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| | = Overview<br/> = | | = Overview<br/> = |
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| − | Why solar cooling? In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed poer is used for sooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. | + | Why solar cooling? In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed power is used for cooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this context, there is a lot of potential for solar cooling.<br/><br/><u>The main arguments for '''solar assisted cooling (SAC)''' originate from an energy saving perspective:</u><br/> |
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| − | Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this case, solar is also on option.
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| − | <u>The main arguments for '''solar assisted cooling (SAC)''' originate from an energy saving perspective:</u>
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| | *Application of SAC saves electricity and thus conventional primary energy sources | | *Application of SAC saves electricity and thus conventional primary energy sources |
| | *SAC also leads to a reduction of peak electricity demand this can benefit the electricity network and lead to additional cost savings of the most expensive peak electricity (if applied on a broad scale) | | *SAC also leads to a reduction of peak electricity demand this can benefit the electricity network and lead to additional cost savings of the most expensive peak electricity (if applied on a broad scale) |
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| | *Coincide of solar energy supply and demand in many cases - when it is the hottest and most cooling is demanded, usually the most sun is shining as well. | | *Coincide of solar energy supply and demand in many cases - when it is the hottest and most cooling is demanded, usually the most sun is shining as well. |
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| − | <br/> | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | = Applications<br/> = | | = Applications<br/> = |
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| − | <u>Solar assistes cooling can be broadly split up in two main applications, depending on the targeted temperature range:</u> | + | <u>Solar assistes cooling can be broadly split up in two main applications, depending on the targeted temperature range:</u><br/> |
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| | *air conditioning – temperature range of 5-20°C | | *air conditioning – temperature range of 5-20°C |
| | *refrigeration – temperature range of -20°C to +5°C | | *refrigeration – temperature range of -20°C to +5°C |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | = State of the Art world wide Solar Air Conditioning <ref>Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.</ref><ref> https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | + | = State of the Art world wide Solar Air Conditioning <ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf"> https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><ref name="Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.">Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.</ref><br/> = |
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| | + | Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.<ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf">https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf</ref><br/> |
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| − | Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.<ref>https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf</ref>
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| | *Close to 1.000 SAC systems installed worldwide | | *Close to 1.000 SAC systems installed worldwide |
| | *Huge variety in sizes and technologies | | *Huge variety in sizes and technologies |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | == Mayor Challenges<br/> ==
| + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| − | A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues. | + | == Major Challenges<br/> == |
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| | + | A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues.<br/> |
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| | === Technology<br/> === | | === Technology<br/> === |
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| − | Still, most of the issues are related to the technology. One of the main problems beeing that there is not one single solution and experiences with new applications are collected constantly | + | Still, most of the issues are related to the technology. One of the main problems beeing that there is not one single solution and experiences with new applications are collected constantly<br/> |
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| | *Small capacity VAM units under development, expensive | | *Small capacity VAM units under development, expensive |
| | *Few suppliers for adsorption and desiccant systems | | *Few suppliers for adsorption and desiccant systems |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | === Cost<br/> === | | === Cost<br/> === |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | === Policy<br/> === | | === Policy<br/> === |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | === Awareness<br/> === | | === Awareness<br/> === |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | == Solar Thermal vs. Photovoltaic (PV)?<br/> ==
| + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| − | New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers? | + | == Solar Thermal vs. Photovoltaic (PV)<br/> == |
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| | + | New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers? <u>The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary:</u><br/> |
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| − | <u>The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary:</u>
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| | *First examples of competitive installations – e.g. Cyprus (very high electricity price) | | *First examples of competitive installations – e.g. Cyprus (very high electricity price) |
| | *Maybe suitable alternative in some cases | | *Maybe suitable alternative in some cases |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | = Country Experiences<br/> = | | = Country Experiences<br/> = |
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| | == Solar Cooling in India<br/> == | | == Solar Cooling in India<br/> == |
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| − | In India, boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems'''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>''' | + | In [[India Energy Situation|India]], boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems'''<ref name="Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384">Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>''' Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling. Indian customers are looking for reliable cooling options - this is a chance for solar applications. Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more<ref name="Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.">Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.</ref> The total installed cooling load is 35.000MWe (28.7% of installed capacity)'''<ref name="Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384">Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>'''<br/>'''Residential sector – great future challenge'''<br/> |
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| − | Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling. | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Indian customers are looking for reliable cooling options - this is a chance for solar applications. | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more<ref>Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | The total installed cooling load is 35.000MWe (28.7% of installed capacity)'''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>''' | + | |
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| − | <br/>'''Residential sector – great future challenge'''
| + | *Penetration level for A/C < 1% only and switch from air evaporation systems expected <ref name="DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.">DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.</ref> |
| − | *Penetration level for A/C < 1% only and switch from air evaporation systems expected <ref>DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.</ref> | + | |
| | *Lacking affordabel, small scale renewable technologies | | *Lacking affordabel, small scale renewable technologies |
| | *Highest load in non-sunshine hours -> no coincide of supply and demand, challenge of storage | | *Highest load in non-sunshine hours -> no coincide of supply and demand, challenge of storage |
| | * | | * |
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| − | '''Industrial and commercial sector – short and medium term market''' | + | '''Industrial and commercial sector – short and medium term market'''<br/> |
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| | *Larger central systems in place already – solar technologies available for these sizes | | *Larger central systems in place already – solar technologies available for these sizes |
| | *often coincide of loads and solar gains | | *often coincide of loads and solar gains |
| | * | | * |
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| − | '''Solar Cold Storage''' | + | '''Solar Cold Storage'''<br/> |
| − | *India is looking for cold storages for a range of applications: fishing, agricultural produce, milk and dairy products etc. as vast part of rural areas still lack access to grid electricity. Currently TERI is working on a combined solution, a [http://www.teriin.org/index.php?option=com_ongoing&task=about_project&sid=114, http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/inive/clima2000/1997/p301.pdf biomas-solar-hybrid-electricity grid with cold storage], yet this project is still at a pilot phase. | + | |
| | + | *India is looking for cold storages for a range of applications: fishing, agricultural produce, milk and dairy products etc. as vast part of rural areas still lack access to grid electricity. Currently TERI is working on a combined solution, a [http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/inive/clima2000/1997/p301.pdf biomas-solar-hybrid-electricity grid with cold storage], yet this project is still at a pilot phase. |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | === Experiences<br/> === | | === Experiences<br/> === |
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| − | The '''Ministry of New and Renewable Energe (MNRE)''' proposed an [http://www.aprekh.org/files/A_K_Singhal.pdf Action Plan on Solar Cooling]in 2009, together with the establishment of a working group on solar cooling. However, the plan has not been followed. There are no updates and the working group is not active anymore. | + | The '''Ministry of New and Renewable Energe (MNRE)''' proposed an [http://www.aprekh.org/files/A_K_Singhal.pdf Action Plan on Solar Cooling]in 2009, together with the establishment of a working group on solar cooling. However, the plan has not been followed. There are no updates and the working group is not active anymore.<br/>Because of electricity shortages, comapnies with exhaust heat and own generator have started using VAM systems which are available locally. the VAMs run on gas, wood or exhaust heat. Hence, an established VAM market (around 5 Mio USD) is in place which is one of the main drivers with regards to SAC in India. So far, a hand full of projects has been realised (around 10), mostly R&D and some private (non commercial/green) initiatives are in place, using concentrated solar collectors + VAM<br/> |
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| − | Because of electricity shortages, comapnies with exhaust heat and own generator have started using VAM systems which are available locally. the VAMs run on gas, wood or exhaust heat. Hence, an established VAM market (around 5 Mio USD) is in place which is one of the main drivers with regards to SAC in India.
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| − | So far, a hand full of projects has been realised (around 10), mostly R&D and some private (non commercial/green) initiatives are in place, using concentrated solar collectors + VAM
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| | *Solar Energy Center, TERI, IITs,… | | *Solar Energy Center, TERI, IITs,… |
| − | *Thermax (3-effect VAM with COP of 1.7-1.8)<ref>http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html</ref>, Baskara Solar, Gadhia Solar<ref>http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028 </ref>,.. | + | *Thermax (3-effect VAM with COP of 1.7-1.8)<ref name="http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html">http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html</ref>, Baskara Solar, Gadhia Solar<ref name="http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028">http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028 </ref>,.. |
| | *Mamata - only project with evacuated tube collectors, since 2006, little maintenance needed. | | *Mamata - only project with evacuated tube collectors, since 2006, little maintenance needed. |
| | *still early pilot phase | | *still early pilot phase |
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| | *R&D for solid and liquid dessicant systems | | *R&D for solid and liquid dessicant systems |
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| − | <br/> | + | <br/>'''Economics'''<br/> |
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| − | '''Economics'''
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| | *Investment costs 3x higher than conventional systems | | *Investment costs 3x higher than conventional systems |
| | *High capital investment and long payback periods (> 7 years) highest drawback | | *High capital investment and long payback periods (> 7 years) highest drawback |
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| | *Energy demand for control system and backup not to be underestaimated | | *Energy demand for control system and backup not to be underestaimated |
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| − | <br/> | + | <br/>'''Reliability of system and back-up storage'''<br/> |
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| − | '''Reliability of system and back-up storage'''
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| | *as the main selling argument for SAC in India is the increased reliability an independence from the grid, a reliable system is key | | *as the main selling argument for SAC in India is the increased reliability an independence from the grid, a reliable system is key |
| | *Improving quality of chillers and solar components, but still an issue | | *Improving quality of chillers and solar components, but still an issue |
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| | *Standardization of storage (cold and heat) necessary | | *Standardization of storage (cold and heat) necessary |
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| − | <br/> | + | <br/>'''System Design'''<br/> |
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| − | '''System Design'''
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| | *System design, integration and optimization prove difficult | | *System design, integration and optimization prove difficult |
| | *maintenance is a great issue | | *maintenance is a great issue |
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| | *High humidity and water scarcity – find suitable technologies | | *High humidity and water scarcity – find suitable technologies |
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| − | <br/> | + | <br/>'''Collectors'''<br/> |
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| − | '''Collectors'''
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| | *Concentrating collectors (for higher temperature applications) face difficulties at the moment because of high fraction of diffuce radiation (dust, cloud coverage) in some regions | | *Concentrating collectors (for higher temperature applications) face difficulties at the moment because of high fraction of diffuce radiation (dust, cloud coverage) in some regions |
| | *Used as locally produced but also more expensive than flat plate/evacuated tube | | *Used as locally produced but also more expensive than flat plate/evacuated tube |
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| − | = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling i.a. <ref>http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref>https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | + | == First Southern Africa Fresnel-solar Cooling system for a Data-Center at MTN Johannesburg<br/> == |
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| | + | Industrial Solar GmbH provided the leading South African mobile operator MTN (Mobile Telecom Networks) in Johannesburg/South Africa with a solar thermal cooling system. The Fresnel collector powers an absorption chiller which supports the local district cooling grid. Its Cooling capacity lies about 330 kW<ref name="http://bit.ly/1LfePrw">http://bit.ly/1LfePrw</ref>. |
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| | + | Industrial Solar GmbH is a technology and solution provider for solar process heat and solar thermal cooling. It was founded in 2008 in the environment of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany. The solutions of Industrial Solar are built upon its innovative linear concentrating Fresnel collector which is optimized for industrial applications in the medium power range. Industrial Solar has already realized various projects in all kind of industries in different countries. Moreover, Industrial Solar has developed close partnerships with major industrial companies and offers various products and services for industrial applications.Its is also network partner of the [[Green Cooling Initiative|Green Cooling Initiative (GCI)]] which promotes environmental sound cooling solution worldwide.<br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | + | == Solar Cooling in Jordan<br/> == |
| | + | |
| | + | '''Starting Situation'''<br/> |
