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| | {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Namibia | | {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Namibia |
| | |CES Country Capital=Windhoek | | |CES Country Capital=Windhoek |
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| | = Introduction = | | = Introduction = |
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| − | Namibia lies in the southern part of the African continent. It <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background: white;">borders </span>the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola to the north, Zambia to the north-east, Botswana to the east, and South-Africa to both south-east & south. | + | Namibia lies in the southern part of the African continent. It <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background: white">borders </span>the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola to the north, Zambia to the north-east, Botswana to the east, and South-Africa to both south-east & south. |
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| | = Energy Situation = | | = Energy Situation = |
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| | == Overview of the Country's Energy Sources == | | == Overview of the Country's Energy Sources == |
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| − | <span style="color:#FF0000;">(Move to chapter power/electricity production):</span> Namibia's generated electricity comes mainly from:<br/> | + | <span style="color:#FF0000">(Move to chapter power/electricity production):</span> Namibia's generated electricity comes mainly from:<br/> |
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| − | *the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">240 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Kunene river in Ruacana, </span><br/> | + | *the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">240 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Kunene river in Ruacana, </span><br/> |
| − | *<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">the 120 MW van Eck coal-powered plant north of Windhoek, </span><br/> | + | *<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">the 120 MW van Eck coal-powered plant north of Windhoek, </span><br/> |
| − | *<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">the Paratus 24 MW heavy fuel-oil powered plant in Walvis Bay,</span><br/> | + | *<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">the Paratus 24 MW heavy fuel-oil powered plant in Walvis Bay,</span><br/> |
| − | *the 5.78 MW solar plant in Trekkopje in the Erongo region. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ref name="Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf">Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf</ref>.</span><br/> | + | *the 5.78 MW solar plant in Trekkopje in the Erongo region. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><ref name="Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf">Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf</ref>.</span><br/> |
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| − | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Ruacana hydrowpower plant is a run‐of‐river station. The amount of power generated depends on the water flows from Angola. In case of insufficient flows, power generation is low.</span> | + | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">The Ruacana hydrowpower plant is a run‐of‐river station. The amount of power generated depends on the water flows from Angola. In case of insufficient flows, power generation is low.</span> |
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| − | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The installed electrical generation capacity is insufficient to meet the demand for electricity. Therefore, Namibia is importing large amounts of electricity from neighboring countries mainly South-Africa. The crossborder transmission lines have a capacity of 600 MW. Another transmission line is presently built, extending the transmission system to Zambia and Zimbabwe and will have another additional capacity of 600 MW.</span> | + | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">The installed electrical generation capacity is insufficient to meet the demand for electricity. Therefore, Namibia is importing large amounts of electricity from neighboring countries mainly South-Africa. The crossborder transmission lines have a capacity of 600 MW. Another transmission line is presently built, extending the transmission system to Zambia and Zimbabwe and will have another additional capacity of 600 MW.</span> |
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| | == Energy Access == | | == Energy Access == |
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| | [[File:04- Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/> | | [[File:04- Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019).PNG|thumb|center|500px|Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)]]<br/> |
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| − | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">According to the </span>[[Distributed Renewables for Energy Access in SADC Countries|REN21-SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report]]<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (2018), the challenge in Namibia is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.</span><ref name="Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf">Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf</ref><br/> | + | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">According to the </span>[[Distributed Renewables for Energy Access in SADC Countries|REN21-SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report]]<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> (2018), the challenge in Namibia is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.</span><ref name="Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf">Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf</ref><br/> |
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| − | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">So far the country has developed several pilot mini-grids, including three off-grid systems: Gobabeb, Tsumkwe Mini Grid and Gam Solar PV Mini Grid. In rural and remote areas where neither the main grid nor mini- grids are available, consumers depend on stand-alone electricity sources, mainly diesel generators. The use of solar technologies has been increasing, and hybrid solar/diesel systems have proved to be technically sound off-grid solutions.</span><ref name="European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip .">European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip . </ref><br/> | + | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">So far the country has developed several pilot mini-grids, including three off-grid systems: Gobabeb, Tsumkwe Mini Grid and Gam Solar PV Mini Grid. In rural and remote areas where neither the main grid nor mini- grids are available, consumers depend on stand-alone electricity sources, mainly diesel generators. The use of solar technologies has been increasing, and hybrid solar/diesel systems have proved to be technically sound off-grid solutions.</span><ref name="European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip .">European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip . </ref><br/> |
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| | == Production == | | == Production == |
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| − | {| style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | + | {| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" |
| | |+ Table: Namibia's Total Energy Production from Different Sources 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> | | |+ Table: Namibia's Total Energy Production from Different Sources 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> |
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| | |+ Table: Namibia's Final Energy Consumption of Different Sources 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> | | |+ Table: Namibia's Final Energy Consumption of Different Sources 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> |
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| − | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Most of the final consumed energy goes to the country's transport sector<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref>.</span><br/> | + | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Most of the final consumed energy goes to the country's transport sector<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref>.</span><br/> |
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| | == Import and Export == | | == Import and Export == |
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| − | {| style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | + | {| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" |
| | |+ Table: Namibia's Oil Products' Imports 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> | | |+ Table: Namibia's Oil Products' Imports 2000-2018<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf</ref> |
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| | == Electricity == | | == Electricity == |
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| − | {| style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | + | {| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" |
| | |+ Table: Namibia's Electricity's General Indicators 2015-2016<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html</ref> | | |+ Table: Namibia's Electricity's General Indicators 2015-2016<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html</ref> |
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| | = Renewable Energy = | | = Renewable Energy = |
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| − | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Non-electricity off-grid renewable energy projects include the small/ micro wind energy installations used for water pumping, which are very common in Namibia, especially on farms. This technology has been used successfully for decades, with about 30,000 wind- driven water pumps installed in the country as of 2005; however, the current trend is to replace these with solar energy sources.</span><ref name="Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref><br/> | + | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Non-electricity off-grid renewable energy projects include the small/ micro wind energy installations used for water pumping, which are very common in Namibia, especially on farms. This technology has been used successfully for decades, with about 30,000 wind- driven water pumps installed in the country as of 2005; however, the current trend is to replace these with solar energy sources.</span><ref name="Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 [https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/] Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf</ref><br/> |
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| | == General Indicators == | | == General Indicators == |
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| − | {| style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | + | {| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" |
| | |+ Table: Namibia's Total Renewable Energy Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref> | | |+ Table: Namibia's Total Renewable Energy Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref> |
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| | == Solar == | | == Solar == |
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| − | The solar conditions in the Namibian region are to be considered of the best worldwide for solar generation<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref><ref name="Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf">Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf</ref>. The country's average high direct solar insolation is 2200 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/year, with a cover of minimum clouds<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref><ref name="Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf">Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf</ref>. The southern region of Namibia experiences -on average- 11 hours of sunshine/day, and an average direct solar radiation of 3000 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">kWh/m2/year<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref>. With these conditions, Namibia has a huge potential for installing solar water heaters, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref>.</span> | + | The solar conditions in the Namibian region are to be considered of the best worldwide for solar generation<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref><ref name="Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf">Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf</ref>. The country's average high direct solar insolation is 2200 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/year, with a cover of minimum clouds<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref><ref name="Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf">Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf</ref>. The southern region of Namibia experiences -on average- 11 hours of sunshine/day, and an average direct solar radiation of 3000 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">kWh/m2/year<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref>. With these conditions, Namibia has a huge potential for installing solar water heaters, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants<ref name="Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf">Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf</ref>.</span> |
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| − | {| style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | + | {| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" |
| | |+ Namibia's Installed Solar Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref> | | |+ Namibia's Installed Solar Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref> |
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| − | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Solar Revolving Fund under the Ministry of Mines and Energy continues to subsidise stand-alone solar systems for individual household use: between 2015 and 2017, it financed some 1,600 solar systems (water heaters, pumps and solar home systems).</span><br/> | + | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">The Solar Revolving Fund under the Ministry of Mines and Energy continues to subsidise stand-alone solar systems for individual household use: between 2015 and 2017, it financed some 1,600 solar systems (water heaters, pumps and solar home systems).</span><br/> |
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| | [[File:Namibia's Ruacana Power Station.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Namibia's Ruacana Power Station]]<br/> | | [[File:Namibia's Ruacana Power Station.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Namibia's Ruacana Power Station]]<br/> |
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| − | {| style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | + | {| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" |
| | |+ Table: Namibia's Total Hydropower Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref> | | |+ Table: Namibia's Total Hydropower Capacity (MW) 2009-2018<ref name="Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf">Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf</ref> |
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| | == Bioenergy == | | == Bioenergy == |
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| − | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">EEP Africa supported a very successful biomass energy project that is harvesting invader bush – which covers substantial areas of northern Namibia – for use in a steam boiler. The project, Combating Bush Encroachment for Namibia’s Development, has installed a 250 kW bush-to electricity gasification pilot power plant on a commercial farm in the heavily bush-infested Otavi area. The plant, which was not yet operational as of mid-2018, is considered as a proof-of-concept project to determine the financial feasibility of this approach, assess the robustness of the technology and establish Namibia’s first IPP.</span><br/> | + | <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">EEP Africa supported a very successful biomass energy project that is harvesting invader bush – which covers substantial areas of northern Namibia – for use in a steam boiler. The project, Combating Bush Encroachment for Namibia’s Development, has installed a 250 kW bush-to electricity gasification pilot power plant on a commercial farm in the heavily bush-infested Otavi area. The plant, which was not yet operational as of mid-2018, is considered as a proof-of-concept project to determine the financial feasibility of this approach, assess the robustness of the technology and establish Namibia’s first IPP.</span><br/> |
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| | == Oil == | | == Oil == |
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| − | Liquid fuels in general, and oil in <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background: white;">particular </span>are widely used in Namibia's both household and industrial sectors<ref name="Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229">Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229</ref>. Diesel and petroleum are the most used liquid fuels in the country, especially in the transport sector (~63% of Namibia's total consumed energy)<ref name="Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229">Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229</ref>. | + | Liquid fuels in general, and oil in <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background: white">particular </span>are widely used in Namibia's both household and industrial sectors<ref name="Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229">Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229</ref>. Diesel and petroleum are the most used liquid fuels in the country, especially in the transport sector (~63% of Namibia's total consumed energy)<ref name="Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229">Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229</ref>. |
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| | | | |
| | = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations = | | = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations = |
| | + | |
| | + | {| width="643" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1" |
| | + | |- valign="top" |
| | + | | style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="312" | |
| | + | 2007 |
| | + | |
| | + | | style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="313" | |
| | + | *<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/bd6_Electricity Act 2007.pdf Electricity Act, 2007]</u></span></font> |
| | + | |
| | + | |- valign="top" |
| | + | | style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="312" | |
| | + | 2010 |
| | + | |
| | + | | style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="313" | |
| | + | *Rural Electrification Master Plan (2010): <font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/electricity/ http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/electricity/]</u></span></font> |
| | + | |
| | + | |- valign="top" |
| | + | | style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="312" | |
| | + | 2016 |
| | + | |
| | + | | style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="313" | |
| | + | *<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 201][http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF 6]</u></span></font> |
| | + | *Net metering rules |
| | + | |
| | + | |- valign="top" |
| | + | | style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="312" | |
| | + | 2017 |
| | + | |
| | + | | style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="313" | |
| | + | *<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/National Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Energy Policy - July 2017]</u></span></font> |
| | + | *<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017]</u></span></font> |
| | + | |
| | + | |} |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | | | |
| | = Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector = | | = Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector = |
Namibia lies in the southern part of the African continent. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola to the north, Zambia to the north-east, Botswana to the east, and South-Africa to both south-east & south.
Namibia's top energy sources are petroleum, hydropower, imported electricity, and imported coal[1]. The country's own internal resources supply less than one-third of its needed energy requirements[2].
The country is also on the top 10 listed countries, which are in possession of uranium resources worldwide, and it solely supplies about 8.2% of the global uranium production[3].
There are around 1 million Namibians lack access to electricity, which means that almost half of the country is without access at all (~53% has access & ~47% has no access)[4][5].
Namibia's average consumption rate surpasses 3000 GWh/year, while its generation capacity is around 1305 GWh/year[1]. Therefore, there is a supply gap, which is covered by importing power from South-Africa, Zambia, and Mozambique[1].
28% of Namibia's generated electricity come from fossil fuels, while 64% are from hydropower, and about 8% come from renewables[4].
The solar conditions in the Namibian region are to be considered of the best worldwide for solar generation[1][2]. The country's average high direct solar insolation is 2200 kWh/m2/year, with a cover of minimum clouds[1][2]. The southern region of Namibia experiences -on average- 11 hours of sunshine/day, and an average direct solar radiation of 3000 kWh/m2/year[1]. With these conditions, Namibia has a huge potential for installing solar water heaters, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants[1].
Namibia's most common PV technology application is solar PV-based pumping, which is mainly used in cattle farms[1]. Secondary solar applications in the country would be rural electrification, powering radios, lighting, TVs, and fans[3].
Hydropower is the country's major source for electricity generation, particularly, the Ruacana hydroelectric power station (330 MW)[3].
Namibia uses coal solely for generating electricity, thus through the country's only coal-powered station (Van Eck Power Station)[11]. All the coal used in Namibia is imported, and it mostly comes from South-Africa[11].
For Namibia to develop its energy sector and achieve energy security for the decades to come, some challenges need to be mitigated and handled properly at the first place, from which some are listed below[12][2]:
