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| | = Overview<br/> = | | = Overview<br/> = |
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| − | In [[India_Energy_Situation|India]] [[Photovoltaic_(PV)|Photovoltaic (PV)]] pumping is most commonly known as '''SPV pumping'''. | + | In [[India Energy Situation|India]] [[Photovoltaic (PV)|Photovoltaic (PV)]] pumping is most commonly known as '''SPV pumping'''. |
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| − | ► Find here more [[Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping|generell information about Photovoltaic (PV) pumping (costs, drinking water and irrigation covered)]] | + | ► Find here more [[Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping|generell information about Photovoltaic (PV) pumping (costs, drinking water and irrigation covered)]] |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | = The Technology<br/> = | | = The Technology<br/> = |
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| − | <u>A SPV system consits of the following parts:</u> | + | <u>A SPV system consists of the following parts:</u> |
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| | *PV array | | *PV array |
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| | <u>Suitable applications of PV pumps especially with certain irrigation methods<ref>CADDET (2001): Solar Pumping in India: http://www.caddet-re.org/assets/no152.pdf</ref></u>: | | <u>Suitable applications of PV pumps especially with certain irrigation methods<ref>CADDET (2001): Solar Pumping in India: http://www.caddet-re.org/assets/no152.pdf</ref></u>: |
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| − | *drip irrigation, where water is distributed by a grid of perforated placti tubes | + | *drip irrigation, where water is distributed by a grid of perforated plastic tubes |
| | *hose-basin irrigation, where water is collected in a basin and distributed by hoses | | *hose-basin irrigation, where water is collected in a basin and distributed by hoses |
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| | *proximity to the pumps (less stress on distribution network and reduced T&D losses and costs for utilities, if grid is available) | | *proximity to the pumps (less stress on distribution network and reduced T&D losses and costs for utilities, if grid is available) |
| | *reliable, silent, clean and long life-span | | *reliable, silent, clean and long life-span |
| − | *relaitvly little maintenance and easy to operate | + | *relatively little maintenance and easy to operate |
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| | Purohit (2007)<ref>Pallav Purohit (2007):Financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India. Energy Policy. Volume 35, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 3134–3144</ref> evaluated the financial attractiveness of different renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India. <u>He calculated the following unit costs for water for SVP pumping systems, diesel engine pump sets and electric moor pump sets:</u> | | Purohit (2007)<ref>Pallav Purohit (2007):Financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India. Energy Policy. Volume 35, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 3134–3144</ref> evaluated the financial attractiveness of different renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India. <u>He calculated the following unit costs for water for SVP pumping systems, diesel engine pump sets and electric moor pump sets:</u> |
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| − | Subsidiesed SPV pump sets are competitive with diesel operated systems. Yet, they are not competitive with grid electricity.
| + | Subsidised SPV pump sets are competitive with diesel operated systems. Yet, they are not competitive with grid electricity. |
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| − | '''2. elecric motor pump''' | + | '''2. electric motor pump''' |
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| | = Research and Pilot Schemes<br/> = | | = Research and Pilot Schemes<br/> = |
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| − | '''Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) Scheme'''<ref>CADDET (2001): Solar Pumping in India: http://www.caddet-re.org/assets/no152.pdf</ref><ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref><ref>HWWI (2005): CDM potential of SPV pumps in India. http://www.hwwi.org/uploads/tx_wilpubdb/HWWI_Research_Paper_4.pdf</ref> | + | '''Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) Scheme'''<ref>CADDET (2001): Solar Pumping in India: http://www.caddet-re.org/assets/no152.pdf</ref><ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=15&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=245</ref><ref>HWWI (2005): CDM potential of SPV pumps in India. http://www.hwwi.org/uploads/tx_wilpubdb/HWWI_Research_Paper_4.pdf</ref> |
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| | Pilot programme by the Indian Government, managed by IREDA, as preparation for a full scale programme with the goal to disseminate 50,000 pumps in 5 years (not achieved). | | Pilot programme by the Indian Government, managed by IREDA, as preparation for a full scale programme with the goal to disseminate 50,000 pumps in 5 years (not achieved). |
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| − | '''Aims:''' commerzialisation, technology upgrade, system cost reduction, large scale deployment and prodcution, facilitate marketing infrastructure | + | '''Aims:''' commercialisation, technology upgrade, system cost reduction, large scale deployment and production, facilitate marketing infrastructure |
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| | *1993 - 1994 demonstration programme: 500 PV-driven electric pumps (other sources state 1000) (10 different systems were used in various combinations, throughout all of India) | | *1993 - 1994 demonstration programme: 500 PV-driven electric pumps (other sources state 1000) (10 different systems were used in various combinations, throughout all of India) |
| − | *full scale programme: cumulative achievments by 2007: 7,068 systems installed | + | *full scale programme: cumulative achievements by 2007: 7,068 systems installed |
| | *from 2004 onwards only for community drinking water projects | | *from 2004 onwards only for community drinking water projects |
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| | *MNES provided FA and interest subsidy for user loan | | *MNES provided FA and interest subsidy for user loan |
| | *IREDA provided FA received from MNES & user loan from its own resources | | *IREDA provided FA received from MNES & user loan from its own resources |
| − | *Intrmediaries procure pumping systems for installation at user's site and reimbursement from tom IREDA | + | *Intermediaries procure pumping systems for installation at user's site and reimbursement from tom IREDA |
| − | *Manufaturer/Supplier - supplied and maintain the system to the intermediary | + | *Manufacturer/Supplier - supplied and maintain the system to the intermediary |
| − | *End Users (elligibility according to MNRE guidelines) received the pump for installation at his site at concessional price. | + | *End Users (eligibility according to MNRE guidelines) received the pump for installation at his site at concessional price. |
| | *Promotion campaign by IREDA & MNRE | | *Promotion campaign by IREDA & MNRE |
| | *Training programmes by manufacturers/IREDA /MNRE | | *Training programmes by manufacturers/IREDA /MNRE |
| − | *Testing &Certification by Solar Energy Centre/MNRE approved regional test centers | + | *Testing & Certification by Solar Energy Centre/MNRE approved regional test centers |
| | *29 states covered | | *29 states covered |
| | *cooperation with 9 vendors | | *cooperation with 9 vendors |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | '''Punjab Energy Development Agenvy (PEDA) Model<ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref> - example of one approach by a state under this programme''' | + | '''Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) Model<ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India:http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=15&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=245</ref> - example of one approach by a state under this programme''' |
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| | *systems: 1800 W, 2hp DC motor pump for irrigation of 5 - 8 acres | | *systems: 1800 W, 2hp DC motor pump for irrigation of 5 - 8 acres |
| − | *Site identification by SNAs/manufacturers/suppliers according to MNRE guidelines - based on water table and land holding, allocations in cluserters to facilitate service and maintenance. | + | *Site identification by SNAs/manufacturers/suppliers according to MNRE guidelines - based on water table and land holding, allocations in clusters to facilitate service and maintenance. |
| | *Maintenance - a 5 year maintenance contract by suppliers was required | | *Maintenance - a 5 year maintenance contract by suppliers was required |
| | *2 phases of 500 SPV each | | *2 phases of 500 SPV each |
| − | *==> following PEDAs success, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh (also drinking water), Rajasthan and Tripure (and more?) have taken up projects | + | *==> following PEDAs success, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh (also drinking water), Rajasthan and Tripura (and more?) have taken up projects |
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| | In India 35% of SVP pumps are used for drinking water, 65% for agricultural purposes. | | In India 35% of SVP pumps are used for drinking water, 65% for agricultural purposes. |
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| − | Two sizes of SPV pumps (0.9 and 1.8 kW''<sub>p</sub>'') are most commonly commercially available in India. The financial incentives provided by government are available for purchasing only one pump. Therefore, in the initial phase of dissemination it was assumed that a farmer will install either of the two pumps depending upon his need and affordability. <ref>Atul Kumara and Tara C. (2004): KandpalbRenewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India: A preliminary attempt towards potential estimation.Energy. Volume 32, Issue 5, May 2007, Pages 861–870</ref> Yet, the smaller system was found inadquate for most crops, the larger system with 2hp DV motor was mostly used | + | Two sizes of SPV pumps (0.9 and 1.8 kW''<sub>p</sub>'') are most commonly commercially available in India. The financial incentives provided by government are available for purchasing only one pump. Therefore, in the initial phase of dissemination it was assumed that a farmer will install either of the two pumps depending upon his need and affordability. <ref>Atul Kumara and Tara C. (2004): KandpalbRenewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India: A preliminary attempt towards potential estimation.Energy. Volume 32, Issue 5, May 2007, Pages 861–870</ref> Yet, the smaller system was found inadequate for most crops, the larger system with 2hp DV motor was mostly used |
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| | <u>Several different estimates on the potential of SPV pumps exist:</u> | | <u>Several different estimates on the potential of SPV pumps exist:</u> |
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| − | Starting form the total connected load for agricultural pump sets, which will be around 100 GW 2022, a huge market lies open for SPV pumps to be tackled. At the same time, heavily subsidies electricity for agricultural purposes (expected to be 50 USD billion in 2021-2022, if trend continues) is a major cost burden for the utilities and hampers to dissemination of SPV pumps. Still, KPMG estimates that around '''16 GW''' could be provided '''through PV-driven pumps''', if supported adequately by MNRE before SPV pumping will reach grid parity and will conquer the market eventually.<ref>KPMG (2011) The Rising Sung: http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/The_Rising_Sun_full.pdf</ref> | + | Starting from the total connected load for agricultural pump sets, which will be around 100 GW 2022, a huge market lies open for SPV pumps to be tackled. At the same time, heavily subsidies electricity for agricultural purposes (expected to be 50 USD billion in 2021-2022, if trend continues) is a major cost burden for the utilities and hampers to dissemination of SPV pumps. Still, KPMG estimates that around '''16 GW''' could be provided '''through PV-driven pumps''', if supported adequately by MNRE before SPV pumping will reach grid parity and will conquer the market eventually.<ref>KPMG (2011) The Rising Sung: http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/The_Rising_Sun_full.pdf</ref> |
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| − | [http://www.hwwi.org/uploads/tx_wilpubdb/HWWI_Research_Paper_4.pdf HWWI estimated the CDM potential] of SPV pumping in India. According to their sources, there are reportedly more than 15 million electric and 6 million diesel irrigation pumpsets in operation. The potential '''number of SPV pumps''' is estimated at '''70 million''', with extending irrigation support to untapped markets.<ref>HWWI (2005): CDM potential of SPV pumps in India. http://www.hwwi.org/uploads/tx_wilpubdb/HWWI_Research_Paper_4.pdf</ref> | + | [http://www.hwwi.org/uploads/tx_wilpubdb/HWWI_Research_Paper_4.pdf HWWI estimated the CDM potential] of SPV pumping in India. According to their sources, there are reportedly more than 15 million electric and 6 million diesel irrigation pump sets in operation. The potential '''number of SPV pumps''' is estimated at '''70 million''', with extending irrigation support to untapped markets.<ref>HWWI (2005): CDM potential of SPV pumps in India. http://www.hwwi.org/uploads/tx_wilpubdb/HWWI_Research_Paper_4.pdf</ref> |
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| − | Kumara and Tara (2004) have lesser expectations: Potential number of SPV pumps are estimated at '''6.03 million''' (out of which 4.29 million are of capacity of 1.8 kW''<sub>p</sub>'' and the balance 1.74 million of capacity of 0.9 kW''<sub>p</sub>''). With 1.06 million SPV pumps the state of Maharastra in India has highest utilization potential closely followed by Madhya Pradesh (0.99 million). Since the percentage share of marginal and small farmers is very high in the states of Kerala and West Bengal, in spite of large area with ground water table of less than 10 m in these states, the estimated potential of SPV pumps is very low as compared to the total number of farmers. Moreover, due to larger number of smaller land holdings in Kerala and West Bengal, the potential number of 0.9 kW''<sub>p</sub>'' SPV pumps is much higher than that of 1.8 kW''<sub>p</sub>'' SPV pumps. In other states it is just the reverse as the land holding are larger.<ref>Atul Kumara and Tara C. (2004): KandpalbRenewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India: A preliminary attempt towards potential estimation.Energy. Volume 32, Issue 5, May 2007, Pages 861–870</ref> | + | Kumara and Tara (2004) have lesser expectations: Potential number of SPV pumps are estimated at '''6.03 million''' (out of which 4.29 million are of capacity of 1.8 kW''<sub>p</sub>'' and the balance 1.74 million of capacity of 0.9 kW''<sub>p</sub>''). With 1.06 million SPV pumps the state of Maharashtra in India has highest utilization potential closely followed by Madhya Pradesh (0.99 million). Since the percentage share of marginal and small farmers is very high in the states of Kerala and West Bengal, in spite of large area with ground water table of less than 10 m in these states, the estimated potential of SPV pumps is very low as compared to the total number of farmers. Moreover, due to larger number of smaller land holdings in Kerala and West Bengal, the potential number of 0.9 kW''<sub>p</sub>'' SPV pumps is much higher than that of 1.8 kW''<sub>p</sub>'' SPV pumps. In other states it is just the reverse as the land holding are larger.<ref>Atul Kumara and Tara C. (2004): KandpalbRenewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India: A preliminary attempt towards potential estimation.Energy. Volume 32, Issue 5, May 2007, Pages 861–870</ref> |
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| − | Despite the differences in estimates, the bottom line stays the same - the technical potential of SPV pumping in India is huge and the market has bearly started to develop.. | + | Despite the differences in estimates, the bottom line stays the same - the technical potential of SPV pumping in India is huge and the market has barely started to develop.. |
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| | = Market Support Mechanisms<br/> = | | = Market Support Mechanisms<br/> = |
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| − | *'''[http://www.ireda.gov.in/SPV Water PumpingFaq.asp MNRE/IREDA]'s solar water pumping programme'''<ref>IREDA http://www.ireda.gov.in/SPV%20Water%20PumpingFaq.asp </ref> <ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref>for agricultural irrigation and drinking water supply | + | *'''[http://www.ireda.gov.in/SPV Water PumpingFaq.asp MNRE/IREDA]'s solar water pumping programme'''<ref>IREDA http://www.ireda.gov.in/SPV%20Water%20PumpingFaq.asp </ref> <ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=15&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=245</ref>for agricultural irrigation and drinking water supply |
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| − | systems available: 200 W-3000 W (capacitoy of motor pump 0.5 hp to 2 hp), subsidized costs varies between Rs. 190,000 - 270,000, depending on supplier and model. Subsidy and soft loans are provided (see above for the structure), which have been adjusted over the years. | + | systems available: 200 W-3000 W (capacity of motor pump 0.5 hp to 2 hp), subsidized costs varies between Rs. 190,000 - 270,000, depending on supplier and model. Subsidy and soft loans are provided (see above for the structure), which have been adjusted over the years. |
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| | | style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | | | | style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| − | '''maxmimum subsidy''' | + | '''maximum subsidy''' |
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| | | style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | | | | style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
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| | = Remaining Bottlenecks for Large-scale Application<br/> = | | = Remaining Bottlenecks for Large-scale Application<br/> = |
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| − | '''Lessons Learnt and recommendations''' <ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref><ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref> | + | '''Lessons Learnt and recommendations''' <ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=15&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=245</ref><ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=15&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=245</ref> |
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| | *Training of farmers/users is essential | | *Training of farmers/users is essential |
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| | '''Financing''' | | '''Financing''' |
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| − | *high initial investment is still mayor barrier - The unit cost is substantially higher for PV pumps as compared to the corresponding values for diesel or electric pumps, if no susidy is available.<ref>Pallav Purohit (2007):Financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India. Energy Policy. Volume 35, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 3134–3144fckLR</ref> | + | *high initial investment is still mayor barrier - The unit cost is substantially higher for PV pumps as compared to the corresponding values for diesel or electric pumps, if no subsidy is available.<ref>Pallav Purohit (2007):Financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India. Energy Policy. Volume 35, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 3134–3144</ref> |
| | *partnerships between key actors incl. rural financial institutions, product and service suppliers, consumer groups etc.) are essential | | *partnerships between key actors incl. rural financial institutions, product and service suppliers, consumer groups etc.) are essential |
| | *commerzialization is essential for sustainable market growth, yet subsidies or other means of government support are needed till competitive prices are reached | | *commerzialization is essential for sustainable market growth, yet subsidies or other means of government support are needed till competitive prices are reached |
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| | '''Product''' | | '''Product''' |
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| − | *cost effectivenes, high reliability and quality assurance necessary | + | *cost effectiveness, high reliability and quality assurance necessary |
| | *further R&D and technology development needed - efficiency improvements already achieved: solar cell 10% to 16%, pumps 30% to 40-45% | | *further R&D and technology development needed - efficiency improvements already achieved: solar cell 10% to 16%, pumps 30% to 40-45% |
| | *standardization and quality control need to be improved | | *standardization and quality control need to be improved |
| | *availability of spare parts, blocked pump foot valves and broken modules are the most common technical issues | | *availability of spare parts, blocked pump foot valves and broken modules are the most common technical issues |
| | *large variation in products available on the market (both cost and quality wise) | | *large variation in products available on the market (both cost and quality wise) |
| − | *misuse of the PV system for lighting and TV seems to be irresistable | + | *misuse of the PV system for lighting and TV seems to be irresistible |
| | *danger of theft (esp. lease financed cases) | | *danger of theft (esp. lease financed cases) |
| | *lack of ownership and system protection when system is not owned | | *lack of ownership and system protection when system is not owned |
| − | *System design is important '''-'''Matching PV system, ground water pump and water distribution system, Power demand: required discharge flow, total head and pump,efficiency (depending on type of pump and depth of available water source | + | *System design is important '''-'''Matching PV system, groundwater pump and water distribution system, Power demand: required discharge flow, total head and pump,efficiency (depending on type of pump and depth of available water source |
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| | *infrastructure for after sales service needs to be established until the last mile, service networks not in place due to high costs for manufacturers | | *infrastructure for after sales service needs to be established until the last mile, service networks not in place due to high costs for manufacturers |
| | *network for market promotion needs to be build | | *network for market promotion needs to be build |
| − | *longterm maintenance is costly | + | *long term maintenance is costly |
| | *Durability and availability of products and spare parts (e.g. switches) – it is not always possible to find the most suitable PV arrays, motors and pumps to match both site conditions and each other | | *Durability and availability of products and spare parts (e.g. switches) – it is not always possible to find the most suitable PV arrays, motors and pumps to match both site conditions and each other |
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| | = Further Information<br/> = | | = Further Information<br/> = |
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| − | *[[India_Energy_Situation|India Energy Situation]] | + | *[[Toolbox on SPIS|Toolbox on Solar Powered Irrigation Systems]] |
| − | *[[Design_of_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping|Design of Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping]] | + | *[[India Energy Situation|India Energy Situation]] |
| | + | *[[Design of Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping|Design of Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping]] |
| | *GIZ INTERNAL: [https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objId=57642651&objAction=browse DMS folder] containing additional documents on PV pumping (documents also available upon request from [mailto:hera@gtz.de GTZ-HERA]) | | *GIZ INTERNAL: [https://dms.gtz.de/livelink-ger/livelink.exe?func=ll&objId=57642651&objAction=browse DMS folder] containing additional documents on PV pumping (documents also available upon request from [mailto:hera@gtz.de GTZ-HERA]) |
| | *[http://net.grundfos.com/doc/webnet/renewables/solar.html Product overview] and [http://net.grundfos.com/doc/webnet/renewables/cases.html cases] of market leader Grundfos | | *[http://net.grundfos.com/doc/webnet/renewables/solar.html Product overview] and [http://net.grundfos.com/doc/webnet/renewables/cases.html cases] of market leader Grundfos |
| − | *[https://energypedia.info/index.php/Decentralized_drinking_water_supply Energypedia on Drinking water supply] | + | *[[Decentralized Drinking Water Supply|Energypedia on Drinking water supply]] |
| | + | *[[:File:Policy Recommendations to Improve the Sustainability of Rural Water Supply Systems.pdf|Policy Recommendations to Improve the Sustainability of Rural Water Supply Systems]] by IEA PVPS Task 9 |
| | *[http://www.eai.in/club/users/aathmika/blogs/564 Indian Blog on SVP pumps]- collection of information and discussion about the information | | *[http://www.eai.in/club/users/aathmika/blogs/564 Indian Blog on SVP pumps]- collection of information and discussion about the information |
| | *[http://www.hwwi.org/publikationen/research/publikationen-einzelansicht/cdm-potential-of-spv-pumps-in-india///6442.html Research paper on CDM potentail by HWWI (2005)] | | *[http://www.hwwi.org/publikationen/research/publikationen-einzelansicht/cdm-potential-of-spv-pumps-in-india///6442.html Research paper on CDM potentail by HWWI (2005)] |
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Total cost (before subsidy) for installation and commissioning of SPV water pump system varies from Rs. 190,000 to 290,000 or even Rs. 450,000/-.[2][3]
Capital cost of a 1.8 kWp solar PV pump is about Rs. 0.3 million. The payback period of solar PV pump (without subsidy) replacing a diesel pump is about 9 years (at a cost of diesel is Rs. 32/litre).[4]
Subsidised SPV pump sets are competitive with diesel operated systems. Yet, they are not competitive with grid electricity.
Pilot programme by the Indian Government, managed by IREDA, as preparation for a full scale programme with the goal to disseminate 50,000 pumps in 5 years (not achieved).
In India 35% of SVP pumps are used for drinking water, 65% for agricultural purposes.
Starting from the total connected load for agricultural pump sets, which will be around 100 GW 2022, a huge market lies open for SPV pumps to be tackled. At the same time, heavily subsidies electricity for agricultural purposes (expected to be 50 USD billion in 2021-2022, if trend continues) is a major cost burden for the utilities and hampers to dissemination of SPV pumps. Still, KPMG estimates that around 16 GW could be provided through PV-driven pumps, if supported adequately by MNRE before SPV pumping will reach grid parity and will conquer the market eventually.[14]
Kumara and Tara (2004) have lesser expectations: Potential number of SPV pumps are estimated at 6.03 million (out of which 4.29 million are of capacity of 1.8 kWp and the balance 1.74 million of capacity of 0.9 kWp). With 1.06 million SPV pumps the state of Maharashtra in India has highest utilization potential closely followed by Madhya Pradesh (0.99 million). Since the percentage share of marginal and small farmers is very high in the states of Kerala and West Bengal, in spite of large area with ground water table of less than 10 m in these states, the estimated potential of SPV pumps is very low as compared to the total number of farmers. Moreover, due to larger number of smaller land holdings in Kerala and West Bengal, the potential number of 0.9 kWp SPV pumps is much higher than that of 1.8 kWp SPV pumps. In other states it is just the reverse as the land holding are larger.[16]
Despite the differences in estimates, the bottom line stays the same - the technical potential of SPV pumping in India is huge and the market has barely started to develop..
Only figures from the national programme are available. Up to 2007, more than 7000 systems have been installed through the programme supported by MNRE/IREDA. The growth rate of installations slowed down significantly (probably as in the later stages only community drinking water projects were supported). More current figures are not available, neither are figures on systems which were installed outside of the scheme. [17]
systems available: 200 W-3000 W (capacity of motor pump 0.5 hp to 2 hp), subsidized costs varies between Rs. 190,000 - 270,000, depending on supplier and model. Subsidy and soft loans are provided (see above for the structure), which have been adjusted over the years.
