|
|
| (2 intermediate revisions by one user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{Hera}} | + | |
| | + | [[File:GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|left|831px|GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|alt=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]]<br/><br/><!-- |
| | + | |
| | + | -->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Cooking Energy System |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cooking Energy Technologies and Practices|Cooking Energy System]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cooking Energy Technologies and Practices|Cooking Energy System]] {{!}} | }} <!-- |
| | + | |
| | + | -->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Basics |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Basics about Cooking Energy|Basics]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Basics about Cooking Energy|Basics]] {{!}} | }} <!-- |
| | + | |
| | + | -->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Policy Advice |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Policy Advice on Cooking Energy|Policy Advice]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Policy Advice on Cooking Energy|Policy Advice]] {{!}} | }} <!-- |
| | + | |
| | + | -->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Planning |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Planning Cooking Energy Interventions|Planning]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Planning Cooking Energy Interventions|Planning]] {{!}} | }} <!-- |
| | + | |
| | + | -->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | ICS Supply |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Improved Cookstoves .28ICS.29 Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing ICS Supply]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Improved Cookstoves .28ICS.29 Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing ICS Supply]] {{!}} | }} <!-- |
| | + | |
| | + | -->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Woodfuel Supply |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply]] {{!}} | }} <!-- |
| | + | |
| | + | -->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Climate Change |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Climate Change]]''' | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Climate Change]] {{!}} | }} <!-- |
| | + | |
| | + | -->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Extra |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Extra]]''' | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Extra]] }} |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| Line 22: |
Line 39: |
| | | | |
| | <u>It should be kept in mind that all measures aiming to enhance the wood-fuel supply chain are based on common principles and draw on the assumptions that:</u> | | <u>It should be kept in mind that all measures aiming to enhance the wood-fuel supply chain are based on common principles and draw on the assumptions that:</u> |
| | + | |
| | *Substantial quantities of wood-fuel can be produced sustainably without undue impacts on food production, | | *Substantial quantities of wood-fuel can be produced sustainably without undue impacts on food production, |
| | *Appropriate technologies for conversion and utilization exist or can be introduced, | | *Appropriate technologies for conversion and utilization exist or can be introduced, |
| Line 38: |
Line 56: |
| | | | |
| | It is increasingly recognized that sound wood-fuel sector development must be an integral component of comprehensive environmental and development policies and planning processes. Although the forest sector is closely linked to many other sectors, there is a lack of coherent policies. Woodfuel production, transportation and distribution often remain informal and unregulated – rendering them inefficient, wasteful and risky. | | It is increasingly recognized that sound wood-fuel sector development must be an integral component of comprehensive environmental and development policies and planning processes. Although the forest sector is closely linked to many other sectors, there is a lack of coherent policies. Woodfuel production, transportation and distribution often remain informal and unregulated – rendering them inefficient, wasteful and risky. |
| | + | |
| | *Is wood energy recognized as an important pillar in the future energy mix of the country? | | *Is wood energy recognized as an important pillar in the future energy mix of the country? |
| | *What are the existing policies, strategies and major programs (poverty reduction strategy (NPRP), national environmental strategy, forest and/or energy sector strategies etc.) relevant to the biomass energy sector? | | *What are the existing policies, strategies and major programs (poverty reduction strategy (NPRP), national environmental strategy, forest and/or energy sector strategies etc.) relevant to the biomass energy sector? |
| Line 51: |
Line 70: |
| | | | |
| | Pertinent provisions in forest laws are frequently not applied, due to lack of resources and capacities for supervision and law enforcement. Unregulated access to and use of forest resources curtails any improvement of the wood-fuel value chain, because it breeds overexploitation, market distortions and, by extension, systematic undervaluation of wood-based fuels. | | Pertinent provisions in forest laws are frequently not applied, due to lack of resources and capacities for supervision and law enforcement. Unregulated access to and use of forest resources curtails any improvement of the wood-fuel value chain, because it breeds overexploitation, market distortions and, by extension, systematic undervaluation of wood-based fuels. |
| | + | |
| | *Is law enforcement systematically organized? | | *Is law enforcement systematically organized? |
| | *Are there reliable records (case files and statistics) of breaches of the law, imposed sanctions, and their enforcement? | | *Are there reliable records (case files and statistics) of breaches of the law, imposed sanctions, and their enforcement? |
| Line 60: |
Line 80: |
| | | | |
| | Demographics and trends of urbanization are salient determinants of energy demand. | | Demographics and trends of urbanization are salient determinants of energy demand. |
| | + | |
| | *Are population size, annual growth rate and projected size known, in terms of both rural and urban populations? | | *Are population size, annual growth rate and projected size known, in terms of both rural and urban populations? |
| | *Are demographic patterns known? | | *Are demographic patterns known? |
| Line 71: |
Line 92: |
| | | | |
| | Planning requires critical reflection on the current energy needs and the future prospects so as to justify long-term investments in forest management and economic benefits. | | Planning requires critical reflection on the current energy needs and the future prospects so as to justify long-term investments in forest management and economic benefits. |
| | + | |
| | *What are the trends in supply of wood energy (past, present and future)? | | *What are the trends in supply of wood energy (past, present and future)? |
| | *What is the energy balance by type of energy and use patterns, differentiated for rural and urban areas? | | *What is the energy balance by type of energy and use patterns, differentiated for rural and urban areas? |
| Line 82: |
Line 104: |
| | | | |
| | Sustainable forestry requires good planning. Good planning starts with a strategy. A good strategy should include an integrated land-use plan, which seeks to balance the economic, social and cultural opportunities in a specific area of forest with the need to maintain and enhance the condition of the area’s forest. | | Sustainable forestry requires good planning. Good planning starts with a strategy. A good strategy should include an integrated land-use plan, which seeks to balance the economic, social and cultural opportunities in a specific area of forest with the need to maintain and enhance the condition of the area’s forest. |
| | + | |
| | *What are the current land uses and areas (e.g. forest, crops lands)? | | *What are the current land uses and areas (e.g. forest, crops lands)? |
| | *What major land use changes occurred in the past, in terms of – inter alia – deforestation, expansion of agricultural or urban areas? | | *What major land use changes occurred in the past, in terms of – inter alia – deforestation, expansion of agricultural or urban areas? |
| Line 92: |
Line 115: |
| | | | |
| | Secure land tenure is pivotal to sustainable forest management and to investments in forest protection or reforestation. As forestry implies considerably longer production periods than e.g. agriculture, insecure land tenure creates a formidable disincentive for private investment in forest management. This holds true also for wood-fuel production by rural smallholders. | | Secure land tenure is pivotal to sustainable forest management and to investments in forest protection or reforestation. As forestry implies considerably longer production periods than e.g. agriculture, insecure land tenure creates a formidable disincentive for private investment in forest management. This holds true also for wood-fuel production by rural smallholders. |
| | + | |
| | *Are the ownership and usufruct rights of forests, trees, other forest products, and forest concessions unambiguously documented? | | *Are the ownership and usufruct rights of forests, trees, other forest products, and forest concessions unambiguously documented? |
| | *Is information available on customary usufruct rights of forest resources? | | *Is information available on customary usufruct rights of forest resources? |
| Line 103: |
Line 127: |
| | | | |
| | Bureaucratic and administrative barriers (e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures) may inhibit development, and thus warrant critical reflection. | | Bureaucratic and administrative barriers (e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures) may inhibit development, and thus warrant critical reflection. |
| | + | |
| | *What kind of wood production systems are already introduced, e.g. closed and open natural forest management, plantations, agro-forestry? | | *What kind of wood production systems are already introduced, e.g. closed and open natural forest management, plantations, agro-forestry? |
| | *Do statistics document the stocking volume of woody biomass, are the respective areas known, and are they stratified in terms of their ecological characteristics? | | *Do statistics document the stocking volume of woody biomass, are the respective areas known, and are they stratified in terms of their ecological characteristics? |
| Line 119: |
Line 144: |
| | | | |
| | The economic, social and environmental impacts of down-stream processing are pivotal to the design of production systems. | | The economic, social and environmental impacts of down-stream processing are pivotal to the design of production systems. |
| | + | |
| | *How is the charcoal business traditionally organized (self-employed - fulltime, part-time; employed by – traders, transporters; wholesalers, retailers etc.)? | | *How is the charcoal business traditionally organized (self-employed - fulltime, part-time; employed by – traders, transporters; wholesalers, retailers etc.)? |
| | *Are charcoal makers organized, registered? | | *Are charcoal makers organized, registered? |
| Line 126: |
Line 152: |
| | *What kind of packing is used and what is the average weight? | | *What kind of packing is used and what is the average weight? |
| | *Have improved kilns already been introduced (e.g. Casamance kiln, brick or metal kiln)? | | *Have improved kilns already been introduced (e.g. Casamance kiln, brick or metal kiln)? |
| − | *What is the adoption rate of improved conversion technologies by charcoalmakers ? | + | *What is the adoption rate of improved conversion technologies by charcoalmakers ? |
| | *What economic, social and environmental impacts are expected from the use of more efficient conversion systems? | | *What economic, social and environmental impacts are expected from the use of more efficient conversion systems? |
| | *What kind of transport is used for fuelwood/charcoal deliveries? | | *What kind of transport is used for fuelwood/charcoal deliveries? |
| Line 143: |
Line 169: |
| | | | |
| | According to forest legislation, forest administrations commonly have a prominent role in forest governance and forest law enforcement. However, forestry administrations often lack the capacities and resources to fulfill their legal mandate. | | According to forest legislation, forest administrations commonly have a prominent role in forest governance and forest law enforcement. However, forestry administrations often lack the capacities and resources to fulfill their legal mandate. |
| | + | |
| | *Does the network of administrative units of the forestry administration adequately cover the concerned areas? | | *Does the network of administrative units of the forestry administration adequately cover the concerned areas? |
| | *Is the forestry administration willing and prepared to promote and establish participatory structures in forest management? | | *Is the forestry administration willing and prepared to promote and establish participatory structures in forest management? |
| Line 155: |
Line 182: |
| | | | |
| | Wood supply interventions should seek to support women's rights in sharing both, responsibilities and benefits from community land resource management related to woodfuel. Wood energy projects are intended to be of immediate value to women in assisting them to meet their strategic needs. Information that should be gathered includes: | | Wood supply interventions should seek to support women's rights in sharing both, responsibilities and benefits from community land resource management related to woodfuel. Wood energy projects are intended to be of immediate value to women in assisting them to meet their strategic needs. Information that should be gathered includes: |
| | + | |
| | *What is the legal and actual land holding situation? | | *What is the legal and actual land holding situation? |
| | *What rights to use communal or state land do women enjoy? | | *What rights to use communal or state land do women enjoy? |
| Line 180: |
Line 208: |
| | | | |
| | [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium_(GIZ_HERA)]] | | [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium_(GIZ_HERA)]] |
| | + | [[Category:Biomass]] |
| | + | [[Category:Woodfuel]] |
| | [[Category:Wood_Energy]] | | [[Category:Wood_Energy]] |
Inception means the start of something. At the beginning of each improved cookstove (ICS) program, there is a need for a starting workshop where the program design is developed and the partners discuss their roles and responsibilities. This workshop is commonly called the inception workshop and is where one should identify the technologies, the markets, the target groups as well as the actors, stakeholders, partners and their roles and responsibilities. In order to have all this necessary information available at the inception workshop, one or several studies can be commissioned beforehand. The results of this/these study/ies are presented at the inception workshop.
In other words, the “inception study goes beyond a conventional baseline study as it comprises both the situation of the ICS market as well as an overview on the actors, initiatives and stakeholders of the sector."
Measures to promote sustainable wood-fuel supplies should always be synchronized with the modernization of the entire wood-energy sector in recognition of the fact that wood-based energy is an environmentally friendly/renewable, socially adapted, and clean/low‐risk source of energy. Promoting wood-energy on this basis calls for a stepwise, holistic approach, aiming for the continuous, gradual refinement/adaptation of pertinent framework conditions, organizational and procedural aspects, and technological development. Political will is pivotal to this end.
In order to enhance a sustainable, pro-poor, regional woodfuel supply complying with criteria of ecological sustainability and fostering a local economic upswing, a holistic analysis of the whole woodfuel value chain is required.
The following list of questions is not exhaustive but indicative. It outlines salient issues that enable dignosis and analysis leading to better project design and implementation.
It should be noted, that in regard to ICS interventions a specific list of questions can be viewed here: Content of Planning Cooking Energy Interventions.
When analyzing and comparing data it is of utmost importance to ensure that adequate conversion factors are applied and local units are converted to international standards equivalents.
It is increasingly recognized that sound wood-fuel sector development must be an integral component of comprehensive environmental and development policies and planning processes. Although the forest sector is closely linked to many other sectors, there is a lack of coherent policies. Woodfuel production, transportation and distribution often remain informal and unregulated – rendering them inefficient, wasteful and risky.
Pertinent provisions in forest laws are frequently not applied, due to lack of resources and capacities for supervision and law enforcement. Unregulated access to and use of forest resources curtails any improvement of the wood-fuel value chain, because it breeds overexploitation, market distortions and, by extension, systematic undervaluation of wood-based fuels.
Demographics and trends of urbanization are salient determinants of energy demand.
Planning requires critical reflection on the current energy needs and the future prospects so as to justify long-term investments in forest management and economic benefits.
Sustainable forestry requires good planning. Good planning starts with a strategy. A good strategy should include an integrated land-use plan, which seeks to balance the economic, social and cultural opportunities in a specific area of forest with the need to maintain and enhance the condition of the area’s forest.
Secure land tenure is pivotal to sustainable forest management and to investments in forest protection or reforestation. As forestry implies considerably longer production periods than e.g. agriculture, insecure land tenure creates a formidable disincentive for private investment in forest management. This holds true also for wood-fuel production by rural smallholders.
Bureaucratic and administrative barriers (e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures) may inhibit development, and thus warrant critical reflection.
The economic, social and environmental impacts of down-stream processing are pivotal to the design of production systems.
According to forest legislation, forest administrations commonly have a prominent role in forest governance and forest law enforcement. However, forestry administrations often lack the capacities and resources to fulfill their legal mandate.
Wood supply interventions should seek to support women's rights in sharing both, responsibilities and benefits from community land resource management related to woodfuel. Wood energy projects are intended to be of immediate value to women in assisting them to meet their strategic needs. Information that should be gathered includes:
