Latest revision as of 12:54, 10 September 2020

India
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Capital			New Delhi
Region			South Asia
Coordinates			21.0000° N, 78.0000° E
Total Area (km²) It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.			3,287,260
Population It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.			1,450,935,791 (2024)
Rural Population (% of total population) It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.			63 (2024)
GDP (current US$) It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.			3,912,686,168,582.21 (2024)
GDP Per Capita (current US$) It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population			2,696.66 (2024)
Access to Electricity (% of population) It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.			99.50 (2024)
Energy Imports Net (% of energy use) It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.			35.77 (2022)
Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total) It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.			74.94 (2022)
Source: World Bank

[edit] Introduction

India is a rapidly growing economy which needs energy to meet its growth objectives in a sustainable manner. The Indian economy faces significant challenges in terms of meeting its energy needs in the coming decade. The increasing energy requirements coupled with a slower than expected increase in domestic fuel production has meant that the extent of imports in energy mix is growing rapidly^[1]. India is among the top five Green-house-gas (GHG) emitters globally^[2].

India has a population of over 1.21 billion (2011 census) with 70% of total population living in rural areas.Out of these 1210 million people, 396 million (44.7% of the total rural population compared to 7.3% of urban population) does not have access to electricity and 592 million (rural- 62.5%; urban- 20.1%) people still use firewood for cooking . Majority of these people reside in rural areas and are still dependent on non-commercial energy sources, such as fuel wood, crop residue, and animal waste for their energy needs. Furthermore, about 80% of the population - which includes 28% of urban inhabitants - still relies on combustion of biomass fuels for cooking activities. The use of biomass for cooking also contributes to the indoor air pollution phenomenon, which caused 488.200 deaths in 2004 .^[3]

Although India is increasing dependent on commercial fuels, a sizeable quantum of energy requirements (40% of total energy requirement), especially in the rural household sector, is met by non-commercial energy sources, which include fuel wood, crop residue, and animal waste, including human and draught animal power. However, other forms of commercial energy of a much higher quality and efficiency are steadily replacing the traditional energy resources being consumed in the rural sector. ►Go To Top

[edit] Energy Situation

The installed capacity of power plants in India as on 29.02.2012 is 1,90,593 MW (including 22,253 MW from Renewable Energy Sources). The gross electricity generation in the country during 2011-12 "up to February, 2012) including import from Bhutan was 798.9 Billion Units. The energy requirement, availability and shortage in the country during April, 2011 to February, 2012 are given below:^[4]

Year	Energy Requirement (MU)	Energy Availability (MU)	Deficit (MU)	Deficit (%)
2011-12 (till Feb 2012)	853324	782124	71200	8.3%

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{| border="0" align="right" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" style="width: 400px; font-size: 14px"
+{{CES Country
-|-
+|CES Country Name=India
-! scope="col" colspan="4" style="width: 602px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189)" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="line-height: 20px">Republic of India</span></font>
+|CES Country Capital=New Delhi
-|-
+|CES Country Region South Asia=South Asia
-| colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | [[File:Flag of India svg.png|center|180px|Flag of India|alt=Flag of _____.png]]
+|CES Country Coordinates=21.0000° N, 78.0000° E
-| style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | [[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|center|180px|India Location|alt=Location _______.png]]
+}}
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Capital'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | New Delhi (28° 36′ 50″ N, 77° 12′ 32″ E)
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Official Languages(s)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" |
-Hindi, English
-|-
+<br/>
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Government'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Federal parliamentary constitutional republic
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''President'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Pranab Mukherjee<ref name="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India</ref>
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Prime Minister'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Manmohan Singh<ref name="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India</ref>
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Total Area ''''''<span style="line-height: 21px">( </span>km²<span style="line-height: 21px">)</span>'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 3,287,590<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India</ref>
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Population'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 1,210,193,422 (2011 estimate)
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Rural Population'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | <br/>
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''GDP (Nominal)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | $1.538 trillion (2010 estimate)
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''GDP Per Capita'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | $1,265 (2010 estimate)
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Currency'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Indian rupee (INR)
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Time Zone'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | IST (UTC+05:30)
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Calling Code'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | +91
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Electricity Generation'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | <span data-scaytid="5" data-scayt_word="twh">TWh</span>/year (year)
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Access to Electricity'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | <br/>
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Wind energy (installed capacity)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | MW (year)
-|-
-| colspan="3" style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Solar Energy (installed capacity)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | MW (year)
-|}
-{| border="0" align="left" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 350px" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
+= Introduction =
-|-
-| __TOC__
-|}
+India is a rapidly growing economy which needs energy to meet its growth objectives in a sustainable manner. The Indian economy faces significant challenges in terms of meeting its energy needs in the coming decade. The increasing energy requirements coupled with a slower than expected increase in domestic fuel production has meant that the extent of imports in energy mix is growing rapidly<ref>"A point of view on the solar energy sector in INDIA" by KPMG, INDIA</ref>. India is among the top five Green-house-gas (GHG) emitters globally<ref name="United nations Green-House-gas emissions">United nations Green-House-gas emissions</ref>.
-<br/>
-<div style="clear: both"></div>
-<br/>
-= Overview<br/> =
+India has a population of over 1.21 billion (2011 census) with 70% of total population living in rural areas.Out of these 1210 million people, 396 million (44.7% of the total rural population compared to 7.3% of urban population) does not have access to electricity and 592 million (rural- 62.5%; urban- 20.1%) people still use firewood for cooking . Majority of these people reside in rural areas and are still dependent on non-commercial energy sources, such as fuel wood, crop residue, and animal waste for their energy needs. Furthermore, about 80% of the population - which includes 28% of urban inhabitants - still relies on combustion of biomass fuels for cooking activities. The use of biomass for cooking also contributes to the indoor air pollution phenomenon, which caused 488.200 deaths in 2004 .<ref name="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India</ref>
-India is a sovereign, secular and democratic republic with a parliamentary form of Government. It is the largest democracy in the world. The President is the Head of the state (Country) whereas Prime Minister is the Head of the Government .Legistlative powers is vested in the two chambers of Pariament of India “ The Lok Sabha- House of people or council of Ministers” and the Rajya Sabha “ The Council of States”. Similar structure in the state (province) governments where head of the state is the Governer and head of the state government is the Chief Minister. The Election takes place every 5 Years. India has a Three Tier Judiciary system- Supreme court, 21 High courts and large number of Trial courts.<ref name="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India</ref>
+Although India is increasing dependent on commercial fuels, a sizeable quantum of energy requirements (40% of total energy requirement), especially in the rural household sector, is met by non-commercial energy sources, which include fuel wood, crop residue, and animal waste, including human and <span data-scayt_word="draught" data-scaytid="48">draught</span> animal power. However, other forms of commercial energy of a much higher quality and efficiency are steadily replacing the traditional energy resources being consumed in the rural sector. [[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 <br/>
-India is a rapidly growing economy which needs energy to meet its growth objectives in a sustainable manner. The Indian economy faces significant challenges in terms of meeting its energy needs in the coming decade. The increasing energy requirements coupled with a slower than expected increase in domestic fuel production has meant that the extent of imports in energy mix is growing rapidly<ref>"A point of view on the solar energy sector in INDIA" by KPMG, INDIA</ref>. India is among the top five Green-house-gas (GHG) emitters globally<ref>United nations Green-House-gas emissions</ref>. To reduce its dependency on the conventional sources, India has launched a solar mission in 2009. The Mission has set a target of 20,000 MW using solar. Solar Mission stipulates implementation and achievementof the target in 3 phases (first phase upto 2012-13, second phase from 2013 to 2017 and the third phase from 2017 to2022) for various components, including grid connected solar power.<ref>"Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Mission Guidelines" by "Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, INDIA"</ref>
+= Energy Situation =
+The installed capacity of power plants in India as on 29.02.2012 is 1,90,593 MW (including 22,253 MW from Renewable Energy Sources). The gross electricity generation in the country during 2011-12 "up to February, 2012) including import from Bhutan was 798.9 Billion Units. The energy requirement, availability and shortage in the country during April, 2011 to February, 2012 are given below:<ref name="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=81243">http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=81243</ref>
 <br/>
-India has a population of over 1.21 billion (2011 census) with 70% of total population living in rural areas.<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;">Out of these 1210 million people, 396 million (44.7% of the total rural population compared to 7.3% of urban population) does not have access to electricity and 592 million (rural- 62.5%; urban- 20.1%) people still use firewood for cooking . Majority of these people reside in rural areas and are still dependent on non-commercial energy sources, such as fuel wood, crop residue, and animal waste for their energy needs. Furthermore, about 80% of the population - which includes 28% of urban inhabitants - still relies on combustion of biomass fuels for cooking activities. The use of biomass for cooking also contributes to the indoor air pollution phenomenon, which caused 488.200 deaths in 2004 .</span><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India</ref>
 <br/>
-Electricity Consumption in India was about 543 KWh/capita in 2009, among the lowest in the world. Although India has considerably improved its generating capacity, it still has difficulty in meeting demand and there are persistent power shortages which constrain India’s economic growth. With the development of the industrial and commercial sectors as well as the wider use of electrical equipment, electricity demand keeps increasing.<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">Moreover, approximately 30 percent of India’s generated power is lost in transmission. Distribution is the weakest link of India’s power supply chain as it faces substantial technical losses (because of overloading of transformers and conductors, for instance) and commercial losses of electricity (because of low metering efficiency, poor billing and collection, large scale theft of power). Furthermore, lack of transmission and distribution of power to less densely populated areas which are located far away from the power generating stations is the major reason for not being able to achieve 100 percent electrification in the country.</span>
-= Energy Situation =
-<div><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;">The installed capacity of power plants in India as on 29.02.2012 is 1,90,593 MW (including 22,253 MW from Renewable Energy Sources). The gross electricity generation in the country during 2011-12 </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif">(</span></span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;">up to February, 2012) including import from Bhutan was 798.9 Billion Units. The energy requirement, availability and shortage in the country during April, 2011 to February, 2012 are given below:</span><ref name="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=81243">http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=81243</ref></div><div><br/></div>
 {| border="1" align="center" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="height: 146px; width: 100%"
 |-
@@ Line 95: / Line 33: @@
 | <p style="text-align: center">'''Energy Availability (MU)'''</p>
 | <p style="text-align: center">'''Deficit (MU)'''</p>
-| style="text-align: center" | '''Deficit (%)'''<br/>
+| style="text-align: center" | '''Deficit (%)'''
 |-
 | <p style="text-align: center">2011-12 (till Feb 2012)</p>
@@ Line 103: / Line 41: @@
 | style="text-align: center" | 8.3%
 |}
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
+<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 110: / Line 52: @@
 '''<span data-scayt_word="Bihar" data-scaytid="665">Bihar</span>'''<br/>
-[[Bihar_Energy_Situation|Bihar Energy Situation]]
+[[Bihar Energy Situation|Bihar Energy Situation]]
 '''<span data-scayt_word="Orissa" data-scaytid="667">Orissa</span>'''<br/>
-[[Biogas_technology_in_Orissa_(India)|Biogas in Orissa]]
+[[Biogas Technology in India - Orissa|Biogas in Orissa]]
 '''Uttarakhand'''<br/>
-[[Energy_Situation_Uttarakhand,_India|Uttarakhand Energy Situation]]
+[[Energy Situation Uttarakhand, India|Uttarakhand Energy Situation]]
 '''Uttar Pradesh'''
-[[Uttar_Pradesh_Energy_Situation|Uttar Pradesh Energy Situation]]
+[[Uttar Pradesh Energy Situation|Uttar Pradesh Energy Situation]]
 '''West Bengal'''<br/>
-[[West_Bengal_Energy_Situation|West Bengal Energy Situation]]
+[[West Bengal Energy Situation|West Bengal Energy Situation]]
 <br/>
-== Renewable Energy ==
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
-India also has one of the highest potentials for harnessing the renewable energy as it is bestowed with such natural resources and geographical and climatic conditions that could support the promotion of renewable energy technologies like solar, wind, biomass and small hydro.
+<br/>
+<br/>
+= Renewable Energy =
-As on 31st January, 2012, the total installed capacity of grid connected Renewable Energy is 23.12 GW. Amongst this, the biggest chunk is from Wind power, which stands at around 16, 000 MW. The wind power sector growth in India is continuously increasing and around 2100 MW of wind power was added in the last year and it is expected to continue because of the continued government supported schemes in this sector.
+[[File:Renewables share in India.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Share of different renewables in the renewable energy mix|alt=Renewables share in India.jpg]]India also has one of the highest potentials for harnessing the renewable energy as it is bestowed with such natural resources and geographical and climatic conditions that support the promotion of renewable energy technologies like solar, wind, biomass and small hydro.
-Till last year, the share of grid connected Solar PV was negligible, only around 40 MW and most of the Government focus was on Off grid Solar PV and Residential Solar Thermal. However, due to the new government initiative- Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (announced in year 2010), the Grid connected Solar PV and the Concentrated Solar Power Market is on the boom. Around 440 MW of Solar PV was installed in the last year and is expected to increase many folds due to highly lucrative government schemes.
+As on 31st January, 2012, the total installed capacity of grid connected renewable energy is 23.12 GW. Amongst this, the biggest chunk is from wind power, which stands at around 16, 000 MW. The wind energy sector is continuously increasing and around 2100 MW of wind power was added last year and is expected to continue because of the continued government supported schemes in this sector.
-Small Hydro and Biomass technologies represent the remaining chunk of the Grid connected Renewable Energy mix, as shown in the graph below. Government also sees Geothermal Energy as an interesting Renewable Energy source for India and few sites in Andaman Nibobar Islands etc have been identified for the pilot projects.
+Till last year, the share of grid connected solar pv was negligible, only around 40 MW and most of the Government focus was on Off grid Solar PV and Residential Solar Thermal. However, due to the new government initiative- Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (announced in year 2010), the Grid connected Solar PV and the Concentrated Solar Power Market is on the boom. Around 440 MW of Solar PV was installed in the last year and is expected to increase many folds due to highly lucrative government schemes.
-[[File:Renewables share in India.jpg|left|412px|alt=Renewables share in India.jpg]]<br/>
+Small Hydro and Biomass technologies represent the remaining chunk of the Grid connected Renewable Energy mix, as shown in the graph below. Government also sees Geothermal Energy as an interesting Renewable Energy source for India and few sites in Andaman Nibobar Islands etc have been identified for the pilot projects.<br/>
-=== Solar Energy<br/> ===
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 <br/>
-India has high Solar Insolation levels with about 300 clear sunny days –most parts of the country receive 4-7 Kwh/m²/day with about 1500-2000 sunshine hours per-week (depending upon location ) , which is far more than current total energy consumption . <span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;">Ministry of New and Renewable energy (MNRE), Government of India estimates solar potential at over 10000 MW. </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;">States on West part of India such as Rajasthan and Gujrat have the highest potential. </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;">Parts of these states have the best solar irradiance in India with 4-7 Kwh/m²/day.</span>
+<br/>
-[[File:India solar resource.jpg|left|597px|alt=India solar resource.jpg]]<br/>
+== Solar Energy ==
-<u>'''Grid Parity in India'''</u>
+[[File:India solar resource.jpg|thumb|right|200px|India solar resources]] India has high Solar Insolation levels with about 300 clear sunny days –most parts of the country receive 4-7 Kwh/m²/day with about 1500-2000 sunshine hours per-week (depending upon location ) , which is far more than current total energy consumption . Ministry of New and Renewable energy (MNRE), Government of India estimates solar potential at over 10000 MW. States on West part of India such as Rajasthan and Gujrat have the highest potential.Parts of these states have the best solar irradiance in India with 4-7 Kwh/m²/day.
-The capital cost for solar power has come down by about 16% to 20% in the last two years. It is expected to continue the downward trend for the next three years as the manufacturing scale increases and the technology matures. At the same time, the cost for fossil fuels such as coal is expected to increase and subsidies in the power sector in India are expected to fall, thus driving up grid power prices. Given India’s high irradiation levels, solar power will soon become a feasible choice for captive generation in the future. So it is expected that India will achieve Grid Parity in 2018. <ref>Bridge to India</ref>
+<br/>To reduce its dependency on the conventional sources, India has launched a solar mission in 2009. The Mission has set a target of 20,000 MW using solar. Solar Mission stipulates implementation and achievementof the target in 3 phases (first phase upto 2012-13, second phase from 2013 to 2017 and the third phase from 2017 to2022) for various components, including grid connected solar power.<ref>"Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Mission Guidelines" by "Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, INDIA"</ref><br/>
-[[File:Grid Parity in India.jpg|left|625px|alt=Grid Parity in India.jpg]]
+<u>'''Grid Parity in India'''</u>
-<br/>
+The capital cost for solar power has come down by about 16% to 20% in the last two years. It is expected to continue the downward trend for the next three years as the manufacturing scale increases and the technology matures. At the same time, the cost for fossil fuels such as coal is expected to increase and subsidies in the power sector in India are expected to fall, thus driving up grid power prices. Given India’s high irradiation levels, solar power will soon become a feasible choice for captive generation in the future. So it is expected that India will achieve Grid Parity in 2018. <ref name="Bridge to India">Bridge to India</ref>[[File:Grid Parity in India.jpg|center|425px|alt=Grid Parity in India.jpg]]<br/>
-'''Photovoltaic (PV)'''<br/>
+=== Photovoltaic (PV) ===
-[[Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping_in_India|-> Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping in India]]<br/>
+[[Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping in India|-> Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping in India]]
-<br/>
+=== Solar Thermal ===
-'''Solar Thermal'''<br/>
+[[Solar Thermal Applications in Industries in India|-> Solar Thermal Applications in Industries in India]]
-<div>[[Solar_Thermal_Applications_in_Industries_in_India|-> Solar Thermal Applications in Industries in India]]<br/></div><div><br/></div><div><br/></div>
-'''Solar Water Purification'''
-[[Solar_Water_Purification_in_India|-> Solar Water Purification (in India)]]<br/>
+=== Solar Water Purification ===
-=== Wind Energy ===
+[[Solar Water Purification in India|-> Solar Water Purification (in India)]]
-India is the world’s fifth largest producer of wind power after Denmark, Germany, Spain, and the USA<ref>India Energy Portal: http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/overview_detail.php</ref> Reported installed capacity by Dec 2011: 16084 MW Ranked as the <span data-scayt_word="5th" data-scaytid="67">5th</span> country with the largest installed capacity. During the year 2011 India added 3019 MW of wind power.<ref>Global wind statistics 2011 (GWEC)</ref>
+=== Rooftop Solar In India ===
+In 2018, India had an installed capacity of 3,855 MW rooftop solar. To boost up the installation of the rooftop solars, the Phase-II of the rooftop solar program is approved. This program will provide subsidies for different stakeholders: 40% for residential solar systems up to 3 kW, 20% for systems between 3-10 kW, additional 20% subsidy for rooftop systems that are part of a Group Housing Society. Support will not be provided for institutional, education or commercial buildings. The aim of the government is to add 38 GW of installed rooftop solar by 2022 and to also create 939,000 jobs. This program will provide around USD 1.6 billion as subsidies.<ref name="https://www.pv-tech.org/news/india-backs-households-and-tempts-discoms-in-second-rooftop-solar-phase">https://www.pv-tech.org/news/india-backs-households-and-tempts-discoms-in-second-rooftop-solar-phase</ref><br/><br/>
-[[File:Wind Power India.jpg|left|695px|wind power density (WPD) at different locations in India|alt=Wind Power India.jpg]]<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
-<br/>
-=== Biomass ===
+== Wind Energy ==
-The potential for power production from captive and field-based biomass resources, using technologies for distributed power generation, is assessed at 19 500 MW including 3500 MW of exportable surplus power from bagasse-based <span data-scayt_word="cogeneration" data-scaytid="68">cogeneration</span> in sugar mills.<ref>MNES 2005</ref>
+[[File:Wind Power India.jpg|thumb|left|250px|wind power density (WPD) at different locations in India|alt=Wind Power India.jpg]] India is the world’s fifth largest producer of wind power after Denmark, Germany, Spain, and the USA<ref>India Energy Portal: http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/overview_detail.php</ref> Reported installed capacity by Dec 2011: 16084 MW Ranked as the <span data-scayt_word="5th" data-scaytid="67">5th</span> country with the largest installed capacity. During the year 2011 India added 3019 MW of wind power.<ref>Global wind statistics 2011 (GWEC)</ref>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 186: / Line 132: @@
 <br/>
-=== <span data-scayt_word="Biogas" data-scaytid="73">Biogas</span> ===
+== Bioenergy ==
-[[Biogas_Technology_in_India|-> Biogas technology in India]]
+The potential for power production from captive and field-based biomass resources, using technologies for distributed power generation, is assessed at 19 500 MW including 3500 MW of exportable surplus power from biogas-based in sugar mills.<ref name="MNES 2005">MNES 2005</ref><br/>
 <br/>
-=== Hydro Power ===
+*See: [[Biogas Technology in India|-> Biogas technology in India]]
-The hydro electric potential in India has been estimated to be 150,000 MW<ref>Annual Report 2001-2002, Ministry of Power, 2002</ref>. As on March 2005, only about 31 <span data-scayt_word="GWe" data-scaytid="71">GWe</span> has either been developed or is being developed. In the last decade the development of hydroelectric power has slowed down. The reasons include high capital investment, time lag between feasibility studies and commissioning, environmental requirements and public opinion etc. Recently Ministry of Power has initiated several steps to accelerate the capacity addition of hydroelectric projects to utilize hydroelectric potential of the country. Hydroelectric initiative for development of 162 new hydroelectric plants spread across 16 states in the country with aggregate 47,930 MW has been launched<ref>Energy Supply, Demand and Environmental Analysis- A Case Study of Indian Energy Scenario,Saradhi. I.V. ,Pandit. G.G. and Puranik. V.D. ; International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1:3 2009; http://www.waset.org/journals/ijcee/v1/v1-3-21.pdf</ref>.
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
-[[India_-_Institutional_Set-up|-> Institutional Set-Up: Small Hydro Power]]
+<br/>
 <br/>
-[[India Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]]
+== Hydro Power ==
-= Electricity Situation =
+The hydro electric potential in India has been estimated to be 150,000 MW<ref name="Annual Report 2001-2002, Ministry of Power, 2002">Annual Report 2001-2002, Ministry of Power, 2002</ref>. As on March 2005, only about 31 has either been developed or is being developed. In the last decade the development of hydroelectric power has slowed down. The reasons include high capital investment, time lag between feasibility studies and commissioning, environmental requirements and public opinion etc. Recently Ministry of Power has initiated several steps to accelerate the capacity addition of hydroelectric projects to utilize hydroelectric potential of the country. Hydroelectric initiative for development of 162 new hydroelectric plants spread across 16 states in the country with aggregate 47,930 MW has been launched<ref name="Energy Supply, Demand and Environmental Analysis- A Case Study of Indian Energy Scenario,Saradhi. I.V. ,Pandit. G.G. and Puranik. V.D. ; International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1:3 2009; http://www.waset.org/journals/ijcee/v1/v1-3-21.pdf">Energy Supply, Demand and Environmental Analysis- A Case Study of Indian Energy Scenario,Saradhi. I.V. ,Pandit. G.G. and Puranik. V.D. ; International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1:3 2009; http://www.waset.org/journals/ijcee/v1/v1-3-21.pdf</ref>.
