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| − | = Overview<br> = | + | {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Algeria |
| | + | |CES Country Capital=Algiers |
| | + | |CES Country Region Middle East and North Africa = Middle East & North Africa |
| | + | |CES Country Coordinates=28.0000° N, 2.0000° E |
| | + | }} |
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| − | {| style="float: right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="400" border="1"
| + | = Introduction<br/> = |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | align="center" colspan="4" | '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria'''
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| − | | [[Image:Flag of Algeria.png|border|center|150x100px|Flag of Algeria.png]]<br>
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| − | | [[Image:Location Algeria.png|center|100x100px|Location Algeria.png]]<br>
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| − | Capital<br>
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| + | Algeria is located in North Africa and borders Tunisia and Libya in the east, Niger and Mali in the south, and Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Morocco in the west. In the north, Algeria’s vast coast of over 1,200 km extends to the Mediterranean Sea. With its more than two million km² of national territory, Algeria is by far the largest North African country. However, most of its national territory is occupied by the Sahara, which explains the arrangement of population density: 90% of the population is located in the north.<ref name="Deutsche Außenhandelskammer (German Chamber of Foreign Trade - AHK), Last Updated: 2011, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://algerien.ahk.de/algerien/">Deutsche Außenhandelskammer (German Chamber of Foreign Trade - AHK), Last Updated: 2011, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://algerien.ahk.de/algerien/</ref> The mild Mediterranean climate coming from the coast is replaced by a dry desert climate further south.<br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/> |
| − | Algiers ([http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Algeria¶ms=36_42_N_3_13_E_type:country 36°42′N 3°13′E])
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |-
| + | = Energy Situation<br/> = |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | Official language(s)<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |
| + | == Energy Data<br/> == |
| − | Arabic<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |-
| + | === Primary Energy Supply<br/> === |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | Government<br>
| + | |
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| − | |
| + | In 2012, Algeria produced a total amount of 143,764 <span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1062">ktoe</span> of energy. The main energy sources are crude oil (49.5%) and natural gas (50.4%).<ref name="http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=ALGERIA&product=Balances">http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=ALGERIA&product=Balances</ref> In comparison, the numbers concerning the renewable energies are much smaller and close to zero. Other energy sources such as coal or nuclear power are not used. As large shares of the produces energy are exported, the primary energy supply in 2012 was 46,325 <span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1063">ktoe</span>.<br/> |
| − | Semi-presidential republic<br>
| + | |
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| − | |-
| + | <br/> |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | President<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |
| + | === Consumption<br/> === |
| − | Abdelaziz Bouteflika<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| | + | Algeria's total final consumption (<span data-scayt_word="tfc" data-scaytid="1064">TFC</span>) has been steadily increasing in recent years. While in 2010 the energy consumption added up to around 31,500 <span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1065">ktoe</span>, in 2013 it had increased to 38,543 <span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1066">ktoe</span><ref name="http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=ALGERIA&product=Balances">http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=ALGERIA&product=Balances</ref>, which means that the country has seen an increase of 22% in just three years.<br/>Taking a closer look at various sectors, the residential sector (including agriculture) is the one which consumes the most energy (43%), followed by the transport sector (36%) and the industry sector (21%). More detailed figures are outlined in the table below.<br/> |
| | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Table 1: Final energy consumption in Algeria in 2012 and 2013 by sector (<span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1067">ktoe</span>)</u><ref name="http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energetique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf">http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energetique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf</ref><br/></p> |
| | + | {| style="width: 100%;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | | + | | Sector |
| − | Prime Minister<br>
| + | | 2012 |
| − | | + | | 2013 |
| − | | | + | | Change in % |
| − | Ahmed Ouyahia<br>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | | + | | Industry |
| − | Total area<br>
| + | | 7,939 |
| − | | + | | 8,229 |
| − | | | + | | +3.7 |
| − | 2,381,741 km<sup>2</sup><br>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | | + | | Transport |
| − | Population<br>
| + | | 13,371 |
| | + | | 13,889 |
| | + | | +3.9 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Residential |
| | + | | 15,068 |
| | + | | 16,425 |
| | + | | +9.0 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Total |
| | + | | 36,377 |
| | + | | 38,543 |
| | + | | +6.0 |
| | + | |} |
| | | | |
| − | |
| + | <br/> |
| − | 35,423,000 (2010 estimate)
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |-
| + | === Import and Export<br/> === |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | GDP (nominal)<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |
| + | Algeria is a net exporting country. In the region, it is an important producer of hydrocarbons and also exports large amounts of natural gas to Europe. In 2012, Algeria imported a total of 5,031 <span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1068">ktoe</span>, of which 4,639 <span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1069">ktoe</span> were oil products. These amounts appear minor compared to the exports, which added up to 46,325 <span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1070">ktoe</span>. The exports were mostly crude oil, oil products and natural gas.<ref name="http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ALGERIA&product=Balances&year=2012">http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ALGERIA&product=Balances&year=2012</ref><br/> |
| − | $158.969 billion<br>
| + | |
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| − | |-
| + | <br/> |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | GDP Per capita <br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |
| + | === Subsidies<br/> === |
| − | $4,478<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |- | + | Algeria does not export all of its natural gas and oil production, but also relies on it for domestic consumption. Both resources are heavily subsidized. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), altogether, subsidies were at 18.3 % of GDP in 2012. Of this figure, 3.4 percentage points were subsidies for natural gas, 4.0 percentage points for electricity and 4.7 percentage points for petroleum products (including diesel, gasoline and LPG).<ref name="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14342.pdf">http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14342.pdf</ref><br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | Currency<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |
| + | == Renewable Energy<br/> == |
| − | Algerian dinar (DZD)<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |-
| + | Although there is a high potential for the use of solar energy in Algeria, there are hardly any solar power plants so far. According to the MENA <span data-scayt_word="renewables" data-scaytid="1072">Renewables</span> status report 2013 by <span data-scayt_word="ren21" data-scaytid="1073">REN21</span> the installed capacity of <span data-scayt_word="photovoltaics" data-scaytid="1074">Photovoltaics</span> (PV) was 7.1 MW in 2010 and 25 MW in 2012 of Concentrated Solar Power (<span data-scayt_word="csp" data-scaytid="1075">CSP</span>).<ref name="http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/activities/Regional%20Reports/MENA_2013_lowres.pdf">http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/activities/Regional%20Reports/MENA_2013_lowres.pdf</ref> The report also gives estimates for capacity of renewable energy projects in the pipeline. For solar power, a capacity of 175 MW in the pipeline was estimated as well as 20 MW of wind power. However, the figures issued by the Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (<span data-scayt_word="rcree" data-scaytid="1076">RCREE</span>) are higher: They state an estimated capacity of 370 MW of solar power in the pipeline (all <span data-scayt_word="csp" data-scaytid="1077">CSP</span>) and 210 MW of wind power.<ref name="http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/algeria_fact_sheet_print.pdf">http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/algeria_fact_sheet_print.pdf</ref><br/>Although there is some installed capacity of hydro power (228 MW), this energy source only plays a marginal role due to limited precipitation and high evaporation.<br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
| − | | | + | <div><br/></div> |
| − | Time zone<br>
| + | == Electricity<br/> == |
| | | | |
| − | |
| + | === Installed Capacity and Generation<br/> === |
| − | CET (UTC+01)<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| | + | At the end of 2013, the installed capacity of electricity generation reached 15.1 <span data-scayt_word="gw" data-scaytid="1079">GW</span>. This is an increase of about 18% compared to the precedent year and due to the new power plants being installed and starting operations.<ref name="http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energetique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf">http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energetique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf</ref><br/>Between 2001 and 2013, electricity production rose from 26,250 <span data-scayt_word="gwh" data-scaytid="1080">GWh</span> to 57,397 <span data-scayt_word="gwh" data-scaytid="1081">GWh</span><ref name="http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ALGERIA&product=electricityandheat">http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ALGERIA&product=electricityandheat</ref> . As table 2 below shows, the main source for the production of electricity is gas with a relative percentage to the total amount produced of over 92%. Although there are other sources of electricity, namely oil and hydro-power, these play only a minor role.<br/> |
| | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Table 2: Electricity production by source (2012)<ref name="http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ALGERIA&product=electricityandheat">http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ALGERIA&product=electricityandheat</ref>:</u><br/></p> |
| | + | {| style="width: 100%;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | | + | | '''Production from'''<br/> |
| − | Calling code<br>
| + | | '''in <span data-scayt_word="gwh" data-scaytid="1082">GWh</span>''' |
| | + | | '''in %'''<br/> |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | - Oil |
| | + | | 3,727 |
| | + | | 6.49 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | - Gas |
| | + | | 53,048 |
| | + | | 92.42 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | - Hydro |
| | + | | 622 |
| | + | | 1.08 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Total Production |
| | + | | 57,397 |
| | + | | 100 |
| | + | |} |
| | | | |
| − | |
| + | <br/> |
| − | +213<br>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | |}
| + | === Consumption<br/> === |
| | | | |
| − | {| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="350" align="left" border="0"
| + | The residential sector is the biggest consumer in Algeria, representing 38.1% of the nationally consumed energy. Other important sectors are the tertiary sector (20.93%) and the manufacturing industry (17.83%). The details are outlined in table 3.<br/> |
| | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Table 3: Electricity consumption by sector (2012) in <span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1083">ktoe</span><ref name="http://www.aprue.org.dz/PUBLICATION%20CONSOMMATION%20ENERGÉTIQUE%20FINALE%202012.pdf">http://www.aprue.org.dz/PUBLICATION%20CONSOMMATION%20ENERGÉTIQUE%20FINALE%202012.pdf</ref>:</u><br/></p> |
| | + | {| style="width: 100%;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | __TOC__ | + | | '''Sector/ Product''' |
| | + | | '''in <span data-scayt_word="ktoe" data-scaytid="1084">ktoe</span>''' |
| | + | | '''in %''' |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Agriculture |
| | + | | 89,865 |
| | + | | 2.42 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Public works |
| | + | | 17,742 |
| | + | | 0.48 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Hydraulics |
| | + | | 468,786 |
| | + | | 12.63 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Mines and quarries |
| | + | | 27,365 |
| | + | | 0.74 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Manufacturing industry |
| | + | | 661,555 |
| | + | | 17.83 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Gas and oil industry |
| | + | | 273,239 |
| | + | | 7.36 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Residential |
| | + | | 1,413,960 |
| | + | | 38.10 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Tertiary |
| | + | | 776,735 |
| | + | | 20.93 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Transport |
| | + | | 11,670 |
| | + | | 0.31 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Total |
| | + | | 3,710,917 |
| | + | | 100 |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | <div style="clear: both"></div><div class="draft"></div><div class="draft"></div>
| |
| − | Algeria is located in North Africa and is bordering Tunisia and Libya in the east, Niger and Mali in the south, and Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Morocco in the west. In the north, Algeria’s vast coast of over 1.200 km extends to the Mediterranean Sea. Being part of the Maghreb, Algeria is furthermore considered to be a part of the MENA-region. With its more than two million km2 of national territory, Algeria is by far the largest North African country. However, most of its national territory is being occupied by the Sahara, which thus explains the population of roughly 33 million people.<ref name="null">Auswärtiges Amt (German Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Last Updated: October, 2010, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/Algerien_node.html</ref> This is also expressed in the arrangement of population density: 90% of the population is located in the north.<ref name="zwei">Deutsche Außenhandelskammer (German Chamber of Foreign Trade - AHK), Last Updated: 2011, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://algerien.ahk.de/algerien/</ref> The mild Mediterranean climate coming from the coast is being replaced by a dry desert climate while moving south. The official language is Arabic, although French can be considered to be a common lingua franca, whereas in some areas Berber dialects can be common as well.<ref name="drei">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref> Having a parliament that consists of a national assembly and a senate, Algeria is a republic with Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who has been reelected with 90.2% of votes in 2009,<ref name="drei">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref> as its president since 1999.<ref name="null">Auswärtiges Amt (German Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Last Updated: October, 2010, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/Algerien_node.html</ref> Ethnic groups are made up of a vast majority of Arab-Berber (99%). However, most Algerians identify themselves with their Berber heritage rather than their Arab one.<ref name="drei">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref> The state religion is Sunni Muslim, likewise represented by a vast majority, while Christians and Jews make up less than 3% of the population.<ref name="null">Auswärtiges Amt (German Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Last Updated: October, 2010, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/Algerien_node.html</ref> <br>Minerals that can be found in this region are amongst others oil, gas, iron, and lead.<ref name="zwei">Deutsche Außenhandelskammer (German Chamber of Foreign Trade - AHK), Last Updated: 2011, Access: September 16, 2011, URL: http://algerien.ahk.de/algerien/</ref> Together with agricultural goods, they make up the majority of export goods. Furthermore, they are the reason, why Algeria is part in international economic conglomerates, such as the OPEC or the OAPIC. Algeria’s gross domestic product (GDP) has been constantly rising in the last couple of years, bringing it to the approximate amount of $160 billion in 2010. The GDP per capita is hence about $7.3.<ref name="drei">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref> <br>Algeria has a number of transnational issues to deal with, including an international dispute with the Moroccan administration of Western Sahara and illegal schemes in form of smuggling, human trafficking and forced labor.<ref name="drei">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - World Factbook, Last Updated: August 23, 2011, Accessed: September 16, 2011, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html</ref> <br>
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| − | = =
| + | <br/> |
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| − | = Energy situation = | + | === Grid<br/> === |
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| − | Type your text here
| + | In 2012 the total length of the transmission network was 23,802 km which was an increase of 6.29% in comparison to 2011. While the electrification rate was 57% in 1977, as of 2010, 99.3% of the population has now access to electricity. Algeria is connected with neighboring grids of Tunisia and Morocco by a 440 kV line each.<ref name="http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energetique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf">http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energetique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf</ref><br/> |
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| − | == Energy Supply == | + | === Electricity Prices<br/> === |
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| − | Type your text here
| + | In 2013, electricity prices were fixed at 0.03 USD/<span data-scayt_word="kwh" data-scaytid="1085">kwh</span> for all segments<ref name="http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/rs_latest_-electricity_-prices_schemes_in_rcreee_-ms_6-2013_en.pdf">http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/rs_latest_-electricity_-prices_schemes_in_rcreee_-ms_6-2013_en.pdf</ref>. According to the US Energy Information Administration, this price has been in place since 2005.<ref name="http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=ag">http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=ag</ref><br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
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| − | === Electricity === | + | = Energy Policy<br/> = |
| | | | |
| − | Type your text here
| + | == General Information<br/> == |
| | | | |
| − | == Energy Consumption == | + | The general approach and strategy intended by the Algerian Ministry of Energy and Mines is constituted by decree no. 07-266, dating the <span data-scayt_word="9th" data-scaytid="1087">9th</span> of September 2007.<ref name="Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007),">Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007), "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites</ref> It represents one of the main basic modules, describing the function and role of the Ministry with respect to the intentions of the Algerian government. In Article 1, the Ministry commits to the elaboration of political and strategic research, the production and <span data-scayt_word="valorisation" data-scaytid="1088">valorisation</span> of hydrocarbon, mineral and energetic resources and the embedding of the respective industry in this sector.<ref name="Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007),">Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007), "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites</ref> In Article 5 it furthermore commits to the necessary studies and research and the promotion of sources of renewable energy.<ref name="Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007),">Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (2007), "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 30, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites</ref><br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
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| − | Type your text here
| + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | === Energy demand ===
| + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | Type your text here
| + | == Renewable Energy Policy<br/> == |
| | | | |
| − | === Electricity === | + | In February 2015, the Algerian Government adopted an ambitious Renewable Energy <span data-scayt_word="programme" data-scaytid="40">programme</span>. It envisions the installation of 22 <span data-scayt_word="gw" data-scaytid="41">GW</span> of RE by 2030, which is almost double than what was set as a target before (12 <span data-scayt_word="gw" data-scaytid="42">GW</span>) and equals a share of about 27% RE in total electricity production. Of these 22 <span data-scayt_word="gw" data-scaytid="43">GW</span>, about 4.5 <span data-scayt_word="gw" data-scaytid="44">GW</span> are supposed to be installed by 2020. The targets per technology are set according to two phases as outlined in the table below:<br/> |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Table 4: The Algerian RE target</u><ref name="http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article4565">http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article4565</ref><br/></p> |
| − | Type your text here
| + | {| style="width: 100%;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |
| − | | + | |- |
| − | == Access rate == | + | | '''Source'''<br/> |
| − | | + | | '''<span data-scayt_word="1st" data-scaytid="45">1st</span> phase 2015-2020 [MW]'''<br/> |
| − | Type your text here
| + | | '''<span data-scayt_word="2nd" data-scaytid="46">2nd</span> phase 2021-2030 Mw]'''<br/> |
| − | | + | | '''Total [MW]'''<br/> |
| − | == Market situation for different energy technologies and services <br> == | + | |- |
| − | | + | | Solar PV<br/> |
| − | === Solar Energy ===
| + | | 3,000<br/> |
| − | | + | | 10,575<br/> |
| − | Type your text here
| + | | 13,575<br/> |
| − | | + | |- |
| − | === Wind Energy ===
| + | | Wind<br/> |
| | + | | 1,010<br/> |
| | + | | 4,000<br/> |
| | + | | 5,010<br/> |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | <span data-scayt_word="csp" data-scaytid="47">CSP</span><br/> |
| | + | | -<br/> |
| | + | | 2,000<br/> |
| | + | | 2,000<br/> |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | <span data-scayt_word="cogeneration" data-scaytid="48">Cogeneration</span><br/> |
| | + | | 150<br/> |
| | + | | 250<br/> |
| | + | | 400<br/> |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Biomass<br/> |
| | + | | 360<br/> |
| | + | | 640<br/> |
| | + | | 1,000<br/> |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Geothermal<br/> |
| | + | | 5<br/> |
| | + | | 10<br/> |
| | + | | 15<br/> |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Total<br/> |
| | + | | 4,525<br/> |
| | + | | 17,475<br/> |
| | + | | 22,000<br/> |
| | + | |} |
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| + | <br/>RE projects are entitled to sell to the distributor the power produced at a guaranteed fixed price for 20 years, according to <span data-scayt_word="décret" data-scaytid="49">Décret</span> <span data-scayt_word="exécutif" data-scaytid="50">Exécutif</span> 13-218 and an <span data-scayt_word="arrêté" data-scaytid="51">Arrêté</span> of 2/2/14. The Feed-in-tariffs vary according to plant capacity. For wind they are: >5 MW 9.5 €<span data-scayt_word="ct" data-scaytid="52">ct</span>, <5 MW 11.9 €ct; for solar PV: >5 MW 11.6 €ct, <5 MW 14.5 €ct. Tariffs will be adjusted 5 years after starting operations, up to a maximum of 15%. CSP projects are so far not included in the FIT scheme.<br/>An RE Fund has been set up by Executive Decree 11-423; to be financed through a 0.5% levy on oil tax revenues.<br/>Priority grid access for RE project is provided by the Executive Decrees 06-428 and 06-429 of 26/11/06 and the Order of 21/02/08.<br/>Land ownership for foreign investors requires prior approval. Most projects take place on state owned land under a concession regime. There are no priority development zones for RE.<br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | === Biomass === | + | == Energy Efficiency Policy<br/> == |
| | | | |
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| + | Also in February 2015, the Algerian government announced a new national <span data-scaytid="1105" data-scayt_word="programme">programme</span> on energy efficiency (EE) for the years 2015 to 2030. The EE <span data-scaytid="1521" data-scayt_word="programme">programme</span> mainly targets three sectors: the building sector, transport and industry.<br/> |
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| − | === Biogas === | + | In the building sector, more than 30 million toe are supposed to be saved by 2030. This will be achieved through innovative technologies and thermal insulation of constructions. Also, economic lamps and solar water heaters will contribute. In the transport sector, the target is to save more than 15 million toe. The government aims to use fuels which are widely available and least polluting, like LNG and natural gas, in order to reduce the use of gasoline. The industry sector is supposed to contribute 34 million toe by 2030.<ref name="http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article4445">http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article4445</ref><br/> |
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| + | In April 2015, more details about the programme on energy efficiency were announced. About 900 billion DA (about 8 billion EUR) are to be invested, of which the Algerian government will cover 54%. The objectives include the thermal insulation of 100,000 homes per year, distributing 10 million energy efficient lamps and switching 1.3 million vehicles to liquid petrol gas. Through the measures, 180.000 jobs are supposed to be created.<ref name="http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article4579">http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article4579</ref><br/> |
| | | | |
| − | === Hydro Power ===
| + | <br/> |
| | | | |
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| + | = Key Actors in the Energy Sector<br/> = |
| | | | |
| − | === Other renewable Sources === | + | == Governmental Bodies and Agencies<br/> == |
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| + | The Algerian energy sector is politically represented by the '''Ministry of Energy and Mines (<span data-scayt_word="mem" data-scaytid="1405">MEM</span>)'''. <span data-scayt_word="mem" data-scaytid="1406">MEM</span> is the most important player in the Algerian energy sector. Its mandate is given by decree no. 07-266 of 2010, assuring the ministry’s responsibility of elaboration and implementation of policies and strategies in the context of research, exploitation, production and usage of minerals and energy sources.<ref name="Richter, A., Buss, I., Dedorath, G., (2012), Capacity Assessment (Evaluation des Capacités du Secteur des Energies Renouvelables en Algérie, Berlin et al.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, pg. 25">Richter, A., Buss, I., Dedorath, G., (2012), Capacity Assessment (Evaluation des Capacités du Secteur des Energies Renouvelables en Algérie, Berlin et al.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, pg. 25</ref> <span data-scayt_word="mem" data-scaytid="1407">MEM</span> is assured control of the energy sector. Public institutions and <span data-scayt_word="organisations" data-scaytid="1408">organisations</span> are subordinated to it.<ref name="Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines,">Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Décret exécutif n° 07-266 du 27 Chaâbane 1428 correspondant au 9 Septembre 2007 fixant "Les attributions du Ministre de l'Energie et des Mines"", Last Updated: -, Accessed: September 30, 2007, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php?page=missions-et-domaines-d-activites</ref> <span data-scayt_word="mem" data-scaytid="1409">MEM</span> is thus engaged in the domains of production, transport, sale and distribution. <span data-scayt_word="mem’s" data-scaytid="1410">MEM’s</span> function also comprises the superintendence of the '''Fonds National des Energies <span data-scayt_word="renouvelables" data-scaytid="1411">Renouvelables</span> (<span data-scayt_word="fner" data-scaytid="1412">FNER</span>)''' and the '''Fonds National de la <span data-scayt_word="maitrise" data-scaytid="1413">Maitrise</span> de <span data-scayt_word="l’energie" data-scaytid="1414">l’Energie</span> (<span data-scayt_word="fnme" data-scaytid="1415">FNME</span>)'''.<ref name="Richter, A., Buss, I., Dedorath, G., (2012), Capacity Assessment (Evaluation des Capacités du Secteur des Energies Renouvelables en Algérie, Berlin et al.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, pg. 25">Richter, A., Buss, I., Dedorath, G., (2012), Capacity Assessment (Evaluation des Capacités du Secteur des Energies Renouvelables en Algérie, Berlin et al.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, pg. 25</ref> On the basis of article 63 of the budgetary law, the <span data-scayt_word="fner" data-scaytid="1416">FNER</span> was founded in 2010 and is financed by 0.5% of revenues gained from the export of fossil energy resources.<ref name="(ibid.)">(ibid.)</ref> It is <span data-scayt_word="institutionalised" data-scaytid="1417">institutionalised</span> by the special purposes account no. 302-131. In a more global context, the fund's main task is the reinforced development of renewable energies in Algeria. <br/> |
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| − | == Key problems of the energy sector == | + | Although the trend and global awareness of climate change and the role of energy production have grown in the last decade, some efforts have been made to approach them in earlier times. '''<span data-scayt_word="l’agence" data-scaytid="1418">L’Agence</span> <span data-scayt_word="nationale" data-scaytid="1419">Nationale</span> pour la Promotion et la <span data-scayt_word="rationalisation" data-scaytid="1420">Rationalisation</span> de <span data-scayt_word="l’utilisation" data-scaytid="1421">l’Utilisation</span> de <span data-scayt_word="l’energie" data-scaytid="1422">l’Energie</span> (<span data-scayt_word="aprue" data-scaytid="1423">APRUE</span>)''', e.g., was already founded in 1985.<ref name="L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), 2010,">L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), 2010, "Qui sommes nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aprue.org.dz/maitrise-energetique.html</ref> According to decree no. 99-09, dating to 1999, <span data-scayt_word="aprue's" data-scaytid="1425">APRUE's</span> main tasks include the implementation of the '''<span data-scayt_word="programme" data-scaytid="1427">Programme</span> National de <span data-scayt_word="maîtrisse" data-scaytid="1428">Maîtrisse</span> de <span data-scayt_word="l'energie" data-scaytid="1429">l'Energie</span> (<span data-scayt_word="pnme" data-scaytid="1430">PNME</span>)''' and sectorial projects involving partnerships with other sectors (e.g. industry, transportation).<ref name="L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), 2010,">L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), 2010, "Qui sommes nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aprue.org.dz/maitrise-energetique.html</ref> Having said that, the <span data-scayt_word="descirption" data-scaytid="1431">description</span> of competencies and missions are formulated quite vaguely. Another <span data-scayt_word="organisation" data-scaytid="1432">organisation</span> in this spectrum is '''New Energy Algeria (NEAL)''' which was founded in 2002.<ref name="New Energy Algeria Spa (NEAL) (2010),">New Energy Algeria Spa (NEAL) (2010), "Qui sommes-nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.neal-dz.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=275&Itemid=124&lang=fr</ref> Its function mainly involves the production and development of renewable energies, the establishment of win-win <span data-scayt_word="partenerships" data-scaytid="1433">partenerships</span> within the framework of <span data-scayt_word="technology-cooperations" data-scaytid="1434">technology-cooperations</span>, and the consultation of national and international enterprises dealing with renewable energies and energy efficiency.<ref name="New Energy Algeria Spa (NEAL) (2010),">New Energy Algeria Spa (NEAL) (2010), "Qui sommes-nous?", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.neal-dz.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=271&Itemid=123&lang=fr</ref><br/> |
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| + | The '''Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG)''' was created under law no. 02-01 of 2002. CREG is responsible to watch over the electricity and national gas markets in order to protect both the interests of the consumers and those of the operators. There are three main missions: realise and control public service, consult the government on organisation and functioning of electricity and gas markets and guard and control compliance with the pertinent laws.<br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | == Policy framework, laws and regulations == | + | == Utilities<br/> == |
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| + | The Algerian energy sector is characterized by a few company networks with national enterprises numerously scattered over the respective branches of the energy sector.<br/>The hydrocarbon and petroleum branch mainly consists of the '''<span data-scayt_word="groupe" data-scaytid="1436">Groupe</span> <span data-scayt_word="sonatrach" data-scaytid="1437">SONATRACH</span>''', a dominating <span data-scayt_word="organisation" data-scaytid="1439">organisation</span> dealing with the exploitation, transportation and <span data-scayt_word="commercialisation" data-scaytid="1440">commercialisation</span> of oil and gas products. The subordinated company <span data-scayt_word="naftal" data-scaytid="1441">NAFTAL</span> SPA is a national petrol station chain and is owned 100% by <span data-scayt_word="sonatrach" data-scaytid="1438">SONATRACH</span>, which itself was founded by the government in 1963 (presidential decree no. 63 - 491 December <span data-scayt_word="31st" data-scaytid="1442">31st</span>, 1963).<ref name="SONATRACH (2010),">SONATRACH (2010), "Elements d'histoire des Hydrocarbures en Algerie", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonatrach-dz.com/NEW/histoire.html</ref> <span data-scayt_word="sonatrach" data-scaytid="1443">SONATRACH</span> is the main player in terms of oil and <span data-scayt_word="gaz" data-scaytid="1445">gas</span> production and is - despite the fact that it is officially to be a commercial entity - a state-owned company of Algeria with the state being the sole shareholder of <span data-scayt_word="sonatrach" data-scaytid="1444">SONATRACH</span>.<ref name="El-Katiri, Dr. Mohammed (2010, 5),">El-Katiri, Dr. Mohammed (2010, 5), "Special Series - Sonatrach: An International Giant in the Making", Shrivenham (England): Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, pg. 3</ref> Overall, the <span data-scayt_word="sonatrach" data-scaytid="1446">SONATRACH</span> group is made up of 29 subordinated companies and <span data-scayt_word="organisations" data-scaytid="1448">organisations</span>.