rural residents have currently electricity access largely from self-generation with gasoline or diesel generators using expensive imported fuel. The access rate to public electricity is roughly 1%. In March 2012 LEC served about 5,600 connections in Monrovia (around 2,500 residents from an estimated number of 210,000 households), In August 2012 already 11,000 customers are served by LEC. A baseline study carried out by Norad estimates that close to 90,000 households and businesses in Monrovia may be served by small gasoline and diesel generators.Imported electricity from Ivory Coast can be used by around 36000 persons in Nimba, Grand Gedeh, Maryland county. [[Liberia Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
| − | <ins cite="mailto:Friederike%20Feuchte" datetime="2017-12-20T08:44"></ins>
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| − | [[Liberia Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] | + | |
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| − | = Renewable Energy Potentials in Liberia = | + | = Energy Potentials in Liberia = |
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| − | == Solar == | + | == Solar<br/> == |
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| − | The humid, tropical climate in Liberia shows relatively constant temperatures throughout the year, around the average of 27° C (81° F ), hardly ever outside the range of 20° C (68° F ) to 36° C (97° F ). In Liberia, monthly solar radiation on horizontal surface ranges from about 4 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day during the rainy season in June, July, August to 6 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day during the height of dry season in February and March. | + | The humid, tropical climate in Liberia shows relatively constant temperatures throughout the year, around the average of 27° C (81° F ), hardly ever outside the range of 20° C (68° F ) to 36° C (97° F ). In Liberia, monthly solar radiation on horizontal surface ranges from about 4 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day during the rainy season in June, July, August to 6 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day during the height of dry season in February and March.<br/> |
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| | This high and consistent potential for solar energy across the country adds to an average level of 1,712 kWh/m2/year, which could generate 1,400 to 1,500 kWh/kWp. | | This high and consistent potential for solar energy across the country adds to an average level of 1,712 kWh/m2/year, which could generate 1,400 to 1,500 kWh/kWp. |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | == Biomass == |
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| − | == Hydropower == | + | Some43% of the land is covered with forests (41790 square kilometers, World Bank 2015), thus there is no lack of trees in Liberia. There are 11 designated National Forests in the country (under limited protection), and two legally protected areas, Sapo National Park (approximately 149,000 ha) and East Nimba (about 15,000 ha). The FDA, Forest Development Authority has the exclusive rights to manage forest resources and focuses on large-scale concessions for timber extraction. |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/>The '''US''' '''national Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)''' studied biomass resources (other than forestry) in Liberia with a view how these resources could be used for energy purposes. NREL also indicated that the potential annual waste stream from logging operations - once they restart - could be very substantial, with an estimated 20 million m3 available (162,645 TJ/year), of which 10.9 million m3 at sawmills and the remainder at the logging site; most of that waste would be lost. The annual waste at the sawmills would be able to produce 100 million bags of charcoal, if all waste were convertible into charcoal; this is much more than is currently used in the country. |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/>NREL further estimates that of the total cropland in Liberia, 37% of the territory, only 6% is currently cultivated. The remaining cropland amounts to some 3 million hectares, which indicates that in addition to existing resources, there is a large potential for new crops including tree crops that could yield resources suitable for charcoal production. |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/>Large-scale rubber plantations (>800 ha) in Liberia today cover an area of approximately 58,000 hectares, some of which are in close vicinity of Monrovia; more land used to be under rubber trees as well: NREL estimates about 100,000 ha in total. Buchanan Renewables indicated that the area currently under rubber trees (all types of plantations combined) would be more like 250,000 ha, of which possibly one-third should be renewed soon. There are also smaller rubber plantations (5-800 ha), but these are generally perceived to have newer trees on their estates. In addition, there are numerous household plantations below 5 ha each.<br/>An active rubber plantation annually generates considerable amounts of wood residues from pruning and replanting activities, and charcoalers are known to use this for making charcoal. Trees need replacement after 25-30 years when these cease to be productive; approximately 81 dry tonnes of wood (trunks, branches) can be obtained per hectare of old trees (about 180 m3 of green wood). |
| | + | |
| | + | Oil palm trees are abundant in the coastal regions, on family plots, in the wild, and on abandoned plantations (30,000 ha). Most trees are at the end of their productive life. It is unknown if old trees are converted into charcoal.<br/>The average household farm is 1.2 ha, and 6% of the 353 thousand farms have coconut trees as a cash crop, 13% have oil palms, and 32% cacao trees. It is not known to what extent these trees contribute to charcoal production, but it is certain that it cannot be ignored.<br/> |
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| | + | == Hydropower<br/> == |
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| | Liberia has a rainy season between April and November, various rivers and a long sea coast. Yearly rainfall is around 510 cm (200 in) on the coast, 200 cm (80 in) inland. Average relative humidity is about 82% in the coastal area during the rainy season, and 78% to 50% in the dry season. | | Liberia has a rainy season between April and November, various rivers and a long sea coast. Yearly rainfall is around 510 cm (200 in) on the coast, 200 cm (80 in) inland. Average relative humidity is about 82% in the coastal area during the rainy season, and 78% to 50% in the dry season. |
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| | The potential for wind energy in Liberia is estimated to be relatively low. Although there might be some potential in coastal and mountainous regions, probably not enough for commercial exploitation; if at all, few sites might have the required minimum wind speed of 7m/s for wind power turbans plants. In the 2015 SE4All Action Agenda Report, Wind Generation in Liberia is projected to reach 0.47GWh in 2025. There is no assessment for wind energy or any recommendation to use wind energy in the Liberia Rural Energy Strategy and Masterplan. | | The potential for wind energy in Liberia is estimated to be relatively low. Although there might be some potential in coastal and mountainous regions, probably not enough for commercial exploitation; if at all, few sites might have the required minimum wind speed of 7m/s for wind power turbans plants. In the 2015 SE4All Action Agenda Report, Wind Generation in Liberia is projected to reach 0.47GWh in 2025. There is no assessment for wind energy or any recommendation to use wind energy in the Liberia Rural Energy Strategy and Masterplan. |
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| − | == Biomass == | + | == Fossil Fuels<br/> == |
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| − | Some43% of the land is covered with forests (41790 square kilometers, World Bank 2015), thus there is no lack of trees in Liberia. There are 11 designated National Forests in the country (under limited protection), and two legally protected areas, Sapo National Park (approximately 149,000 ha) and East Nimba (about 15,000 ha). The FDA, Forest Development Authority has the exclusive rights to manage forest resources and focuses on large-scale concessions for timber extraction.