-Electricity is the most important component of primary energy.Access to affordable and reliable electricity is critical to a country’s growth and prosperity. The country has made significant progress towards the augmentation of its power infrastructure. In absolute terms, the installed power capacity has increased from only 1713 MW as on 31 December 1950 to 118 419 MW as on March 2005.Even the per capita electricity consumption rose from merely 15.6 kWh in 1950 to 592 kWh in 2003/04. However, it is a matter of concern that per capita consumption of electricity is among the lowest in the world.
+<br/>
-In the recent years, India’s energy consumption has been increasing at one of the fastest rates in the world due to population growth and economic development. Industrial consumers are the largest group of electricity consumers, followed by the domestic, agricultural and commercial consumers, in that order.Primary commercial energy demand grew at the rate of six per cent between 1981 and 2001Unknown Object. India ranks fifth in the world in terms of primary energy consumption, accounting for about 3.5% of the world commercial energy demand in the year 2003 . Despite the overall increase in energy demand, per capita energy consumption in India is still very low (15.9 Million Btu) compared to other developing countries (Thailand: 57.9; China: 56.9)<ref>International Energy Annual 2006</ref><br/>
+*See [[Small Hydro Power (SHP) India - Institutional Set-up|-> Institutional Set-Up: Small Hydro Power]]<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 <br/>
-For the past two decades, India has had to face increasing deficit in power supply, both for meeting its normal energy requirements as well as its peak load demand. The problem is acute during peak hours and summers, and necessitates planned load shedding by many utilities to maintain the grid in a healthy state. The average all-India shortages in 2009-10 were at 10 per cent in terms of normal energy requirement and about 13 per cent in terms of peak load.
+= Electricity Situation =
-<br/>
+Electricity is the most important component of primary energy. Access to affordable and reliable electricity is critical to a country’s growth and prosperity. The country has made significant progress towards the augmentation of its power infrastructure. In absolute terms, the installed power capacity has increased from only 1713 MW as on 31 December 1950 to 118 419 MW as on March 2005.Even the per capita electricity consumption rose from merely 15.6 kWh in 1950 to 592 kWh in 2003/04. However, it is a matter of concern that per capita consumption of electricity is among the lowest in the world. Electricity Consumption in India was about 543 KWh/capita in 2009, among the lowest in the world. Industrial consumers are the largest group of electricity consumers, followed by the domestic, agricultural and commercial consumers, in that order.
-Although India is increasing dependent on commercial fuels, a sizeable quantum of energy requirements (40% of total energy requirement), especially in the rural household sector, is met by non-commercial energy sources, which include fuel wood, crop residue, and animal waste, including human and <span data-scayt_word="draught" data-scaytid="48">draught</span> animal power. However, other forms of commercial energy of a much higher quality and efficiency are steadily replacing the traditional energy resources being consumed in the rural sector.
+<br/>Primary commercial energy demand grew at the rate of six per cent between 1981 and 2001. India ranks fifth in the world in terms of primary energy consumption, accounting for about 3.5% of the world commercial energy demand in the year 2003 . Despite the overall increase in energy demand, per capita energy consumption in India is still very low (15.9 Million Btu) compared to other developing countries (Thailand: 57.9; China: 56.9)<ref name="International Energy Annual 2006">International Energy Annual 2006</ref><br/>
+Although India has considerably improved its generating capacity, it still has difficulty in meeting demand and there are persistent power shortages which constrain India’s economic growth. With the development of the industrial and commercial sectors as well as the wider use of electrical equipment, electricity demand keeps increasing. Moreover, approximately 30 percent of India’s generated power is lost in transmission. Distribution is the weakest link of India’s power supply chain as it faces substantial technical losses (because of overloading of transformers and conductors, for instance) and commercial losses of electricity (because of low metering efficiency, poor billing and collection, large scale theft of power). Furthermore, lack of transmission and distribution of power to less densely populated areas which are located far away from the power generating stations is the major reason for not being able to achieve 100 percent electrification in the country.
+<br/>For the past two decades, India has had to face increasing deficit in power supply, both for meeting its normal energy requirements as well as its peak load demand. The problem is acute during peak hours and summers, and necessitates planned load shedding by many utilities to maintain the grid in a healthy state. The average all-India shortages in 2009-10 were at 10 per cent in terms of normal energy requirement and about 13 per cent in terms of peak load.
+<br/>[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 221: / Line 175: @@
 '''Table summarizing the electricity demand and supply in India'''<ref name="CEA">CEA</ref><br/>
+<br/>
+<br/>
 {| border="1" align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; height: 229px"
@@ Line 231: / Line 189: @@
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 279px" colspan="4" | <p style="text-align: center">(MW)</p>
 |-
-| style="vertical-align: top; width: 71px; text-align: center" | Demand<br/>
+| style="vertical-align: top; width: 71px; text-align: center" | Demand
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 80px; text-align: center" | Availability
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 71px; text-align: center" | Shortage
-| style="vertical-align: top; width: 68px; text-align: center" | %
+| style="vertical-align: top; width: 68px; text-align: center" | &nbsp;%
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 71px; text-align: center" | Demand
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 69px; text-align: center" | Met
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 71px; text-align: center" | Shortage
-| style="vertical-align: top; width: 68px; text-align: center" | %
+| style="vertical-align: top; width: 68px; text-align: center" | &nbsp;%
 |-
-| style="vertical-align: top; width: 70px; text-align: center" | 2002-03<br/>
+| style="vertical-align: top; width: 70px; text-align: center" | 2002-03
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 71px; text-align: center" | 545,983
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 80px; text-align: center" | 497,890
@@ Line 248: / Line 206: @@
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 69px; text-align: center" | 71,547
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 71px; text-align: center" | 9,945
-| style="vertical-align: top; width: 68px; text-align: center" | 12.2<br/>
+| style="vertical-align: top; width: 68px; text-align: center" | 12.2
 |-
-| style="vertical-align: top; width: 70px; text-align: center" | 2003-04<br/>
+| style="vertical-align: top; width: 70px; text-align: center" | 2003-04
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 71px; text-align: center" | 559,264
-| style="vertical-align: top; width: 80px; text-align: center" | 519,398<br/>
+| style="vertical-align: top; width: 80px; text-align: center" | 519,398
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 71px; text-align: center" | 39,866
 | style="vertical-align: top; width: 68px; text-align: center" | 7.1
@@ Line 326: / Line 284: @@
 '''Generating capacity addition during the Tenth Plan (2002-2007) & Anticipated generating capacity by the end of the Eleventh plan (2007-2012) (in MW)'''<ref name="www.planning commission.nic.in">www.planning commission.nic.in</ref><br/>
+<br/>
+<br/>
 {| border="1" align="center" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="height: 217px; width: 100%"
@@ Line 383: / Line 345: @@
 | <p style="text-align: center">225029</p>
 |}
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
+<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 389: / Line 355: @@
 According to the [http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/site/India_Statistics.aspx?status=1&menu_id=14 Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation], 100% of the towns are electrified, whereas 83.7% of the villages are electrified. However, 45% of rural households do not have access to electricity and over 1 million households have no access to any form of modern energy or lighting.
+<u>2009</u> (<span data-scayt_word="IEA" data-scaytid="58">IEA</span><ref name="IEA Energy Access Database 2010: http://www.iea.org/weo/database_electricity10/electricity_database_web_2010.htm">IEA Energy Access Database 2010: http://www.iea.org/weo/database_electricity10/electricity_database_web_2010.htm</ref>)
 <br/>
-<u>2009</u> (<span data-scayt_word="IEA" data-scaytid="58">IEA</span><ref>IEA Energy Access Database 2010: http://www.iea.org/weo/database_electricity10/electricity_database_web_2010.htm</ref>)
 *Electrification rate - 66.3%
 *Population without electricity - 403.7 million
-<u>2008</u> (<span data-scayt_word="IEA" data-scaytid="59">IEA</span><ref>IEA Energy Access Database: http://www.iea.org/weo/database_electricity/electricity_access_database.htm</ref>)
+<br/>
+<u>2008</u> (<span data-scayt_word="IEA" data-scaytid="59">IEA</span><ref name="IEA Energy Access Database: http://www.iea.org/weo/database_electricity/electricity_access_database.htm">IEA Energy Access Database: http://www.iea.org/weo/database_electricity/electricity_access_database.htm</ref>)
+<br/>
 *Electrification rate, total - 64.5%
 *Electrification rate, urban - 93.1%
 *Electrification rate, rural - 52.5%
 *Population without electricity - 404.5 million
+<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 406: / Line 382: @@
 == Power Shortages ==
-Rapid growth of the Indian economy places a heavy demand on electric power and this adds to the shortage of power already glaring at us. This shortage of power and lack of access acts as major constraints on the economic growth. Average peak shortages excluding scheduled load shedding was estimated at 12% and average energy shortages at 11 % in 2008-09. Power shortages hint towards an insufficient generating capacity and inadequate transmission and distribution networks. To a great extent this is the outcome of poor financial health of the State Electricity Utilities having high levels of '''Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C)''' losses. AT&C losses of most of the '''State Power Utilities (SPUs)''' are currently high at above 35%. Due to this, these utilities have had only limited success in attracting private investors to set up power plants.<ref>http://planningcommission.nic.in/sectors/index.php?sectors=energy</ref>Moreover, poor quality of power supply and frequent power cuts and shortages impose a heavy burden on India’s fast-growing trade and industry. A crowd sourcing information webpage on power cuts in India has been in operation since 2011: [http://powercuts.in/ [1]]
+Rapid growth of the Indian economy places a heavy demand on electric power and this adds to the shortage of power already glaring at us. This shortage of power and lack of access acts as major constraints on the economic growth. Average peak shortages excluding scheduled load shedding was estimated at 12% and average energy shortages at 11&nbsp;% in 2008-09.<br/>
+<br/>
+Power shortages hint towards an insufficient generating capacity and inadequate transmission and distribution networks. To a great extent this is the outcome of poor financial health of the State Electricity Utilities having high levels of '''Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C)''' losses. AT&C losses of most of the '''State Power Utilities (SPUs)''' are currently high at above 35%. Due to this, these utilities have had only limited success in attracting private investors to set up power plants.<ref name="http://planningcommission.nic.in/sectors/index.php?sectors=energy">http://planningcommission.nic.in/sectors/index.php?sectors=energy</ref>Moreover, poor quality of power supply and frequent power cuts and shortages impose a heavy burden on India’s fast-growing trade and industry. A crowd sourcing information webpage on power cuts in India has been in operation since 2011: [http://powercuts.in/ [1]]
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 412: / Line 394: @@
 = Key Problems of the Energy Sector<br/> =
-'''Rising Oil Imports:''' As per <span data-scayt_word="IEA" data-scaytid="78">IEA</span> Energy Statistics, India's oil consumption has increased six folds in the last 25 years and oil already accounts for almost one- third of India's energy use. To meet the increasing demand, India imported 95.86 Million <span data-scayt_word="Tonnes" data-scaytid="83">Tonnes</span> of crude oil in 2004/05 contributing to 75 % of the total supply<ref>TERI Energy Data Directory and Yearbook, 2004/2005, The EnergyfckLRand Resources Institute, 2006, New Delhi</ref>. The oil demand has pushed India to make deals with countries—such as Sudan, Syria, and Iran. Such high import dependency is associated with the risks of disruption in supplies on account of large crude oil imports that can have serious repercussions on the economy.
+'''Rising Oil Imports:''' As per <span data-scayt_word="IEA" data-scaytid="78">IEA</span> Energy Statistics, India's oil consumption has increased six folds in the last 25 years and oil already accounts for almost one- third of India's energy use. To meet the increasing demand, India imported 95.86 Million <span data-scayt_word="Tonnes" data-scaytid="83">Tonnes</span> of crude oil in 2004/05 contributing to 75&nbsp;% of the total supply<ref name="TERI Energy Data Directory and Yearbook, 2004/2005, The EnergyfckLRand Resources Institute, 2006, New Delhi">TERI Energy Data Directory and Yearbook, 2004/2005, The EnergyfckLRand Resources Institute, 2006, New Delhi</ref>. The oil demand has pushed India to make deals with countries—such as Sudan, Syria, and Iran. Such high import dependency is associated with the risks of disruption in supplies on account of large crude oil imports that can have serious repercussions on the economy.
-'''Inferior Quality of Coal''': India is the third largest producer of coal in the world. Major portion of coal produced is consumed by the power sector. The poor quality of Indian coal and the lack of infrastructure to clean it and also the associated transportation of coal are the causes of environmental pollution and associated economic burden<ref>Energy Supply, demand and Environmental Analysis- A Case Study of Indian Energy Scenario,Saradhi. I.V. ,Pandit. G.G. and Puranik. V.D. ; International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1:3 2009; http://www.waset.org/journals/ijcee/v1/v1-3-21.pdf</ref>.
+'''Inferior Quality of Coal''': India is the third largest producer of coal in the world. Major portion of coal produced is consumed by the power sector. The poor quality of Indian coal and the lack of infrastructure to clean it and also the associated transportation of coal are the causes of environmental pollution and associated economic burden<ref name="Energy Supply, demand and Environmental Analysis- A Case Study of Indian Energy Scenario,Saradhi. I.V. ,Pandit. G.G. and Puranik. V.D. ; International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1:3 2009; http://www.waset.org/journals/ijcee/v1/v1-3-21.pdf">Energy Supply, demand and Environmental Analysis- A Case Study of Indian Energy Scenario,Saradhi. I.V. ,Pandit. G.G. and Puranik. V.D. ; International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1:3 2009; http://www.waset.org/journals/ijcee/v1/v1-3-21.pdf</ref>.
 '''Inefficient Electric Systems:''' Although 80 percent of the country has access to electricity, unreliable power grids and inefficient electric systems result in loss of power along the delivery chain. State electricity boards run the infrastructure for power distribution but they are in poor financial conditions. Although the government has loosened limitations on foreign investment in the power sector, the notion of working with the financially beleaguered electricity boards has scared off private investment.
 <br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> =
-As per the Indian Electricity Grid code 2010, it has been made mandatory for each Indian state to generate/ purchase a minimum amount of electricity through Renewable Energy (Renewable Energy Purchase Obligation). Further, each state utility has special schemes (preferential tariffs) for the purchase of Renewable Energy Electricity. For instance, the Feed in tariff of wind power varies from 4 Euro cents to 9 Euro cents depending on state to state and the wind power density in the state. Moreover, as per the CERC guideline, Solar and Wind power falls in MUST RUN category and they can be asked to shut only when there are security concerns for the Grid. Similary, each state has different schemes for different renewable energy source as per the potential of renewable energy source in the state. <ref> Ministry of Power of India (www.mop.gov.in)</ref>
+As per the Indian Electricity Grid code 2010, it has been made mandatory for each Indian state to generate/ purchase a minimum amount of electricity through Renewable Energy (Renewable Energy Purchase Obligation). Further, each state utility has special schemes (preferential tariffs) for the purchase of Renewable Energy Electricity. For instance, the Feed in tariff of wind power varies from 4 Euro cents to 9 Euro cents depending on state to state and the wind power density in the state. Moreover, as per the CERC guideline, Solar and Wind power falls in MUST RUN category and they can be asked to shut only when there are security concerns for the Grid. Similary, each state has different schemes for different renewable energy source as per the potential of renewable energy source in the state. <ref name="Ministry of Power of India (www.mop.gov.in)"> Ministry of Power of India (www.mop.gov.in)</ref>
 <br/>
 *[http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/electricity_act2003/pdf/The Electricity Act_2003.pdf Electricity Act 2003]: The act consolidating the laws related to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity and laying out the general conditions for creating a conducive environment for the development of electricity industry.
 *[http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/electricity_act2003/pdf/Electricity_Amendment.pdf Electricity (Amendment) Act, 2003]
 **[http://powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/electricity_act2003/pdf/Electricity_Act_2007.pdf Electricity (Amendment) Act, 2007]
 *[http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_intengy.pdf Integrated Energy Policy Report, August 2006]: A long term energy policy perspective has been provided by the report which provides policy guidance on energy- sector growth.
 <br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 == General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy<br/> ==
@@ Line 438: / Line 426: @@
 <br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 == Specific Strategies (Biomass, Renewable Energies, Rural Electrification, Energy Access Strategy etc.)<br/> ==
@@ Line 447: / Line 437: @@
 [http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/policy_programme_wise.htm State Government Renewable Power Policies- Programme wise]
-<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 == Institutional Set Up in the Energy Sector, Activities of Other Donors<br/> ==
@@ Line 455: / Line 445: @@
 <u>The Energy Sector in India is governed by four main ministries at the Central Government level, namely:</u>
-<u></u><br/>
+<br/>
 *The [http://www.powermin.nic.in/ Ministry of Power], which is in charge of electricity. Under Ministry of Power, comes the [http://www.cea.nic.in/cea.html Central Electricity Authority (CEA),] which is responsible for the technical coordination and supervision of <span data-scayt_word="programmes" data-scaytid="107">programmes</span>. A public <span data-scayt_word="centre" data-scaytid="108">centre</span> enterprise that falls under the purview of the ministry is [http://recindia.nic.in/ Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)] Ltd. It's main objective is to finance and promote rural electrification projects all over the country.
 *The [http://petroleum.nic.in/ Ministry of Oil and Gas,] which controls pricing of oil and gas, licensing and their imports.
@@ Line 465: / Line 456: @@
 In addition to these Ministries, there is also the Department of Atomic Energy (<span data-scayt_word="DAE" data-scaytid="112">DAE</span>) which is in charge of all Nuclear Power Plants in the country. <span data-scayt_word="DAE" data-scaytid="113">DAE</span> works and reports directly to the Prime Minister of India.<br/>All these ministries are guided in policy making by the “Power & Energy Policy and Rural Energy Division” of the Planning Commission of India.
-<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 === Private Sector (Enterprises, NGOs)<br/> ===
-<u></u><br/>
 <u>The following <span data-scayt_word="organisations" data-scaytid="114">organisations</span> and companies are active in rural and renewable energy services:</u>
-<u></u><br/>
+<br/>
 *'''[http://www.boschindia.com/content/language1/html/index.htm Bosch India]''' - Under its CSR wing, Bosch is looking into implementing Photovoltaic projects in rural India. Together with Husk Power, Bosch has implemented a 5 kW solar mini grid in <span data-scayt_word="Bihar" data-scaytid="115">Bihar</span>.
 *'''[http://www.dlightdesign.com/home_india.php D.Light] '''- private company ("Silicon Valley Venture") manufacturing 3 types of small off-grid lighting products. D.Light has received start-up financing by Shell Foundation and the Acumen Fund.
@@ Line 496: / Line 486: @@
 *'''[http://www.vikramstoves.com/ Vikram Stoves] '''is manufacturing the biomass-saving <span data-scayt_word="Vikram" data-scaytid="234">Vikram</span> stoves in <span data-scayt_word="Osmanabad" data-scaytid="244">Osmanabad</span>
-<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 === Activities of Other Donors, Activities of NGOs<br/> ===
@@ Line 510: / Line 502: @@
 *'''<span data-scayt_word="KFW" data-scaytid="325">KFW</span> Development Bank''' - Energy activities: through the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (<span data-scayt_word="IREDA" data-scaytid="327">IREDA</span>) sub-loans to promote the development of renewable energies (wind power plants, <span data-scayt_word="SHP" data-scaytid="328">SHP</span>, CHP, biomass) are provided. Focus on construction and <span data-scayt_word="modernisation" data-scaytid="329">modernisation</span> of hydropower plants. <span data-scayt_word="KFW" data-scaytid="326">KFW</span> is also active in energy efficiency measures, supporting India in halving the enormous power losses caused by higher voltage levels, particularly in rural supply networks, from the current level of 20 to ten percent. Providing financing <span data-scayt_word="tooff-grid" data-scaytid="330">tooff-grid</span> energy providers is also on the agenda.
 *'''[http://www.mgiri.org/ Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural INdustrialization MGIRI]''' is a National Institute under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises,Govt.of India. <span data-scayt_word="MGIRI" data-scaytid="333">MGIRI</span> has with support of <span data-scayt_word="MNRE" data-scaytid="324">MNRE</span> developed several solar-powered devices for rural applications, e.g. solar spinning wheels, air coolers, grinders and potter’s wheels. However, there have been no attempts to bring these products to the market on a larger scale.
+*'''[https://www.ptb.de/cms/en.html Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt]''' (PTB - the National Metrology Institute of Germany) is carrying out a [[:File:PTB_project_India_Solar_II_95339_EN.pdf|project to strengthen the quality infrastructure]] - i.e. standardization, metrology, testing, certification, inspection and accreditation - for the photovoltaic sector in India in cooperation with the '''[https://testing.nise.res.in/ National Institute of Solar Energy]''' (NISE). The project started in 2015 and is now in its second phase that is being implemented from 2019 to 2022. The focus lies on improving metrology and testing services as well as control mechanisms as defined in tender procedures, standards, technical regulations, accreditation and certification schemes, and on raising awareness for the pivotal role of quality infrastructure services in the solar sector.
 *'''[http://www.prayaspune.org/ Prayas]''' is a <span data-scayt_word="Pune-based" data-scaytid="337">Pune-based</span> Research NGO with focus on policy research in the areas of health, energy, resources and livelihood, learning and parenthood. <span data-scayt_word="Prayas" data-scaytid="336">Prayas</span> is conducting research on RE policy, just starting to get involved in issues to off-grid renewable energy.
 *'''[http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/ Rockefeller Foundation]''' - '''SPEED''' (Smart Power for Environmentally-sound Economic Development) is a 5-7 Mio US$ TA <span data-scayt_word="programme" data-scaytid="338">programme</span> to increase economic development in rural areas by providing energy to local businesses. To increase profitability SPEED is linking up with operators of mobile phone towers to provide a constant base load for rural village grids. First pilots with <span class="new"><span data-scayt_word="DESI" data-scaytid="340">DESI</span> Power</span> have been implemented.Other partners are Development Alternatives, <span data-scayt_word="Pradan" data-scaytid="343">Pradan</span>, <span data-scayt_word="Prayas" data-scaytid="341">Prayas</span> and others. Goal for the <span data-scayt_word="2nd" data-scaytid="345">2nd</span> phase of SPEED (2011-2013)''':''' Establish 50-70 pilot plants in 4 to 5 states
@@ Line 520: / Line 513: @@
 energy activities:<span data-scayt_word="Gasifier" data-scaytid="376">Gasifier</span> technology for industrial thermal applications, <span data-scayt_word="Gasifier" data-scaytid="377">Gasifier</span> technology for rural electrification, <span data-scayt_word="Gasifiers" data-scaytid="378">Gasifiers</span> for cold storage in rural areas, Analysis of business models to develop a framework for off-grid electricity models, Evaluation of <span data-scayt_word="MNRE" data-scaytid="374">MNRE</span> <span data-scayt_word="VESP" data-scaytid="380">VESP</span> <span data-scayt_word="programme" data-scaytid="375">programme</span>, funded by World Bank, Distributed supply models, funded by World Bank, Lighting a Billion Lives Campaign, Improving solar lantern design, Solar Multi-utility,Smart mini grids, Biomass Stove Development & Distribution<br/>
 *'''TERI/Research Councils UK''' - Off-grid Access Systems for South Asia [http://www.oasyssouthasia.info/ http://www.oasyssouthasia.info/] ,undertaking research in <span data-scayt_word="decentralised" data-scaytid="382">decentralised</span> off-grid electricity generation in South Asia
 *<u>'''<span data-scayt_word="UNDP" data-scaytid="383">UNDP</span>''</u>''''':*'''''<i>Access to Energy - '</i>'''Enhancing Effectiveness in Electricity Distribution and End-uses"''' Project is a joined project with the Ministry of Power (<span data-scayt_word="MoP" data-scaytid="388">MoP</span>). It is focusing on rural electrification (on-grid) and has a budget of 1.5 million US$.
@@ Line 532: / Line 526: @@
 <br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
+<br/>
 = Existing Projects =
@@ Line 541: / Line 540: @@
 for more information see [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission|Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission]]
-<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 === <span data-scayt_word="Rajiv" data-scaytid="447">Rajiv</span> Gandhi <span data-scayt_word="Grameen" data-scaytid="449">Grameen</span> <span data-scayt_word="Vidyutikaran" data-scaytid="451">Vidyutikaran</span> <span data-scayt_word="Yojana" data-scaytid="453">Yojana</span> (<span data-scayt_word="RGGVY" data-scaytid="455">RGGVY</span>)<br/> ===
 The <span data-scayt_word="Rajiv" data-scaytid="448">Rajiv</span> Gandhi <span data-scayt_word="Grameen" data-scaytid="450">Grameen</span> <span data-scayt_word="Vidyutikaran" data-scaytid="452">Vidyutikaran</span> <span data-scayt_word="Yojana" data-scaytid="454">Yojana</span> (<span data-scayt_word="RGGVY" data-scaytid="456">RGGVY</span>) scheme was launched by the <span data-scayt_word="MoP" data-scaytid="430">MoP</span> in 2005 to increase the pace of rural electrification under the “Power for all by 2012” initiative. As progress of <span data-scayt_word="RGGVY" data-scaytid="457">RGGVY</span> was considered too slow during the <span data-scayt_word="10th" data-scaytid="431">10th</span> plan period, in 2008 the <span data-scayt_word="RGGVY" data-scaytid="458">RGGVY</span> was further extended into the <span data-scayt_word="11th" data-scaytid="432">11th</span> plan period (2007-12).<br/><u><span data-scayt_word="RGGVY" data-scaytid="459">RGGVY</span> financing is available for the following scheme:</u>
 *A Rural Electricity Distribution Backbone (<span data-scayt_word="REDB" data-scaytid="463">REDB</span>) with 33/11 KV (or 66/11 KV) sub-station,
 *Village Electrification Infrastructure (<span data-scayt_word="VEI" data-scaytid="464">VEI</span>) with provision of minimum of one distribution transformer in each village or habitation,
@@ Line 556: / Line 556: @@
 For more information: [http://rggvy.gov.in http://rggvy.gov.in]
-<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
-=== Remote Village Electrification (<span data-scayt_word="RVE" data-scaytid="499">RVE</span>) <span data-scayt_word="Programme" data-scaytid="491">Programme</span> ===
+=== Remote Village Electrification (RVE) Programme ===
-The Remote Village Electrification (<span data-scayt_word="RVE" data-scaytid="500">RVE</span>) <span data-scayt_word="programme" data-scaytid="492">programme</span> of the <span data-scayt_word="MNRE" data-scaytid="493">MNRE</span> supplements the efforts of <span data-scayt_word="MoP" data-scaytid="494">MoP</span> by electrifying un-electrified remote villages and hamlets where (i) grid connectivity is not feasible or not economical, and (ii) where <span data-scayt_word="DDG" data-scaytid="495">DDG</span> projects under <span data-scayt_word="RGGVY" data-scaytid="496">RGGVY</span> are not implemented. <span data-scayt_word="REC" data-scaytid="498">REC</span> decides whether villages/hamlets will be covered under <span data-scayt_word="RGGVY" data-scaytid="497">RGGVY</span> or <span data-scayt_word="RVE" data-scaytid="501">RVE</span>.<br/>The <span data-scayt_word="RVE" data-scaytid="510">RVE</span> <span data-scayt_word="programme" data-scaytid="512">programme</span> is implemented in the states by state nodal agencies (like <span data-scayt_word="REDAs" data-scaytid="526">REDAs</span>), which receive 90% capital subsidy from the <span data-scayt_word="MNRE" data-scaytid="513">MNRE</span>. A remote village or remote hamlet will be considered electrified if at least 10% of the households are provided with lighting facility. The <span data-scayt_word="RVE" data-scaytid="511">RVE</span> is technology neutral, but in 80-85 % electricity is provided through solar PV systems.<br/>The cumulative sanctions under the <span data-scayt_word="Programme" data-scaytid="514">Programme</span> since its inception reached around 9300 villages and hamlets; so far work has been completed in around 5400 villages and hamlets. A target for coverage of 10,000 villages and hamlets has been set for the <span data-scayt_word="11th" data-scaytid="515">11th</span> Plan, out of which around 2600 villages and hamlets had been taken up by March 2009.
+The Remote Village Electrification (<span data-scayt_word="RVE" data-scaytid="500">RVE</span>) <span data-scayt_word="programme" data-scaytid="492">programme</span> of the <span data-scayt_word="MNRE" data-scaytid="493">MNRE</span> supplements the efforts of <span data-scayt_word="MoP" data-scaytid="494">MoP</span> by electrifying un-electrified remote villages and hamlets where (i) grid connectivity is not feasible or not economical, and (ii) where <span data-scayt_word="DDG" data-scaytid="495">DDG</span> projects under <span data-scayt_word="RGGVY" data-scaytid="496">RGGVY</span> are not implemented. <span data-scayt_word="REC" data-scaytid="498">REC</span> decides whether villages/hamlets will be covered under <span data-scayt_word="RGGVY" data-scaytid="497">RGGVY</span> or <span data-scayt_word="RVE" data-scaytid="501">RVE</span>.<br/>The <span data-scayt_word="RVE" data-scaytid="510">RVE</span> <span data-scayt_word="programme" data-scaytid="512">programme</span> is implemented in the states by state nodal agencies (like <span data-scayt_word="REDAs" data-scaytid="526">REDAs</span>), which receive 90% capital subsidy from the <span data-scayt_word="MNRE" data-scaytid="513">MNRE</span>. A remote village or remote hamlet will be considered electrified if at least 10% of the households are provided with lighting facility. The <span data-scayt_word="RVE" data-scaytid="511">RVE</span> is technology neutral, but in 80-85&nbsp;% electricity is provided through solar PV systems.<br/>The cumulative sanctions under the <span data-scayt_word="Programme" data-scaytid="514">Programme</span> since its inception reached around 9300 villages and hamlets; so far work has been completed in around 5400 villages and hamlets. A target for coverage of 10,000 villages and hamlets has been set for the <span data-scayt_word="11th" data-scaytid="515">11th</span> Plan, out of which around 2600 villages and hamlets had been taken up by March 2009.
 For more information: [http://www.mnre.gov.in/prog-rvlp.htm http://www.mnre.gov.in/prog-rvlp.htm]
-<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 === Village Energy Security Test Projects (<span data-scayt_word="VESP" data-scaytid="522">VESP</span>), since 2004 ===
@@ Line 576: / Line 576: @@
 For more information: [http://www.mnre.gov.in/adm-approvals/vesptest.pdf http://www.mnre.gov.in/adm-approvals/vesptest.pdf]
-<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 === National <span data-scayt_word="Biogas" data-scaytid="545">Biogas</span> and Manure Management <span data-scayt_word="Programme" data-scaytid="546">Programme</span> (<span data-scayt_word="NBMMP" data-scaytid="577">NBMMP</span>), since 1981 ===
@@ Line 584: / Line 584: @@
 For more information: [http://www.mnre.gov.in/adm-approvals/prog-ftbp.htm http://www.mnre.gov.in/adm-approvals/prog-ftbp.htm]
-<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]]
 === Solar Photovoltaic (PV) <span data-scayt_word="Programme" data-scaytid="573">Programme</span>, since 1982<br/> ===
@@ Line 593: / Line 593: @@
 <u>The following solar PV systems are covered under the solar PV <span data-scayt_word="programmes" data-scaytid="609">programmes</span> of <span data-scayt_word="MNRE" data-scaytid="610">MNRE</span>:</u>
 *Solar Home Lighting Systems/Solar Home Systems
 *Solar Lanterns
@@ Line 606: / Line 607: @@
 For more information: [http://www.mnre.gov.in/spv-prog.htm http://www.mnre.gov.in/spv-prog.htm]
-<br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 === National Biomass <span data-scayt_word="Cookstoves" data-scaytid="651">Cookstoves</span> Initiative (<span data-scayt_word="NBCI" data-scaytid="657">NBCI</span>), since 2009 ===
@@ Line 617: / Line 618: @@
 <u>The project is focusing on '''improving the technical capacities''' for improved <span data-scayt_word="cookstoves" data-scaytid="660">cookstoves</span> in India through:</u>
 *Setting up of regional test centers,
 *Improving test protocols and standards,
@@ Line 624: / Line 626: @@
 <br/>
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 = Publications<br/> =
 '''Energy Sector'''<br/>
 *[http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/de-energiemarkt-indien-bmu-gtz-2010.pdf Energiemarkt Indien] (in German). <span data-scayt_word="BMU" data-scaytid="689">BMU</span> / <span data-scayt_word="GTZ" data-scaytid="690">GTZ</span>, 2010.
 *[http://www.psimedia.info/handbook/India_Energy_Handbook.pdf PSI Media Inc. (2010) India Energy Handbook]
 '''Power Sector'''<br/>
 *[http://www.iea.org/papers/2011/technology_development_india.pdf IEA (2011) Technology Development Prospects for the Indian Power Sector]
 *[http://www.kpmg.de/docs/PowerSector_2010.pdf KPMG (2010) Power Sector in Inda. White Paper on Implementation Challenges and Opportunities]
@@ Line 637: / Line 644: @@
 '''RE in general'''<br/>
 *[http://go.worldbank.org/NSNVHA7210 Unleashing the Potential of Renewable Energy in India]. World Bank / <span data-scayt_word="ESMAP" data-scaytid="692">ESMAP</span>, 2011.
 *[http://www.direc2010.gov.in/pdf/Indian-Renewable-Energy-Status-Report.pdf Indian Renewable Energy Status Report]. <span data-scayt_word="NREL" data-scaytid="693">NREL</span>, <span data-scayt_word="REN21" data-scaytid="694">REN21</span>, <span data-scayt_word="GTZ" data-scaytid="691">GTZ</span>, <span data-scayt_word="IRADe" data-scaytid="696">IRADe</span>, 2010.
 '''Solar Energy'''<br/>
 *[http://www.kpmginstitutes.com/global-energy-institute/insights/2011/pdf/the-rising-sun-may-2011.pdf KPMG (2011) The Rising Sun.]
+*[[:File:Pilot_Study_on_Quality_Aspects_of_PV_Power_Plants_in_India.pdf|Pilot Study on Quality Aspects of PV Power Plants in India]]. PI Berlin on behalf of PTB, 2017.
+*[[:File:Quality_and_Safety_Criteria_Applied_in_Financing_Photovoltaic_Projects_-_A_practical_appraisal_of_information_on_the_examples_of_India_and_Indonesia.pdf|Quality and Safety Criteria Applied in Financing Photovoltaic Projects]]: A practical appraisal of information on the examples of India and Indonesia. PTB 2016.
 '''Rural Energy'''<br/>
 *[http://www.vasudha-india.org/publications/Shifting_of_Goal_Posts.pdf Shifting of Goal Posts - Rural Electrification in India: A Progress Report]. <span data-scayt_word="Vasudha" data-scaytid="697">Vasudha</span> Foundation, 2010.
 *[http://www.wri.org/publication/power-to-the-people Power to the People: Investing in Clean Energy for the Base of the Pyramid in India.] <span data-scayt_word="WRI" data-scaytid="699">WRI</span>, 2010.
 *[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/11/01/000158349_20101101152446/Rendered/PDF/WPS5463.pdf Energy Poverty in Rural and Urban India - Are the Energy Poor also Income Poor?] World Bank, 2010.
 *[http://www.greenpeace.org/india/Global/india/report/2009/11/stillwaiting.pdf Still Waiting - Report on Energy Injustice]. Greenpeace, 2009.
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
 = Further Information<br/> =
 *[http://bonnsustainabilityportal.de/?p=23672 Sustainable Energy for All in India: reaching the poorest of the energy poor?] - Bonn Sustainability Portal, 2012
-*[[Development of Local Supply Chain - A Critical Link for Concentrated Solar Power in India|Development of Local Supply Chain - A Critical Link for Concentrated Solar Power in India]]
+*[[Photovoltaic (PV) Manufacturing in India|Photovoltaic (PV) Manufacturing in India]]
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
+<br/>
 = References<br/> =
@@ Line 658: / Line 678: @@
 <references /><br/>
-[[Category:India]]
+[[India Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]
-[[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]

Fiscal Year (FY)	Energy				Peak Demand
	(MU)				(MW)
	Demand	Availability	Shortage	%	Demand	Met	Shortage	%
2002-03	545,983	497,890	48,093	8.8	81,492	71,547	9,945	12.2
2003-04	559,264	519,398	39,866	7.1	84,574	75,066	9,508	11.2
2004-05	591,373	548,115	43,258	7.3	87,906	77,652	10,254	11.7
2005-06	631,024	578,511	52,513	8.3	93,214	81,792	11,422	12.3
2006-07	693,057	624,716	68,341	9.9	100,715	86,818	13,897	13.8
2007-08	737,052	664,660	72,392	9.8	108,866	90,793	18,073	16.6
2008-09	777,039	691,038	86,001	11.1	109,809	96,785	13,024	11.9
2009-10	830,594	746,644	83,950	10.1	118,472	102,725	15,747	13.3

	Hydro	Thermal	Nuclear	RE	Total
Installed Capacity as on 31 March 2002	26269	74429	2720	1628	105046
addition during 10th plan	7886	12114	1080	6132	27212
Installed Capacity as on 31 March 2007	34654	86015	3900	7760	132329
Proposed addition during 11th plan	15627	59693	3380	14000	92700
Total capacity antidipated as on 31 March 2012	50281	145708	7280	21760	225029

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India Energy Situation

Latest revision as of 12:54, 10 September 2020

Contents

[edit] Introduction

[edit] Energy Situation

[edit] State-specific Energy Information

[edit] Renewable Energy

[edit] Solar Energy

[edit] Photovoltaic (PV)

[edit] Solar Thermal

[edit] Solar Water Purification

[edit] Rooftop Solar In India

[edit] Wind Energy

[edit] Bioenergy

[edit] Hydro Power

[edit] Electricity Situation

[edit] Electricity Demand and Supply

[edit] Electricity Access Rate

[edit] Power Shortages

[edit] Key Problems of the Energy Sector

[edit] Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

[edit] General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy

[edit] Specific Strategies (Biomass, Renewable Energies, Rural Electrification, Energy Access Strategy etc.)

[edit] Institutional Set Up in the Energy Sector, Activities of Other Donors

[edit] Governmental Institutions

[edit] Private Sector (Enterprises, NGOs)

[edit] Activities of Other Donors, Activities of NGOs

[edit] Existing Projects

[edit] Government Programmes

[edit] Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)

[edit] Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY)

[edit] Remote Village Electrification (RVE) Programme

[edit] Village Energy Security Test Projects (VESP), since 2004

[edit] National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP), since 1981

[edit] Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Programme, since 1982

[edit] National Biomass Cookstoves Initiative (NBCI), since 2009

[edit] Publications

[edit] Further Information

[edit] References