<ref name="Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines,">Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur</ref> Just as <span data-scayt_word="sonatrach" data-scaytid="1447">SONATRACH</span>, '''<span data-scayt_word="groupe" data-scaytid="1449">Groupe</span> <span data-scayt_word="sonelgaz" data-scaytid="1450">SONELGAZ</span>''', responsible for the production and <span data-scayt_word="commercialisation" data-scaytid="1451">commercialisation</span> of electricity and the national distribution of natural <span data-scayt_word="gaz" data-scaytid="1452">gas</span>, is likewise state-owned. Together, the two companies are the most important and influential players in the A<span data-scayt_word="algerian" data-scaytid="1453">lgerian</span> energy sector. In 2001, the '''Algerian Energy Company (<span data-scayt_word="aec" data-scaytid="1454">AEC</span>)''' was founded<ref name="Algerian Energy Company (AEC) (2011),">Algerian Energy Company (AEC) (2011), "Présentation de l'Activite", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aec.dz/site/home.php</ref>, whose main task it is to produce, <span data-scayt_word="commercialise" data-scaytid="1455">commercialise</span>, transport and distribute electricity throughout Algeria. Being a part of the <span data-scayt_word="sonelgaz" data-scaytid="1456">SONELGAZ</span> group, the '''<span data-scayt_word="société" data-scaytid="1457">Société</span> <span data-scayt_word="algérienne" data-scaytid="1458">Algérienne</span> de Production de <span data-scayt_word="l'electricité" data-scaytid="1459">l'Electricité</span> (<span data-scayt_word="spe" data-scaytid="1460">SPE</span>)''' is in charge of electricity production, as well,<ref name="Groupe SONELGAZ Spa,">Groupe SONELGAZ Spa, "Scoiété Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=67</ref> whereas the electricity transportation is mainly carried out by the '''<span data-scayt_word="société" data-scaytid="1461">Société</span> <span data-scayt_word="algérienne" data-scaytid="1462">Algérienne</span> de <span data-scayt_word="gestion" data-scaytid="1463">Gestion</span> du <span data-scayt_word="réseau" data-scaytid="1464">Réseau</span> de Transport de <span data-scayt_word="l'electricité" data-scaytid="1465">l'Electricité</span> (<span data-scayt_word="sgte" data-scaytid="1466">SGTE</span>)'''.<ref name="Groupe SONELGAZ Sap,">Groupe SONELGAZ Sap, "Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=68</ref> In total, the <span data-scayt_word="sonelgaz" data-scaytid="1467">SONELGAZ</span> group consists of 38 subordinated companies and <span data-scayt_word="organisations" data-scaytid="1468">organisations</span>.<ref name="Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines,">Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur</ref><br/>The electricity distribution itself is <span data-scayt_word="organised" data-scaytid="1479">organised</span> by four companies: '''La <span data-scayt_word="société" data-scaytid="1480">société</span> de distribution de <span data-scayt_word="l'ouest" data-scaytid="1481">l'ouest</span> (<span data-scayt_word="sdo" data-scaytid="1482">SDO</span>)''', '''la <span data-scayt_word="société" data-scaytid="1483">société</span> de distribution du <span data-scayt_word="centre" data-scaytid="1486">centre</span> (<span data-scayt_word="sdc" data-scaytid="1487">SDC</span>)''', '''la <span data-scayt_word="société" data-scaytid="1484">société</span> de distribution <span data-scayt_word="d'alger" data-scaytid="1488">d'Alger</span> (<span data-scayt_word="sda" data-scaytid="1489">SDA</span>)''' and '''la <span data-scayt_word="société" data-scaytid="1485">société</span> de <span data-scayt_word="l'est" data-scaytid="1490">l'est</span> (<span data-scayt_word="sde" data-scaytid="1491">SDE</span>)'''.<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | === General Energy policy, Energy strategy ===
| + | [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
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| + | == Others<br/> == |
| | | | |
| − | === Important Laws and regulations ===
| + | In 2013, 54% of Algeria's electricity was produced by independent power producers (IPPs). The companies are Kahrama, Shariket Kahraba Berrouaghia (SKB), Shariket Kahraba Koudiet Eddraouche (SKD), Shariket Kahraba Hadjret Ennouss (SKH), Shariket Kahraba Skikda (SKS) and Shariket Kahraba Terga (SKT).<ref name="http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energetique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf">http://www.mem-algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energetique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf</ref><br/> |
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| + | = Energy Cooperation<br/> = |
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| − | === Specific strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.) === | + | Since Algeria has an abundance of natural resources, in particular fossil fuels, a number of countries have expressed their interest to cooperate in the energy sector. Amongst the latest are Norway<ref name="http://www.aps.dz/en/economy/6486-algeria-norway-common-willingness-to-strengthen-energy-cooperation">http://www.aps.dz/en/economy/6486-algeria-norway-common-willingness-to-strengthen-energy-cooperation</ref>, Niger<ref name="http://www.aps.dz/en/economy/5824-algeria,-niger-seek-to-boost-energy-cooperation">http://www.aps.dz/en/economy/5824-algeria,-niger-seek-to-boost-energy-cooperation</ref>, Kenya<ref name="http://www.president.go.ke/kenya-and-algeria-sign-pact-boosting-cooperation-in-energy-sector/">http://www.president.go.ke/kenya-and-algeria-sign-pact-boosting-cooperation-in-energy-sector/</ref> and the Netherlands<ref name="http://www.aps.dz/en/economy/5984-algeria,-netherlands-willing-to-boost-energy-cooperation">http://www.aps.dz/en/economy/5984-algeria,-netherlands-willing-to-boost-energy-cooperation</ref>. In cooperation with Russia, Algeria plans to build its first nuclear power plant in 2025<ref name="http://www.aps.dz/en/economy/3972-algerian,-russia-seal-nuclear-energy-cooperation-deal">http://www.aps.dz/en/economy/3972-algerian,-russia-seal-nuclear-energy-cooperation-deal</ref>.<br/> |
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| + | The European Union also plans to develop a strategic partnership with Algeria in order to diversify natural gas import sources.<ref name="http://www.energypost.eu/energy-union-holistic-approach-energy-transition/">http://www.energypost.eu/energy-union-holistic-approach-energy-transition/</ref><br/> |
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| − | == Institutional set up in the energy sector ==
| + | <br/> |