| + | All fossil fuels consumed in Liberia are imported. <span><span><span><span></span></span>Liberia has someffshore oil blocks</span></span><span><span>from the continental shelf to water depths of 2500-4500 meters. The geology of the Liberian basin is complex, and finding oil will be extremely difficult and expensive. Since 2011, m</span></span><span><span>ultinational oil companies have received licences for <span><span>exploration activities.</span></span>Anadarko Petroleum, African Petroleum, Chevron and ExxonMobil signed productions sharing contracts (PSC) with the Liberian government. Some of these companies subsequently began exploratory drilling;10 wells have been drilled so far.</span></span><br/> |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>The '''US''' '''national Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)''' studied biomass resources (other than forestry) in Liberia with a view how these resources could be used for energy purposes. NREL also indicated that the potential annual waste stream from logging operations - once they restart - could be very substantial, with an estimated 20 million m3 available (162,645 TJ/year), of which 10.9 million m3 at sawmills and the remainder at the logging site; most of that waste would be lost. The annual waste at the sawmills would be able to produce 100 million bags of charcoal, if all waste were convertible into charcoal; this is much more than is currently used in the country. | + | <span><span><span><span>African Petroleum</span></span> announced that it has discovered a total of 32 metres (105 feet) of net oil pay in two zones in Liberia. ExxonMobil finally began drilling on November 22, 2016. ExxonMobil found no oil and announced on December 19, 2016 that there is not enough oil in the well to get more than the money required to invest in extracting the oil from the well. However, there was enough evidence in the rock samples that were extracted from the seafloor to keep Exxon investigating other spots in the blockwith cheaper exploration tools rather than drilling which can cost as much as $1m a day.<span><span></span></span></span></span><br/> |
| − | | + | |
| − | <br/>NREL further estimates that of the total cropland in Liberia, 37% of the territory, only 6% is currently cultivated. The remaining cropland amounts to some 3 million hectares, which indicates that in addition to existing resources, there is a large potential for new crops including tree crops that could yield resources suitable for charcoal production.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <br/>Large-scale rubber plantations (>800 ha) in Liberia today cover an area of approximately 58,000 hectares, some of which are in close vicinity of Monrovia; more land used to be under rubber trees as well: NREL estimates about 100,000 ha in total. Buchanan Renewables indicated that the area currently under rubber trees (all types of plantations combined) would be more like 250,000 ha, of which possibly one-third should be renewed soon. There are also smaller rubber plantations (5-800 ha), but these are generally perceived to have newer trees on their estates. In addition, there are numerous household plantations below 5 ha each.<br/>An active rubber plantation annually generates considerable amounts of wood residues from pruning and replanting activities, and charcoalers are known to use this for making charcoal. Trees need replacement after 25-30 years when these cease to be productive; approximately 81 dry tonnes of wood (trunks, branches) can be obtained per hectare of old trees (about 180 m3 of green wood). | + | |
| | | | |
| − | Oil palm trees are abundant in the coastal regions, on family plots, in the wild, and on abandoned plantations (30,000 ha). Most trees are at the end of their productive life. It is unknown if old trees are converted into charcoal.<br/>The average household farm is 1.2 ha, and 6% of the 353 thousand farms have coconut trees as a cash crop, 13% have oil palms, and 32% cacao trees. It is not known to what extent these trees contribute to charcoal production, but it is certain that it cannot be ignored.
| + | A number of oil companies have relinquished oil blocks, including Anadarko, Repsol and Tullow and recently African Petroleum. Market challenges and lack of interest in the Liberian oil basin due to the history of no discoveries of oil in commercial quantities in the basin.<br/> |
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| | [[Liberia Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] | | [[Liberia Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| | Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking is limited to around 2% of the population have a (World Bank, 2014). Improved cook stoves for charcoals (“Red Fire Pots”) have been introduced by GIZ/EnDev and are locally produced and sold mainly in Monrovia. | | Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking is limited to around 2% of the population have a (World Bank, 2014). Improved cook stoves for charcoals (“Red Fire Pots”) have been introduced by GIZ/EnDev and are locally produced and sold mainly in Monrovia. |
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| − | = '''Electricity Situation ''' = | + | = Electricity Situation = |
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| − | == '''Electricity Supply ''' == | + | == Electricity Supply == |
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| − | The installed generation capacity is 88MW hydroelectric facility Mount Coffee and 36MW Diesel facility on Bushrod Island, powering the main grid in Greater Monrovia operated by LEC. They had 22 MW of high speed diesel generation at the Bushrod Island facility, but most have been decommissioned, with only 5MW still operational, of which 2.5MW is available. Thus, in total LEC has 88MW of hydro, 38 HFO and 5MW LHO, bringing to a total 131 MW. | + | The installed generation capacity is 88MW hydroelectric facility Mount Coffee and 36MW Diesel facility on Bushrod Island, powering the main grid in Greater Monrovia operated by LEC. They had 22 MW of high speed diesel generation at the Bushrod Island facility, but most have been decommissioned, with only 5MW still operational, of which 2.5MW is available. Thus, in total LEC has 88MW of hydro, 38 HFO and 5MW LHO, bringing to a total 131 MW. A challenge is the insufficient transmission and distribution infrastructure, that is currently extended. |
| − | | + | |
| − | A challenge is the insufficient transmission and distribution infrastructure, that is currently extended. | + | |
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| + | |
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| − | In Nimba, Grand Gedeh and Maryland counties electricity is imported from Cote d’Ivoire reaching 36,000 persons by the end of July 2017 and is still rising. This cross-border project has been supported by the EU. | + | In Nimba, Grand Gedeh and Maryland counties electricity is imported from Cote d’Ivoire reaching 36,000 persons by the end of July 2017 and is still rising. This cross-border project has been supported by the EU. |
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| | A number of Government agencies, community organizations and private sector establishments in rural locations in several counties have been able to receive diesel generators, small hydropower or biomass plants and solar power systems through USAID, EU, the United Nations Development Programme, and some NGOs. | | A number of Government agencies, community organizations and private sector establishments in rural locations in several counties have been able to receive diesel generators, small hydropower or biomass plants and solar power systems through USAID, EU, the United Nations Development Programme, and some NGOs. |
