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| | Suriname is bordered by French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south & the Atlantic Ocean to the north<ref name="World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf</ref><ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). Country Profile – Suriname. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/ca0427en/CA0427EN.pdf">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). Country Profile – Suriname. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/ca0427en/CA0427EN.pdf</ref>. The region in the north is mostly lowland coastal area, where most of the land has been cultivated, while the southern part consists of tropical rainforest and randomly distributed inhabited savanna along the county’s borders with Brazil<ref name="World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf</ref>.<br/> | | Suriname is bordered by French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south & the Atlantic Ocean to the north<ref name="World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf</ref><ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). Country Profile – Suriname. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/ca0427en/CA0427EN.pdf">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). Country Profile – Suriname. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/ca0427en/CA0427EN.pdf</ref>. The region in the north is mostly lowland coastal area, where most of the land has been cultivated, while the southern part consists of tropical rainforest and randomly distributed inhabited savanna along the county’s borders with Brazil<ref name="World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf</ref>.<br/> |
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| − | [[File:02- Suriname's Map (FAO, 2015).PNG|thumb|center|650px|Suriname's Map (FAO, 2015).PNG]]<br/> | + | [[File:02- Suriname's Map (FAO, 2015).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Suriname's Map (FAO, 2015).PNG]]<br/> |
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| | The country’s climate is mostly hot and humid through the year; equatorial in coastal areas, tropical monsoon further inland and tropical savannah in the south-western portions of the country<ref name="World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf</ref>. Suriname has two wet seasons; the 1<sup>st</sup> and the main one is from April to July, and the 2<sup>nd</sup> and shorter one is in the period December-January<ref name="World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf</ref>. The northern populated area has four different seasons: a minor rainy season from early December to early February, a minor dry season from early February to late April, a major rainy season from late April to mid-August and a major dry season from mid-August to early December <ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). Country Profile – Suriname. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/ca0427en/CA0427EN.pdf">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). Country Profile – Suriname. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/ca0427en/CA0427EN.pdf</ref>.<br/> | | The country’s climate is mostly hot and humid through the year; equatorial in coastal areas, tropical monsoon further inland and tropical savannah in the south-western portions of the country<ref name="World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf</ref>. Suriname has two wet seasons; the 1<sup>st</sup> and the main one is from April to July, and the 2<sup>nd</sup> and shorter one is in the period December-January<ref name="World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). (2018). Country Profile: Suriname. Retrieved from: http://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/files/2018/06/Country-Profile-Suriname.pdf</ref>. The northern populated area has four different seasons: a minor rainy season from early December to early February, a minor dry season from early February to late April, a major rainy season from late April to mid-August and a major dry season from mid-August to early December <ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). Country Profile – Suriname. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/ca0427en/CA0427EN.pdf">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). Country Profile – Suriname. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/ca0427en/CA0427EN.pdf</ref>.<br/> |
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| | A study that was carried out in 2014 has analyzed the Suriname’s energy matrix as indicated in the following figures.<br/> | | A study that was carried out in 2014 has analyzed the Suriname’s energy matrix as indicated in the following figures.<br/> |
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| − | [[File:04- Energy Matrix's Key (Ramón & Humpert, 2014).PNG|thumb|center|650px|The Energy Matrix's Key (Ramón & Humpert, 2014)]]<br/> | + | [[File:04- Energy Matrix's Key (Ramón & Humpert, 2014).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|The Energy Matrix's Key (Ramón & Humpert, 2014)]]<br/> |
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| − | [[File:03- Suriname's Energy Matrix (Ramón & Humpert, 2014).PNG|thumb|center|650px|Suriname's Energy Matrix (Ramón & Humpert, 2014).PNG]]<br/> | + | [[File:03- Suriname's Energy Matrix (Ramón & Humpert, 2014).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Suriname's Energy Matrix (Ramón & Humpert, 2014).PNG]]<br/> |
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| | According to this analysis<ref name="Ramón, E. & Humpert, M. (2014). Energy Matrix Country Briefings: Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago. Retrieved from: https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/11241/energy-matrix-country-briefings-antigua-barbuda-bahamas-barbados-dominica-grenada">Ramón, E. & Humpert, M. (2014). Energy Matrix Country Briefings: Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago. Retrieved from: https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/11241/energy-matrix-country-briefings-antigua-barbuda-bahamas-barbados-dominica-grenada</ref>:<br/> | | According to this analysis<ref name="Ramón, E. & Humpert, M. (2014). Energy Matrix Country Briefings: Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago. Retrieved from: https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/11241/energy-matrix-country-briefings-antigua-barbuda-bahamas-barbados-dominica-grenada">Ramón, E. & Humpert, M. (2014). Energy Matrix Country Briefings: Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago. Retrieved from: https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/11241/energy-matrix-country-briefings-antigua-barbuda-bahamas-barbados-dominica-grenada</ref>:<br/> |
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| | == Energy Access == | | == Energy Access == |
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| − | [[File:05- Suriname's Total Access to Electricity 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|650px|Suriname's Total Access to Electricity 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG]]<br/> | + | [[File:05- Suriname's Total Access to Electricity 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Suriname's Total Access to Electricity 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG]]<br/> |
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| − | [[File:06- Suriname's Urban & Rural Access to Electricity 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|650pxpx|Suriname's Urban & Rural Access to Electricity 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/> | + | [[File:06- Suriname's Urban & Rural Access to Electricity 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Suriname's Urban & Rural Access to Electricity 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/> |
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| | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | [[File:07- Suriname's Access to Clean Cooking 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|650px|Suriname's Access to Clean Cooking 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/> | + | [[File:07- Suriname's Access to Clean Cooking 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Suriname's Access to Clean Cooking 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/> |
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| | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | [[File:08- Suriname's Total Energy Supply 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|650px|Suriname's Total Energy Supply 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/> | + | [[File:08- Suriname's Total Energy Supply 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Suriname's Total Energy Supply 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/> |
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| | == Installed Capacity == | | == Installed Capacity == |
Suriname, also known as Republic of Suriname, is a country located on the north-eastern Atlantic coast of South America[1]. The country’s total area is below 165,000 Km2, which makes it the smallest country in South America[1]. 80% of the country’s area is covered with tropical rain forests, with only 1.5 million ha are considered suitable for agriculture[2]. The majority of the country’s inhabitants are located in the country’s north coast, particularly within and around the capital ‘Paramaribo’[1].
Suriname is bordered by French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south & the Atlantic Ocean to the north[1][2]. The region in the north is mostly lowland coastal area, where most of the land has been cultivated, while the southern part consists of tropical rainforest and randomly distributed inhabited savanna along the county’s borders with Brazil[1].
The country’s climate is mostly hot and humid through the year; equatorial in coastal areas, tropical monsoon further inland and tropical savannah in the south-western portions of the country[1]. Suriname has two wet seasons; the 1st and the main one is from April to July, and the 2nd and shorter one is in the period December-January[1]. The northern populated area has four different seasons: a minor rainy season from early December to early February, a minor dry season from early February to late April, a major rainy season from late April to mid-August and a major dry season from mid-August to early December [2].
Suriname has a variety of natural resources, but the national economy is dominated by certain mining activities and agricultural products [1][3][4]. The primary mining products are: oil, bauxite and gold, while in the agriculture sector, rice and bananas are the dominant products[1][3][4]. Suriname is highly energy-independent due to the combination of the mining of fossil fuels and the significant wealth of hydropower, thus, energy-wise, it is a very self-sufficient country[3].
According to REEEP (2013), Suriname has small amounts of fossil fuels reserves, which are mostly exploited by the government-owned company ‘Staatsoli’. The country has a refinery, which has a production capacity of about 7,500 barrels/day[5]. With regard to these numbers, it is comprehendible that, amongst the Caribbean countries, Suriname is the least reliant on fossil fuels for electricity generation[5].
The most significant energy source in the country is considered to be hydro-electricity, which was used in 2010 to supply 95% of its electricity generation[5]. Notably, around 26% of Suriname’s total energy supply is generated through Lake Brokopondo’s hydropower system[5].
A study that was carried out in 2014 has analyzed the Suriname’s energy matrix as indicated in the following figures.
