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| − | National energy planning is key to establishing the economically optimum extent of the grid. Institutional restructuring, regulatory reform and policy and target setting may all be beneficial in creating the institutional and policy basis for grid extension. Capacity building or technical assistance may be needed where the key actors involved in grid extension lack capacity. Technology development/adoption and adoption of appropriate technical standards can enable grid extension at lower cost (as shown in the [[NAE_Case_Study:_Tunisia,_Low_Cost_Distribution_Technology|NAE Case Study:Tunisia]] where adoption of standards allowing MALT (Mise A La Terre) distribution lowered costs), while demand promotion may be needed to increase revenues and make it economically sustainable. <br/> | + | National energy planning is key to establishing the economically optimum extent of the grid. Institutional restructuring, regulatory reform and policy and target setting may all be beneficial in creating the institutional and policy basis for grid extension. Capacity building or technical assistance may be needed where the key actors involved in grid extension lack capacity. Technology development/adoption and adoption of appropriate technical standards can enable grid extension at lower cost (as shown in the [[NAE Case Study: Tunisia, Low Cost Distribution Technology|NAE Case Study:Tunisia]] where adoption of standards allowing MALT (Mise A La Terre) distribution lowered costs), while demand promotion may be needed to increase revenues and make it economically sustainable. <br/> |
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| | == Advantages and Disadvantages (Including Level of Electricity Provided) == | | == Advantages and Disadvantages (Including Level of Electricity Provided) == |
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| | Grid extension (combined with construction of additional generation capacity) is particularly appropriate for densely populated areas with higher demand levels, close to the existing grid system. Grid systems provide the ability to build large, efficient generating plants in optimum locations, and make use of economies of scale. These economies may, however, be overwhelmed by the costs of the transmission and distribution infrastructure needed for smaller, more remote communities where mini-grid and off-grid technologies may provide better solutions. Significant extension of the grid also calls for a series of major infrastructure projects, requiring planning, procurement and project management capabilities and is therefore often a lengthy exercise, meaning that other solutions, even if more expensive, may merit consideration as a means to achieve electrification more quickly. | | Grid extension (combined with construction of additional generation capacity) is particularly appropriate for densely populated areas with higher demand levels, close to the existing grid system. Grid systems provide the ability to build large, efficient generating plants in optimum locations, and make use of economies of scale. These economies may, however, be overwhelmed by the costs of the transmission and distribution infrastructure needed for smaller, more remote communities where mini-grid and off-grid technologies may provide better solutions. Significant extension of the grid also calls for a series of major infrastructure projects, requiring planning, procurement and project management capabilities and is therefore often a lengthy exercise, meaning that other solutions, even if more expensive, may merit consideration as a means to achieve electrification more quickly. |
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| | Grid systems are usually designed to provide a high level of electricity, suitable to serve all household, commercial, industrial and community requirements (Tier 51). However, where generation is inadequate (or liable to interruption); or transmission and distribution systems are insufficiently robust or poorly maintained; reliability and quality of supply may deteriorate. Thus while users have a physical connection to the grid, they may not in fact have reliable access to electricity (bringing the supply Tier 3 or lower). It is therefore important to couple grid extension with development of additional generation capacity to support the resulting additional demand. | | Grid systems are usually designed to provide a high level of electricity, suitable to serve all household, commercial, industrial and community requirements (Tier 51). However, where generation is inadequate (or liable to interruption); or transmission and distribution systems are insufficiently robust or poorly maintained; reliability and quality of supply may deteriorate. Thus while users have a physical connection to the grid, they may not in fact have reliable access to electricity (bringing the supply Tier 3 or lower). It is therefore important to couple grid extension with development of additional generation capacity to support the resulting additional demand. |
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| | == Further Informaiton and Guidance == | | == Further Informaiton and Guidance == |
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| − | *<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">Barnes, D. (2007). The Challenge of Rural Electrification: Strategies for Developing Countries. Book Chapter </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iOBi17Pr3fIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0 https://]</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iOBi17Pr3fIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0 books.google.co.uk/books?id=iOBi17Pr3fIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false]</span>
| + | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| − | *<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">ESMAP </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">(2005), Meeting the Challenge of Rural Electrification in Developing Nations: The Experience of Successful Programs </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[https://static.globalinnovationexchange.org/s3fs-public/asset/document/Meeting0the0Ch10Discussion0Version0.pdf?q3Tol9Bdn4yH4J43t3P9t3hq5lh6ZipT https://]</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[https://static.globalinnovationexchange.org/s3fs-public/asset/document/Meeting0the0Ch10Discussion0Version0.pdf?q3Tol9Bdn4yH4J43t3P9t3hq5lh6ZipT static.globalinnovationexchange.org/s3fs-public/asset/document/Meeting0the0Ch10Discussion0Version0.pdf?q3Tol9Bdn4yH4J43t3P9t3hq5lh6ZipT]</span> | + | |- |
| − | *<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">IEA</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">, (2010), Comparative Study on Rural Electrification Policies in Emerging Economies </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/rural_elect.pdf https://]</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/rural_elect.pdf www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/rural_elect.pdf]</span> | + | | style="width: 10px; background-color: rgb(0, 128, 0);" | <br/> |
| − | *<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">Kaundinya</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">, D. P., </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">Balachandra</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">, P., & </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">Ravindranath</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">, N. H. (2009). Grid-connected versus stand-alone energy systems for decentralized power—a review of literature. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(8), 2041-2050 </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[http://www.academia.edu/11422615/Grid-connected_versus_stand-alone_energy_systems_for_decentralized_power_A_review_of_literature http://]</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[http://www.academia.edu/11422615/Grid-connected_versus_stand-alone_energy_systems_for_decentralized_power_A_review_of_literature www.academia.edu/11422615/Grid-connected_versus_stand-alone_energy_systems_for_decentralized_power_A_review_of_literature]</span> | + | | |
| − | *<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">Vietnam</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">. The World Bank, (2011). State and People, Central and Local, Working Together: The Vietnam Rural Electrification Experience. Washington. </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/601001468027856008/Vietnam-State-and-people-central-and-local-working-together-the-rural-electrification-experience http://]</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Calibri Light";">[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/601001468027856008/Vietnam-State-and-people-central-and-local-working-together-the-rural-electrification-experience documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/601001468027856008/Vietnam-State-and-people-central-and-local-working-together-the-rural-electrification-experience]</span> | + | *Barnes, D. (2007). The Challenge of Rural Electrification: Strategies for Developing Countries. Book Chapter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iOBi17Pr3fIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0 https://][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iOBi17Pr3fIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0 books.google.co.uk/books?id=iOBi17Pr3fIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false] |
| | + | *ESMAP (2005), Meeting the Challenge of Rural Electrification in Developing Nations: The Experience of Successful Programs [https://static.globalinnovationexchange.org/s3fs-public/asset/document/Meeting0the0Ch10Discussion0Version0.pdf?q3Tol9Bdn4yH4J43t3P9t3hq5lh6ZipT https://][https://static.globalinnovationexchange.org/s3fs-public/asset/document/Meeting0the0Ch10Discussion0Version0.pdf?q3Tol9Bdn4yH4J43t3P9t3hq5lh6ZipT static.globalinnovationexchange.org/s3fs-public/asset/document/Meeting0the0Ch10Discussion0Version0.pdf?q3Tol9Bdn4yH4J43t3P9t3hq5lh6ZipT] |
| | + | *IEA, (2010), Comparative Study on Rural Electrification Policies in Emerging Economies [https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/rural_elect.pdf https://][https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/rural_elect.pdf www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/rural_elect.pdf] |
| | + | *Kaundinya, D. P., Balachandra, P., & Ravindranath, N. H. (2009). Grid-connected versus stand-alone energy systems for decentralized power—a review of literature. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(8), 2041-2050 [http://www.academia.edu/11422615/Grid-connected_versus_stand-alone_energy_systems_for_decentralized_power_A_review_of_literature http://][http://www.academia.edu/11422615/Grid-connected_versus_stand-alone_energy_systems_for_decentralized_power_A_review_of_literature www.academia.edu/11422615/Grid-connected_versus_stand-alone_energy_systems_for_decentralized_power_A_review_of_literature] |
| | + | *Vietnam. The World Bank, (2011). State and People, Central and Local, Working Together: The Vietnam Rural Electrification Experience. Washington. [http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/601001468027856008/Vietnam-State-and-people-central-and-local-working-together-the-rural-electrification-experience http://][http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/601001468027856008/Vietnam-State-and-people-central-and-local-working-together-the-rural-electrification-experience documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/601001468027856008/Vietnam-State-and-people-central-and-local-working-together-the-rural-electrification-experience] |
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Grid-connected mini-grids and distribution systems share characteristics with both Grid Extension and Isolated Mini-grids – They are linked to the grid system and are able to import electricity from and export electricity to it, so technically they have more in common with Grid Extension. However, in that they are owned and managed independently they are more similar to Isolated Mini-grids. These differences call for different policy and regulatory approaches, so a separate Technology category has been established.