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| | + | Jordan is a country with scarce fossil fuel resources, therefore it imports 96% of its energy at high cost. The demand for electricity almost doubled in the last 10 years (2004: 8.57 TWh; 2013: 14.6 TWh) (International Energy Agency, 2014). This rapid growth is mainly driven by a growing population, the result of an influx of refugees, economic development and increasing living standards. Despite being one of the best locations for the use of solar energy with irradiation 10% above the MENA average, the use of renewables only plays a minor role in the energy mix. The hot and dry climate makes air-conditioning indispensable for economic processes and activities (such as industry, tourism, and healthcare to name a few) and in light of increasing living standards. Cooling needs contribute significantly to the energy demand and are expected to increase along with economic growth and rising global temperatures. Energy prices are a major cost factor for the commercial and industrial sector in Jordan. The government is gradually reducing subsidies, aiming for cost recovery by the end of 2017 and the increasing cost of energy often limits the competitiveness of local economic activities.<br/> |
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| | + | '''Potential'''<br/>The domestic legal framework supports research on alternative technologies for the air-conditioning sector. In line with their commitments under the Montreal Protocol, Jordan is in the process of phasing out the ozone-depleting (as well as climate-damaging) hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law, introduced in March 2012, encourages the use of renewable energy, and aims, amongst others, at doubling the solar thermal energy capacity from 15% to 30%.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]] To realize these objectives, the ''Jordan Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund'' (operational since June 2015) was established.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]]The elimination of electricity subsidies by the end of 2017 will make renewable energy technologies more profitable.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]] In addition, solar cooling is pledged for in the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) submitted in 2015. |
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| | + | Solar thermal applications are already widely used in the field of domestic hot water supply. Climatic conditions are characterized by high solar radiation and hence very suitable for solar cooling – in particular for the use of solar thermal technology solutions. Solar cooling takes advantage of the fact that the demand for cooling correlates with times where high solar irradiation occurs. Such decentralized solutions can offer additional benefits during power fluctuations and outages which are caused by the increasing load in the national grid. |
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| | + | Potentially, solar cooling absorption technologies use up to 75% less electricity than conventional compression chillers. In addition, absorption technology can also be used as a heat pump, and hence save diesel cost during heating period. Further environmental and climate benefits also result from the use of natural refrigerants (e.g. lithium bromide ammonia, and water), virtually eliminating direct greenhouse gas emissions from leakages of refrigerants with high global warming potential.<br/>'''Barriers'''<br/> |
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| | + | In 2013, a study initiated by GIZ took a closer look at the solar cooling potential in Jordan and identified a range of key barriers that might hinder market penetration and a widespread application of solar cooling. The most prominent barriers found are the following:<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | *Higher up-front investment costs compared to conventional systems (since solar system and chiller are required) |
| | + | *Solar system requires considerable space and its weight must be supported by the building |
| | + | *Limited local operation and maintenance capacities |
| | + | *Retrofitting of cooling system requires considerable efforts in planning and system integration |
| | + | *Missing of reliable data on cooling and heating loads of premises |
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| | + | The full study is accessible here: [https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/giz2015-en-solar-cooling-jordan.pdf https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/giz2015-en-solar-cooling-jordan.pdf]<br/> |
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| | + | '''Work Done so Far'''<br/> |
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| | + | The project 'Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce' is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), and the Jordanian Ministry of Environment, the IKI project ‘Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce’ is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) with a budget of 3.7 Million Euros. |
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| | + | So far, the project established four pilot installations of solar thermal cooling demonstrating its economic and technical feasibility in the high ambient temperatures.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]] Exhibiting its feasibility increases public awareness on alternative cooling technologies and helps to overcome some of the above mentioned barriers. Intensive capacity development measures in the field of operation and maintenance, planning and installation will support the localization of solar thermal technologies. To reduce initial investment, customized solutions that utilize synergies with already existing water heating systems, for example, are promoted. Such projects and their potential for scaling up support the establishment of sustainable and climate-friendly air-conditioning in Jordan and the region. Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be virtually eliminated, and indirect emissions can be reduced up to 75% by operating solar cooling systems with natural refrigerants. To mainstream climate friendly cooling policy advisory services accompany the project activities and e.g. led to the incorporation of solar cooling in Jordan`s NDCs. |
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| | + | Projects sites are located at the German-Jordan University (160 kW)[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]], the Irbid Chamber of Commerce (50 kW), the Petra Guest House (160kW) and the Royal Cultural Center (160 kW). All project sites contribute in-kind and in-cash for the installed systems. |
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| | + | = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling<ref name="http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf">http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf">https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = |
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| | + | '''Training and awareness raising'''<br/> |
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| − | '''Training and awareness raising'''
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| | *Work with associated associations (solar thermal, chiller manufacturers, society of engineers, architects, etc.) with regards to cooling | | *Work with associated associations (solar thermal, chiller manufacturers, society of engineers, architects, etc.) with regards to cooling |
| | *establish a Technical working group on solar cooling with regular meetings | | *establish a Technical working group on solar cooling with regular meetings |
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| | *broad awareness raising campaigns, lobbying | | *broad awareness raising campaigns, lobbying |
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| − | <br/> | + | <br/>'''R&D'''<br/> |
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| − | '''R&D'''
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| | *Support visible and meaningful demonstration projects (with proven energy performance) to achieve standardization and guidelines, incl. showcases: collecting experiences, showing best practices as basis for awareness campaigns, potentials and limits | | *Support visible and meaningful demonstration projects (with proven energy performance) to achieve standardization and guidelines, incl. showcases: collecting experiences, showing best practices as basis for awareness campaigns, potentials and limits |
| | *Start keeping statistics on energy demand for cooling (split up industries) | | *Start keeping statistics on energy demand for cooling (split up industries) |
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| | *Usability of residential solar water heaters for solar cooling (only 1-2 rooms needed) | | *Usability of residential solar water heaters for solar cooling (only 1-2 rooms needed) |
| | | | |
| − | <br/> | + | <br/>'''Policy measures'''<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | '''Policy measures'''
| |
| | *Roadmap for (solar/RE) cooling and | | *Roadmap for (solar/RE) cooling and |
| | *inclusion of cooling into RE/solar targets at national/state level | | *inclusion of cooling into RE/solar targets at national/state level |
| | | | |
| − | <br/> | + | <br/>'''Incentives Schemes'''<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | '''Incentives Schemes'''
| |
| | *Higher incentive in the early market status, reduced incentives when the market has started to take off: investment funds, tax reductions or credit programs with reduced interest rates. Based on standards of achieved energy/ CO<sub>2</sub> savings | | *Higher incentive in the early market status, reduced incentives when the market has started to take off: investment funds, tax reductions or credit programs with reduced interest rates. Based on standards of achieved energy/ CO<sub>2</sub> savings |
| | *Review solar thermal subsidy scheme (often in place) with regards to cooling, adoptions might be necessary to make application viable – maybe special subsidy when connected to heating and hot water, if applicable | | *Review solar thermal subsidy scheme (often in place) with regards to cooling, adoptions might be necessary to make application viable – maybe special subsidy when connected to heating and hot water, if applicable |
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| | *Phase out subsidies on conventional energies to decrease market distortion | | *Phase out subsidies on conventional energies to decrease market distortion |
| | | | |
| − | <br/> | + | <br/>'''Regulatory measures'''<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | '''Regulatory measures'''
| |
| | *Inclusion of RE-cooling/SAC in building regulations (new buildings and refurbishment) – obligatory rating scheme for buildings | | *Inclusion of RE-cooling/SAC in building regulations (new buildings and refurbishment) – obligatory rating scheme for buildings |
| | *Prohibition / discouragement of refrigerant with high '''global warming potential (GWP)''' | | *Prohibition / discouragement of refrigerant with high '''global warming potential (GWP)''' |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
| | | | |
| | = Further Information<br/> = | | = Further Information<br/> = |
| | | | |
| − | *[http://www.iea-shc.org/task38/ IEA Task 38 - Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration] -[https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf IEA Solar Cooling Position Paper] | + | *[http://www.iea-shc.org/task38/ IEA Task 38 - Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration] -[https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf IEA Solar Cooling Position Paper]<br/> |
| − | *[http://www.tecsol.fr/ Feasibility checklist for solar cooling projects (European focus)] | + | *[http://task48.iea-shc.org/ IEA Task 48 - Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems]<br/> |
| | + | *[http://task53.iea-shc.org/ IEA Task 53 - New Generation Solar Cooling & Heating Systems]<br/> |
| | + | *[http://www.tecsol.fr/checklist/CheckList3.asp Feasibility checklist for solar cooling projects (European focus)]<br/> |
| | + | *[[Portal:Solar|Portal:Solar]]<br/> |
| | + | *[[Cooling for Agriculture|Cooling for Agriculture]]<br/> |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
| | | | |
| | = References = | | = References = |
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| | <references /> | | <references /> |
| | | | |
| | + | [[Category:Jordan]] |
| | [[Category:Cooling]] | | [[Category:Cooling]] |
| − | [[Category:Sustainability]] | + | [[Category:Heating,_Ventilation_and_Air_Conditioning]] |
| − | [[Category:India]] | + | [[Category:MENA_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)]] |
| | + | [[Category:Renewable_Energy]] |
| | [[Category:Solar]] | | [[Category:Solar]] |
| | + | [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]] |
| | + | [[Category:Productive_Use]] |
| | + | [[Category:India]] |
| | + | [[Category:Sustainability]] |
Why solar cooling? In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed power is used for cooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this context, there is a lot of potential for solar cooling.
The main arguments for solar assisted cooling (SAC) originate from an energy saving perspective:
Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.[1]
A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues.
Still, most of the issues are related to the technology. One of the main problems beeing that there is not one single solution and experiences with new applications are collected constantly
New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers? The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary:
Industrial Solar GmbH provided the leading South African mobile operator MTN (Mobile Telecom Networks) in Johannesburg/South Africa with a solar thermal cooling system. The Fresnel collector powers an absorption chiller which supports the local district cooling grid. Its Cooling capacity lies about 330 kW[8].
Industrial Solar GmbH is a technology and solution provider for solar process heat and solar thermal cooling. It was founded in 2008 in the environment of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany. The solutions of Industrial Solar are built upon its innovative linear concentrating Fresnel collector which is optimized for industrial applications in the medium power range. Industrial Solar has already realized various projects in all kind of industries in different countries. Moreover, Industrial Solar has developed close partnerships with major industrial companies and offers various products and services for industrial applications.Its is also network partner of the Green Cooling Initiative (GCI) which promotes environmental sound cooling solution worldwide.
Jordan is a country with scarce fossil fuel resources, therefore it imports 96% of its energy at high cost. The demand for electricity almost doubled in the last 10 years (2004: 8.57 TWh; 2013: 14.6 TWh) (International Energy Agency, 2014). This rapid growth is mainly driven by a growing population, the result of an influx of refugees, economic development and increasing living standards. Despite being one of the best locations for the use of solar energy with irradiation 10% above the MENA average, the use of renewables only plays a minor role in the energy mix. The hot and dry climate makes air-conditioning indispensable for economic processes and activities (such as industry, tourism, and healthcare to name a few) and in light of increasing living standards. Cooling needs contribute significantly to the energy demand and are expected to increase along with economic growth and rising global temperatures. Energy prices are a major cost factor for the commercial and industrial sector in Jordan. The government is gradually reducing subsidies, aiming for cost recovery by the end of 2017 and the increasing cost of energy often limits the competitiveness of local economic activities.
Solar thermal applications are already widely used in the field of domestic hot water supply. Climatic conditions are characterized by high solar radiation and hence very suitable for solar cooling – in particular for the use of solar thermal technology solutions. Solar cooling takes advantage of the fact that the demand for cooling correlates with times where high solar irradiation occurs. Such decentralized solutions can offer additional benefits during power fluctuations and outages which are caused by the increasing load in the national grid.
Potentially, solar cooling absorption technologies use up to 75% less electricity than conventional compression chillers. In addition, absorption technology can also be used as a heat pump, and hence save diesel cost during heating period. Further environmental and climate benefits also result from the use of natural refrigerants (e.g. lithium bromide ammonia, and water), virtually eliminating direct greenhouse gas emissions from leakages of refrigerants with high global warming potential.
Barriers
In 2013, a study initiated by GIZ took a closer look at the solar cooling potential in Jordan and identified a range of key barriers that might hinder market penetration and a widespread application of solar cooling. The most prominent barriers found are the following:
The project 'Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce' is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), and the Jordanian Ministry of Environment, the IKI project ‘Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce’ is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) with a budget of 3.7 Million Euros.
So far, the project established four pilot installations of solar thermal cooling demonstrating its economic and technical feasibility in the high ambient temperatures.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]] Exhibiting its feasibility increases public awareness on alternative cooling technologies and helps to overcome some of the above mentioned barriers. Intensive capacity development measures in the field of operation and maintenance, planning and installation will support the localization of solar thermal technologies. To reduce initial investment, customized solutions that utilize synergies with already existing water heating systems, for example, are promoted. Such projects and their potential for scaling up support the establishment of sustainable and climate-friendly air-conditioning in Jordan and the region. Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be virtually eliminated, and indirect emissions can be reduced up to 75% by operating solar cooling systems with natural refrigerants. To mainstream climate friendly cooling policy advisory services accompany the project activities and e.g. led to the incorporation of solar cooling in Jordan`s NDCs.
Projects sites are located at the German-Jordan University (160 kW)[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]], the Irbid Chamber of Commerce (50 kW), the Petra Guest House (160kW) and the Royal Cultural Center (160 kW). All project sites contribute in-kind and in-cash for the installed systems.