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| | <br/>Liberia has considerable potential for hydroelectric power. At the onset of civil war there were three operational hydroelectric power plants in Liberia: Harbel (Firestone), 4MW; Mount Coffee (LEC), 64MW; and Yandahun (a community micro hydro in Lofa County), 30KW. The Mount Coffee and Yandahun plants were destroyed during the war, and have been reconstructed recently with higher capacities, . | | <br/>Liberia has considerable potential for hydroelectric power. At the onset of civil war there were three operational hydroelectric power plants in Liberia: Harbel (Firestone), 4MW; Mount Coffee (LEC), 64MW; and Yandahun (a community micro hydro in Lofa County), 30KW. The Mount Coffee and Yandahun plants were destroyed during the war, and have been reconstructed recently with higher capacities, . |
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| − | [[Liberia_Energy_Situation|Liberia Energy Situation]]
| + | '''Liberia Energy Situation''' |
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| − | == '''Mini-grids powered by renewable energies''' == | + | == Mini-grids powered by renewable energies == |
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| | The web portal [http://www.renewables-liberia.info www.renewables-liberia.info] compiles, coordinates and updates information and knowledge about renewable energy activities in Liberia. The continuously updated overview below is copied from [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/project-sector-strenthening/156-mini-grids-in-liberia www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/project-sector-strenthening/156-mini-grids-in-liberia]. | | The web portal [http://www.renewables-liberia.info www.renewables-liberia.info] compiles, coordinates and updates information and knowledge about renewable energy activities in Liberia. The continuously updated overview below is copied from [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/project-sector-strenthening/156-mini-grids-in-liberia www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/project-sector-strenthening/156-mini-grids-in-liberia]. |
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| | |} | | |} |
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| | + | <br/> |
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| − | == '''Electricity Consumption ''' == | + | == '''Electricity Consumption''' == |
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| | Almost 50% of Liberia’s population resides in rural areas, while most of the remaining live in and around the urban center of Monrovia. Rural households expend a significant amount of their meager incomes on inferior forms of energy such as candles, flashlights, and kerosene or oil lanterns for lighting. Higher fuel costs result from long transportation distances, fragmented delivery systems, and absence of economies of scale. | | Almost 50% of Liberia’s population resides in rural areas, while most of the remaining live in and around the urban center of Monrovia. Rural households expend a significant amount of their meager incomes on inferior forms of energy such as candles, flashlights, and kerosene or oil lanterns for lighting. Higher fuel costs result from long transportation distances, fragmented delivery systems, and absence of economies of scale. |
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| − | [[Liberia_Energy_Situation|Liberia Energy Situation]]
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| − | = Energy Policy, Strategy and Institutions<br/><br/> = | + | = Energy Policy, Strategy and Institutions = |
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| | The '''Government of Liberia (GOL)''' is considering energy access to the population, particularly to the previously neglected rural poor a cornerstone of its policy. The following overview of policies, strategies, legal and institutional framework is taken with friendly permission from [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/home/liberia-s-energy-landscape http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/home/liberia-s-energy-landscape]. | | The '''Government of Liberia (GOL)''' is considering energy access to the population, particularly to the previously neglected rural poor a cornerstone of its policy. The following overview of policies, strategies, legal and institutional framework is taken with friendly permission from [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/home/liberia-s-energy-landscape http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/home/liberia-s-energy-landscape]. |
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| | The RESMP covers 5 Programs, which consists of 21 Initiatives and 92 projects. For more information: [http://liberiaruralenergy.org http://liberiaruralenergy.org]. | | The RESMP covers 5 Programs, which consists of 21 Initiatives and 92 projects. For more information: [http://liberiaruralenergy.org http://liberiaruralenergy.org]. |
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| − | [[Liberia_Energy_Situation|Liberia Energy Situation]]
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| | == Legal framework == | | == Legal framework == |
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| | A '''Mini-Grid Code for Liberia '''is in the process to be developed to define legal, technical, quality of service, safety and other conditions through which future service providers will be authorized to offer commercial energy services. This is to ensure that electric service offered by future service providers complies with international best practices. | | A '''Mini-Grid Code for Liberia '''is in the process to be developed to define legal, technical, quality of service, safety and other conditions through which future service providers will be authorized to offer commercial energy services. This is to ensure that electric service offered by future service providers complies with international best practices. |
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| − | <br/><br/> | + | The '''Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Law and NOCAL Act''' of 2014 was approved in 2016 and replaced the National Oil Law of 2000. Commercial and regulatory functions in the petroleum are separated into two institutions: Liberia Petroleum Regulatory Authority (LPRA) and National Oil Company of Liberia (NOCAL). All petroleum contracts require competitive bidding. The law also outlines standards for royalties and other fees in production sharing contracts and requires companies to declare true owners and beneficial ownership disclosure. <br/> |
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| − | [[Liberia_Energy_Situation|Liberia Energy Situation]]
| |
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| | == Institutional Set Up == | | == Institutional Set Up == |
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| | The '''Rural and Renewable Energy Agency (RREA)''', is an autonomous agency (reporting to the president) mandated to commercially develop and provide modern energy services to rural Liberia with emphasis on utilizing available local renewable energy resources. The RREA’s mandate includes integrating energy into rural development planning; promotion of renewable energy technologies; facilitating delivery of energy products and services; and facilitating the funding of rural energy projects including managing a '''Rural Energy Fund (REFUND)''' for sustainable energy services financing, coordinating domestic and international financial resources. REFUND is not yet in place. | | The '''Rural and Renewable Energy Agency (RREA)''', is an autonomous agency (reporting to the president) mandated to commercially develop and provide modern energy services to rural Liberia with emphasis on utilizing available local renewable energy resources. The RREA’s mandate includes integrating energy into rural development planning; promotion of renewable energy technologies; facilitating delivery of energy products and services; and facilitating the funding of rural energy projects including managing a '''Rural Energy Fund (REFUND)''' for sustainable energy services financing, coordinating domestic and international financial resources. REFUND is not yet in place. |
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| − | The RREA also holds the Secretariat of the Rural Energy Working Group (REWG) that aims to monitor and coordinate activities towards rural electrification. The Steering Committee of the REWG started monthly meetings in October 2017 and includes the Secretariat (RREA), relevant GOL entities (MLME, LEC, MCC/MCA, RREA, EPA, MPW, MIA, etc.) and Development Partners (USAID, EU, WB, AfDB, SE/SIDA, MCA/MCC, GIZ/EnDev, etc.). | + | The RREA also holds the Secretariat of the '''Rural Energy Working Group (REWG)''' that aims to monitor and coordinate activities towards rural electrification. The Steering Committee of the REWG started monthly meetings in October 2017 and includes the Secretariat (RREA), relevant GOL entities (MLME, LEC, MCC/MCA, RREA, EPA, MPW, MIA, etc.) and Development Partners (USAID, EU, WB, AfDB, SE/SIDA, MCA/MCC, GIZ/EnDev, etc.). |
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| | The '''West African Power Pool''' ('''WAPP'''), founded in 2000, is a cooperation of national electricity companies in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The aim is to establish a reliable power grid for the region and a common market for electricity. In Liberia, WAPP is involved in the cross-border electricity transmission from Cote d’Ivoire. | | The '''West African Power Pool''' ('''WAPP'''), founded in 2000, is a cooperation of national electricity companies in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The aim is to establish a reliable power grid for the region and a common market for electricity. In Liberia, WAPP is involved in the cross-border electricity transmission from Cote d’Ivoire. |
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| − | The '''Government of Liberia (GOL)''' is considering energy access to the population, particularly to the previously neglected rural poor a cornerstone of its policy. | + | The '''Liberia Petroleum Regulatory Authority (LPRA) '''grants Reconnaissance License, Petroleum Agreement and License for Petroleum Transportation System. |
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| | + | The '''National Oil Company of Liberia (NOCAL) '''administers and controls the rights, title, and interest in oil and gas deposits and reserves in the Liberian territory. |
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| | = Internationally Funded Projects and Programmes = | | = Internationally Funded Projects and Programmes = |
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| − | The web portal [http://www.renewables-liberia.info www.renewables-liberia.info] compiles, coordinates and updates information and knowledge about renewable energy activities in Liberia. The continuously updated overview (copied below with friendly permission) and more detailed information of past and current development programs can be found at http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs. | + | The web portal [http://www.renewables-liberia.info www.renewables-liberia.info] compiles, coordinates and updates information and knowledge about renewable energy activities in Liberia. The continuously updated overview (copied below with friendly permission) and more detailed information of past and current development programs can be found at [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs]. |
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| | == Current programs or projects == | | == Current programs or projects == |
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| | |- | | |- |
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| − | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/36-projects/development-programs/175-regional-off-grid-electrification-project-rogep-ecree-world-bank Regional Off-Grid Electrification Project (ROGEP) – ECREE, World Bank] | + | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/36-projects/development-programs/175-regional-off-grid-electrification-project-rogep-ecree-world-bank Regional Off-Grid Electrification Project (ROGEP)] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | TA for off-grid market; loans for electricity service providers; Support to electrify public institutions. | | TA for off-grid market; loans for electricity service providers; Support to electrify public institutions. |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| − | ECREE
| + | ECREEE |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| − | 19 countries: 15 West Africa (including Liberia), 4 Sahel | + | 19 countries: 15 West Africa, 4 Sahel |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | World Bank | | World Bank |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2017- 2022 | | 2017- 2022 |
| | | | |
| Line 597: |
Line 594: |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/current-programs/117-liberia-renewable-energy-access-project-lirenap-rrea-worldbank LIRENAP] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/current-programs/117-liberia-renewable-energy-access-project-lirenap-rrea-worldbank LIRENAP] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | Hybrid hydropower and Diesel plant and grid in Lofa, Capacity Building; Market development of stand-alone solar systems | | Hybrid hydropower and Diesel plant and grid in Lofa, Capacity Building; Market development of stand-alone solar systems |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | RREA | | RREA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | Lofa, nation-wide | | Lofa, nation-wide |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | Strategic Climate Fund Grant, Worldbank | | Strategic Climate Fund Grant, Worldbank |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 28-Jan-2016 to 30-Jun-2021 | | 28-Jan-2016 to 30-Jun-2021 |
| | | | |
| Line 616: |
Line 613: |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/139-energising-development-liberia-giz-endev EnDev Liberia] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/139-energising-development-liberia-giz-endev EnDev Liberia] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | Strengthen Renewable Energy Sector, Promotion of solar technologies, Pico PV, cocoa solar dryers, improved cookstoves | | Strengthen Renewable Energy Sector, Promotion of solar technologies, Pico PV, cocoa solar dryers, improved cookstoves |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | GIZ/EnDev | | GIZ/EnDev |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | Nation-wide | | Nation-wide |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | Netherlands, Germany, UK, Australia, Norway, Swizzerland | | Netherlands, Germany, UK, Australia, Norway, Swizzerland |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2012-2018 | | 2012-2018 |
| | | | |
| Line 635: |
Line 632: |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/current-programs/119-light-up-liberia-mercy-corps-eu LUL] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/current-programs/119-light-up-liberia-mercy-corps-eu LUL] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | Curriculum Development, Market Facilitation, Financial service and Pico-grid installation | | Curriculum Development, Market Facilitation, Financial service and Pico-grid installation |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | Mercy Corps | | Mercy Corps |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | Margibi, Lofa, Nimba, Bong, Grand Bassa, Rural Montserrado, Gbarpolu, | | Margibi, Lofa, Nimba, Bong, Grand Bassa, Rural Montserrado, Gbarpolu, |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | EU | | EU |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | March 2016-2019 | | March 2016-2019 |
| | | | |
| Line 654: |
Line 651: |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/current-programs/61-light-up-our-futures LUOF] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/current-programs/61-light-up-our-futures LUOF] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | Solar electrifying five remote communities | | Solar electrifying five remote communities |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | PLAN International, VOSEIDA | | PLAN International, VOSEIDA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | Lofa | | Lofa |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | EU | | EU |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2015-2017 | | 2015-2017 |
| | | | |
| Line 673: |
Line 670: |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/project-plants/115-mt-coffee-hydropower-plant Mt. Coffee Hydropower Plant] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/project-plants/115-mt-coffee-hydropower-plant Mt. Coffee Hydropower Plant] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | Rehabilitation of hydropower plant (generating units, powerhouse, intake, dam and spillway) and reservoir, 132/66 kilovolt (kV) substation, two | | Rehabilitation of hydropower plant (generating units, powerhouse, intake, dam and spillway) and reservoir, 132/66 kilovolt (kV) substation, two |
| | | | |
| | 132/66 kV transmission lines, expansion of receiving substations in Monrovia. | | 132/66 kV transmission lines, expansion of receiving substations in Monrovia. |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | Manitoba Hydro International, Norplan Fichtner, Voith, Dawnus, Andritz, Ncc, Eltel, Psm Jv, Hydro Operation International | | Manitoba Hydro International, Norplan Fichtner, Voith, Dawnus, Andritz, Ncc, Eltel, Psm Jv, Hydro Operation International |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | Montserrado | | Montserrado |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | Norway (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Germany (KFW Development Bank, European Investment Bank), USA (Millenium Challenge Corporation), GoL | | Norway (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Germany (KFW Development Bank, European Investment Bank), USA (Millenium Challenge Corporation), GoL |
| | | | |
| − | | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | May 2012- Dec. 2017 | | May 2012- Dec. 2017 |
| | | | |
| Line 694: |
Line 691: |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/project-stand-alone-system/155-light-every-birth-we-care-solar-partners Light Every Birth (We Care Solar & partners)] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/project-stand-alone-system/155-light-every-birth-we-care-solar-partners Light Every Birth (We Care Solar & partners)] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | Solar suitcases for maternity wards | | Solar suitcases for maternity wards |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | We Care Solar, UNICEF, GIZ/EnDev, Africare, PHIL | | We Care Solar, UNICEF, GIZ/EnDev, Africare, PHIL |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | Nation-wide | | Nation-wide |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | UNDESA, UBS Optimus Foundation, Gilead Foundation and private donors | | UNDESA, UBS Optimus Foundation, Gilead Foundation and private donors |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2016-18 | | 2016-18 |
| | | | |
| Line 713: |
Line 710: |
| | Liberia Renewable Energy Project | | Liberia Renewable Energy Project |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | 9.34 MW mini-hydro power plant at Gbedin Falls | | 9.34 MW mini-hydro power plant at Gbedin Falls |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | Nimba county | | Nimba county |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | AfDB | | AfDB |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2018- | | 2018- |
| | | | |
| Line 732: |
Line 729: |
| | Concessions in South East | | Concessions in South East |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | TA on how private sector can be attracted to 5 major settlements in S.E. First financial pre-feasibility study - Gbanga prioritised | | TA on how private sector can be attracted to 5 major settlements in S.E. First financial pre-feasibility study - Gbanga prioritised |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | TBD | | TBD |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | South East: Cestos city, Greenville, Barclayville, Harper, Pleebo, Fish town, Zwedru, Tappita, and Gbarnga | | South East: Cestos city, Greenville, Barclayville, Harper, Pleebo, Fish town, Zwedru, Tappita, and Gbarnga |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | EU | | EU |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | ongoing | | ongoing |
| | | | |
| Line 751: |
Line 748: |
| | '''Power Africa - Beyond the Grid''' | | '''Power Africa - Beyond the Grid''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | Rehabilitation of Mt. Coffee hydroelectric plant, pilot projects, road rehabilitation | | Rehabilitation of Mt. Coffee hydroelectric plant, pilot projects, road rehabilitation |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | NRECA | | NRECA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | USAID | | USAID |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2015-March 2018 | | 2015-March 2018 |
| | | | |
| Line 770: |
Line 767: |
| | '''Technical Assistance for reduction of maternal mortality in Liberia''' | | '''Technical Assistance for reduction of maternal mortality in Liberia''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | Telemedicine support for midwives, trainings, solar installations, smartphones | | Telemedicine support for midwives, trainings, solar installations, smartphones |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | Epos, MoH, GIZ/EnDev | | Epos, MoH, GIZ/EnDev |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | Grand Gedeh | | Grand Gedeh |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | EU | | EU |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2017 | | 2017 |
| | | | |
| Line 789: |
Line 786: |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/current-programs/118-the-liberia-energy-efficiency-and-access-project-leeap-lec-multi-donor LEEAP] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/current-programs/118-the-liberia-energy-efficiency-and-access-project-leeap-lec-multi-donor LEEAP] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:132px" | | + | | style="width: 225px" | |
| | Constructing transmission and distribution lines, capacity building | | Constructing transmission and distribution lines, capacity building |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:70px" | | + | | style="width: 89px" | |
| | LEC | | LEC |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:88px" | | + | | style="width: 71px" | |
| | Montserrado, Bomi, River Gee, Maryland | | Montserrado, Bomi, River Gee, Maryland |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:89px" | | + | | style="width: 69px" | |
| | AfDB, TSF, NTF, EU, GEF, GoL | | AfDB, TSF, NTF, EU, GEF, GoL |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:80px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2017-2019 | | 2017-2019 |
| | | | |
| Line 808: |
Line 805: |
| | == Past development programs or projects == | | == Past development programs or projects == |
| | | | |
| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" | + | {| style="width: 753px" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width:122px" | | + | | style="width: 137px" | |
| | '''Name''' | | '''Name''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:151px" | | + | | style="width: 211px" | |
| | '''Key activities''' | | '''Key activities''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:90px" | | + | | style="width: 103px" | |
| | '''Implementer''' | | '''Implementer''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:87px" | | + | | style="width: 88px" | |
| | '''Region''' | | '''Region''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:85px" | | + | | style="width: 109px" | |
| | '''Funded by''' | | '''Funded by''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:64px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | '''Duration''' | | '''Duration''' |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width:122px" | | + | | style="width: 137px" | |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/152-the-lighting-lives-in-liberia-lll-project The Lighting Lives in Liberia (LLL) Project] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/152-the-lighting-lives-in-liberia-lll-project The Lighting Lives in Liberia (LLL) Project] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:151px" | | + | | style="width: 211px" | |
| | Solar electrifications, elaboration of regulations, market support for stand-alone solar systems. | | Solar electrifications, elaboration of regulations, market support for stand-alone solar systems. |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:90px" | | + | | style="width: 103px" | |
| | RREA | | RREA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:87px" | | + | | style="width: 88px" | |
| | Nationwide | | Nationwide |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:85px" | | + | | style="width: 109px" | |
| | Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust Fund Grant, World Bank. | | Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust Fund Grant, World Bank. |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:64px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2012-2017 | | 2012-2017 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width:122px" | | + | | style="width: 137px" | |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/42-projects/development-programs/development-programs-past/178-support-the-ministry-of-health-and-social-welfare-of-liberia-in-providing-renewable-energy-sources-to-rural-primary-health-care-facilities Renewable Energy Sources to Rural Primary Health Care Facilities] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/42-projects/development-programs/development-programs-past/178-support-the-ministry-of-health-and-social-welfare-of-liberia-in-providing-renewable-energy-sources-to-rural-primary-health-care-facilities Renewable Energy Sources to Rural Primary Health Care Facilities] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:151px" | | + | | style="width: 211px" | |
| | 204 health facilities in 15 counties received DC solar installations, 410 health facility staff were trained in maintenance of solar systems. | | 204 health facilities in 15 counties received DC solar installations, 410 health facility staff were trained in maintenance of solar systems. |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:90px" | | + | | style="width: 103px" | |
| | Merlin, Save the Children International- Liberia | | Merlin, Save the Children International- Liberia |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:87px" | | + | | style="width: 88px" | |
| | Nation-wide | | Nation-wide |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:85px" | | + | | style="width: 109px" | |
| | EU Energy Facility II and the Government of Liberia | | EU Energy Facility II and the Government of Liberia |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:64px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| Line 873: |
Line 870: |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width:122px" | | + | | style="width: 137px" | |
| | '''Cross-border Supply of Electricity to Rural Communities in Liberia from Cote d'Ivoire''' | | '''Cross-border Supply of Electricity to Rural Communities in Liberia from Cote d'Ivoire''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:151px" | | + | | style="width: 211px" | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:90px" | | + | | style="width: 103px" | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:87px" | | + | | style="width: 88px" | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:85px" | | + | | style="width: 109px" | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:64px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width:122px" | | + | | style="width: 137px" | |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/42-projects/development-programs/development-programs-past/179-developing-a-rural-energy-strategy-and-master-plan-for-liberia Developing a Rural Energy Strategy and Master Plan for Liberia] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/42-projects/development-programs/development-programs-past/179-developing-a-rural-energy-strategy-and-master-plan-for-liberia Developing a Rural Energy Strategy and Master Plan for Liberia] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:151px" | | + | | style="width: 211px" | |
| | Support RREA, developinto a strong, independent, efficient, and sustainable organisation capable of achieving Liberia’s target of increasing access to modern energy services in the rural areas. | | Support RREA, developinto a strong, independent, efficient, and sustainable organisation capable of achieving Liberia’s target of increasing access to modern energy services in the rural areas. |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:90px" | | + | | style="width: 103px" | |
| | RREA | | RREA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:87px" | | + | | style="width: 88px" | |
| | Monrovia, Lofa, general | | Monrovia, Lofa, general |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:85px" | | + | | style="width: 109px" | |
| | EU | | EU |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:64px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | August 2011 to April 2016 | | August 2011 to April 2016 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width:122px" | | + | | style="width: 137px" | |
| | '''Advancing Youth Project''' | | '''Advancing Youth Project''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:151px" | | + | | style="width: 211px" | |
| | Increased access to basic education, skills training for out-of-school youth, solar installations in 142 public schools | | Increased access to basic education, skills training for out-of-school youth, solar installations in 142 public schools |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:90px" | | + | | style="width: 103px" | |
| | EDC | | EDC |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:87px" | | + | | style="width: 88px" | |
| | Montserrado, Margibi Bong, Lofa, Nimba, Grand Bassa | | Montserrado, Margibi Bong, Lofa, Nimba, Grand Bassa |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:85px" | | + | | style="width: 109px" | |
| | USAID | | USAID |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:64px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2011-2016 | | 2011-2016 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width:122px" | | + | | style="width: 137px" | |
| | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/138-liberia-energy-sector-support-program-lessp-usaid-2010-2014 More about LESSP] | | [http://www.renewables-liberia.info/index.php/projects-new/programs/138-liberia-energy-sector-support-program-lessp-usaid-2010-2014 More about LESSP] |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:151px" | | + | | style="width: 211px" | |
| | Capacity building, four pilot projects electrifying rural communities with renewable energies (biomass, hydro, solar) | | Capacity building, four pilot projects electrifying rural communities with renewable energies (biomass, hydro, solar) |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:90px" | | + | | style="width: 103px" | |
| | Winrock International received | | Winrock International received |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:87px" | | + | | style="width: 88px" | |
| | Lofa, Nimba, Bong | | Lofa, Nimba, Bong |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:85px" | | + | | style="width: 109px" | |
| | USAID | | USAID |
| | | | |
| − | | style="width:64px" | | + | | style="width: 84px" | |
| | 2010-2014 | | 2010-2014 |
| | | | |
| Line 964: |
Line 961: |
| | *[http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pdacu973.pdf Min-Term Evaluation of the Liberian Energy Sector Support Program, USAIN(2013)] | | *[http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pdacu973.pdf Min-Term Evaluation of the Liberian Energy Sector Support Program, USAIN(2013)] |
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| − | [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/Resources/717305-1266613906108/Liberia_Energy_ESW_11-4-11web.pdf Options for the Development of Liberia’s Energy Sector (2012)] | + | [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/Resources/717305-1266613906108/Liberia_Energy_ESW_11-4-11web.pdf Options for the Development of Liberia’s Energy Sector (2012)] |
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| | <br/>[[Liberia Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] | | <br/>[[Liberia Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
Liberia has currently a population of roughly 4.6 million people. It is estimated that 38% of the population has an income of less than US$1.90 a day. Poverty is considerably higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
Energy consumption in Liberia is dominated by biomass with a share of more than 80% of the used primary energy sources. Most important is woody biomass being used for domestic cooking and heating. In 2004, it was estimated that over 95% of the population depends on firewood and charcoal for cooking and heating needs and palm oil for lighting. The most recent Census (2008 data, published in 2009) shows that 70% of the urban population use charcoal for cooking and 5% of the rural population; 91% of the rural population use firewood for cooking and 21% of the urban population. In Monrovia, the percentage of households using charcoal is even higher, 85%. Around 2% of the population have access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (World Bank, 2014)
Modern energy services based on electricity and petroleum products are predominantly used for economic production and transportation. In the households, the use of modern energy services consists mainly of kerosene, electricity, and liquefied petroleum gas for lighting, cooking, and entertainment. These are used by higher income households in urban areas.
Historically, electricity was mainly provided in the capital of Monrovia; around 35,000 customers—almost 13 percent of the population—were served by 1989. Total installed electricity capacity was 191 MW. The generation mix was composed of hydropower from the plant at Mt. Coffee—with a supply capacity of 63 MW during the wet season and 5 MW during the dry season (six months)—and 31 percent HFO and 21 percent diesel. The utility LEC also handled the electricity supply of rural areas outside Monrovia through 10 small isolated power systems with a total installed capacity of 13 MW.
According to the data of the government and world bank, about 16.8% of urban residents and less than 2% of rural residents have currently electricity access largely from self-generation with gasoline or diesel generators using expensive imported fuel. The access rate to public electricity is roughly 1%. In March 2012 LEC served about 5,600 connections in Monrovia (around 2,500 residents from an estimated number of 210,000 households), In August 2012 already 11,000 customers are served by LEC. A baseline study carried out by Norad estimates that close to 90,000 households and businesses in Monrovia may be served by small gasoline and diesel generators.Imported electricity from Ivory Coast can be used by around 36000 persons in Nimba, Grand Gedeh, Maryland county. ►Go to Top
The humid, tropical climate in Liberia shows relatively constant temperatures throughout the year, around the average of 27° C (81° F ), hardly ever outside the range of 20° C (68° F ) to 36° C (97° F ). In Liberia, monthly solar radiation on horizontal surface ranges from about 4 kWh/m2/day during the rainy season in June, July, August to 6 kWh/m2/day during the height of dry season in February and March.
This high and consistent potential for solar energy across the country adds to an average level of 1,712 kWh/m2/year, which could generate 1,400 to 1,500 kWh/kWp.
Some43% of the land is covered with forests (41790 square kilometers, World Bank 2015), thus there is no lack of trees in Liberia. There are 11 designated National Forests in the country (under limited protection), and two legally protected areas, Sapo National Park (approximately 149,000 ha) and East Nimba (about 15,000 ha). The FDA, Forest Development Authority has the exclusive rights to manage forest resources and focuses on large-scale concessions for timber extraction.
Oil palm trees are abundant in the coastal regions, on family plots, in the wild, and on abandoned plantations (30,000 ha). Most trees are at the end of their productive life. It is unknown if old trees are converted into charcoal.
The average household farm is 1.2 ha, and 6% of the 353 thousand farms have coconut trees as a cash crop, 13% have oil palms, and 32% cacao trees. It is not known to what extent these trees contribute to charcoal production, but it is certain that it cannot be ignored.
Liberia has a rainy season between April and November, various rivers and a long sea coast. Yearly rainfall is around 510 cm (200 in) on the coast, 200 cm (80 in) inland. Average relative humidity is about 82% in the coastal area during the rainy season, and 78% to 50% in the dry season.
According to the Rural Energy Strategy and Masterplan, hydropower potential of 2 300 MW has been identified in Liberia. This potential is mainly on large rivers with high mean annual flow and low heads. Several locations have heads and flows above 50 m3/s, thus good for above 5 MW hydro schemes. However, the potential varies between rainy season and dry season.
The potential for wind energy in Liberia is estimated to be relatively low. Although there might be some potential in coastal and mountainous regions, probably not enough for commercial exploitation; if at all, few sites might have the required minimum wind speed of 7m/s for wind power turbans plants. In the 2015 SE4All Action Agenda Report, Wind Generation in Liberia is projected to reach 0.47GWh in 2025. There is no assessment for wind energy or any recommendation to use wind energy in the Liberia Rural Energy Strategy and Masterplan.
All fossil fuels consumed in Liberia are imported. Liberia has someffshore oil blocksfrom the continental shelf to water depths of 2500-4500 meters. The geology of the Liberian basin is complex, and finding oil will be extremely difficult and expensive. Since 2011, multinational oil companies have received licences for exploration activities.Anadarko Petroleum, African Petroleum, Chevron and ExxonMobil signed productions sharing contracts (PSC) with the Liberian government. Some of these companies subsequently began exploratory drilling;10 wells have been drilled so far.
A number of oil companies have relinquished oil blocks, including Anadarko, Repsol and Tullow and recently African Petroleum. Market challenges and lack of interest in the Liberian oil basin due to the history of no discoveries of oil in commercial quantities in the basin.
Charcoal production and commercialization are entirely run by private operators and community-based organizations. There are no firm data on firewood consumption in Liberia, but findings from a survey conducted by CSET in 2004 indicate that scarcity of firewood could become a serious problem in some parts of Liberia, especially in Montserrado County.
Annual consumption of firewood is estimated to be 1 m³ per person and year. In some rural areas it can go up to 18m3 per household. Forecast for the country estimates an annual increase in demand of about 0.6 m³ per household. Other estimates foresee an annual increase in demand of about 0,43 m³ per person. On the other hand, most rural household use firewood that is collected from their immediate surroundings, consisting mainly of dead wood, branches, etc., Although more households are using firewood than charcoal, the number of trees available is so large and the population density is relatively low so that it is reasonable to assume that the collection of firewood does not pose a problem in the short and medium run. The potential for serious environmental damage to wood resources as a result of charcoal production is more severe.
Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking is limited to around 2% of the population have a (World Bank, 2014). Improved cook stoves for charcoals (“Red Fire Pots”) have been introduced by GIZ/EnDev and are locally produced and sold mainly in Monrovia.
The installed generation capacity is 88MW hydroelectric facility Mount Coffee and 36MW Diesel facility on Bushrod Island, powering the main grid in Greater Monrovia operated by LEC. They had 22 MW of high speed diesel generation at the Bushrod Island facility, but most have been decommissioned, with only 5MW still operational, of which 2.5MW is available. Thus, in total LEC has 88MW of hydro, 38 HFO and 5MW LHO, bringing to a total 131 MW. A challenge is the insufficient transmission and distribution infrastructure, that is currently extended.
In Nimba, Grand Gedeh and Maryland counties electricity is imported from Cote d’Ivoire reaching 36,000 persons by the end of July 2017 and is still rising. This cross-border project has been supported by the EU.
A number of Government agencies, community organizations and private sector establishments in rural locations in several counties have been able to receive diesel generators, small hydropower or biomass plants and solar power systems through USAID, EU, the United Nations Development Programme, and some NGOs.
The number of households using solar PV systems in Liberia is not known, but remains small. Only one small wind turbine has been noticed in Monrovia. Currently, there are no data on the number of people using stand alone diesel plants in the country. With regard to electricity access by household, The Liberia Electricity Company (LEC) has some scattered data on the capitals of the counties. Due largely to expensive diesel production, Liberia had one of the highest public tariffs in the world (in October 2012 $0.52/kWh). Since the hydropower plant is operational, the tariff has dropped ($0.39/kWh to $0.45/kWh in 2017) The cost of self-generation is estimated at not less than US $0.75/kWh.
According to the World Fact book (CIA) electricity consumption is about 39 million kWh (2016 est.) Based on a 2014 household survey, only 4.5% of Liberians use Liberia Electricity Corporation (LEC)power. 4.9% use a community generator, 4.4% have their own generator, 3.9% use vehicle batteries, and 0.8% use other sources of electricity. 81.3% have no access to electricity. LEC accounts for roughly 70 million kWh of ouput. (2016 est.)
9.1% of the population have access to electricity, 16.8% or urban population and 1.7% of rural population (World Bank, 2014)
Almost 50% of Liberia’s population resides in rural areas, while most of the remaining live in and around the urban center of Monrovia. Rural households expend a significant amount of their meager incomes on inferior forms of energy such as candles, flashlights, and kerosene or oil lanterns for lighting. Higher fuel costs result from long transportation distances, fragmented delivery systems, and absence of economies of scale.
The Government, through the Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy (MLME) adopted its energy strategy and relevant targets (access, capacity, generation, energy security) in the National Energy Policy for Liberia (NEPL) in May 2009. The principal objective of the National Energy Policy is to ensure universal access to modern energy services in an affordable, sustainable and environmentally-friendly manner in order to foster the economic, political, and social development of Liberia. This is to be achieved by good governance and ensuring financial transparency in all sector transactions, overcoming the significant obstacles to private sector investment in energy supply; and creating the requisite institutional and legal framework and an independent regulatory regime.
As a member state of ECOWAS, Liberia subscribed and participated in the adoption of the ECOWAS policies on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RE&EE) to be implemented at the national level.
In 2016, the Rural Energy Strategy and Master Plan For Liberia (RESMP) was presented and published under http://liberiaruralenergy.org.
The RESMP aims to achieve the GoL’s rural electrification access rate of 35% by 2030, benefitting about 1.3 million people.
The RESMP covers 5 Programs, which consists of 21 Initiatives and 92 projects. For more information: http://liberiaruralenergy.org.