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| |
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| − | === Governmental institutions Private sector (enterprises, NGOs) === | + | == Bilateral Energy Cooperation with Germany<br/> == |
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| + | Germany predominately imports crude oil from Algeria. Other imports are mainly chemical products and other raw materials.<ref name="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/sid_9F40593BD06ED154E741C183278B3C82/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Algerien/Bilateral_node.html">http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/sid_9F40593BD06ED154E741C183278B3C82/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Algerien/Bilateral_node.html</ref><br/> |
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| − | === Activities of other donors, activities of NGOs === | + | In March 2015, an energy partnership between Germany and Algeria was signed.<ref name="http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/aussenwirtschaft,did=698198.html">http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/aussenwirtschaft,did=698198.html</ref> |
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| |
| | | | |
| − | = Existing projects =
| |
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| + | The National Metrology Institute of Germany ([https://www.ptb.de/cms/en.html Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt - PTB]) is implementing the project "[[:File:PTB_project_Maghreb_Solar_95313_EN.pdf|Strengthening Quality Infrastructure for Solar Thermal Energy]]" in the Maghreb countries Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. The focus lies on improving testing, metrology and certification of solar water heating systems and on supporting university institutes with regard to education of quality infrastructure in the solar energy sector.<br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| − | = Further Reading<br> =
| |
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| + | = Further Information<br/> = |
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| − | = External links<br> = | + | *Official website of the Algerian <span data-scayt_word="mem" data-scaytid="1503">MEM</span>: [http://www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php www.mem-algeria.org/english/index.php] |
| | + | *[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html Algeria entry at The World Factbook] |
| | + | *Official website of the Algerian "Commission de <span data-scayt_word="régulation" data-scaytid="1508">Régulation</span> de <span data-scayt_word="l'electricité" data-scaytid="1509">l'Electricité</span> et du <span data-scayt_word="gaz" data-scaytid="1510">Gaz</span>": [http://www.creg.gov.dz/ http://www.creg.gov.dz/]<br/> |
| | + | *Official website of the Algerian "Centre de <span data-scayt_word="développement" data-scaytid="1515">Développement</span> des Energies <span data-scayt_word="renouvelables" data-scaytid="1516">Renouvelables</span>": [http://www.cder.dz/ http://www.cder.dz/] |
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| − | *[http://www.el-mouradia.dz/ Official website]<br>
| + | [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| − | *[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html Algeria entry at The World Factbook]<br>
| + | |
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| − | = Reference list =
| |
| | | | |
| − | <references /><br><br> | + | = References<br/> = |
| | | | |
| − | [[Category:Algeria]] | + | <references /><br/><br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
Algeria is located in North Africa and borders Tunisia and Libya in the east, Niger and Mali in the south, and Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Morocco in the west. In the north, Algeria’s vast coast of over 1,200 km extends to the Mediterranean Sea. With its more than two million km² of national territory, Algeria is by far the largest North African country. However, most of its national territory is occupied by the Sahara, which explains the arrangement of population density: 90% of the population is located in the north.[1] The mild Mediterranean climate coming from the coast is replaced by a dry desert climate further south.
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Algeria is a net exporting country. In the region, it is an important producer of hydrocarbons and also exports large amounts of natural gas to Europe. In 2012, Algeria imported a total of 5,031 ktoe, of which 4,639 ktoe were oil products. These amounts appear minor compared to the exports, which added up to 46,325 ktoe. The exports were mostly crude oil, oil products and natural gas.[4]
Algeria does not export all of its natural gas and oil production, but also relies on it for domestic consumption. Both resources are heavily subsidized. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), altogether, subsidies were at 18.3 % of GDP in 2012. Of this figure, 3.4 percentage points were subsidies for natural gas, 4.0 percentage points for electricity and 4.7 percentage points for petroleum products (including diesel, gasoline and LPG).[5]
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Although there is a high potential for the use of solar energy in Algeria, there are hardly any solar power plants so far. According to the MENA Renewables status report 2013 by REN21 the installed capacity of Photovoltaics (PV) was 7.1 MW in 2010 and 25 MW in 2012 of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP).[6] The report also gives estimates for capacity of renewable energy projects in the pipeline. For solar power, a capacity of 175 MW in the pipeline was estimated as well as 20 MW of wind power. However, the figures issued by the Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREE) are higher: They state an estimated capacity of 370 MW of solar power in the pipeline (all CSP) and 210 MW of wind power.[7]
Although there is some installed capacity of hydro power (228 MW), this energy source only plays a marginal role due to limited precipitation and high evaporation.
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At the end of 2013, the installed capacity of electricity generation reached 15.1 GW. This is an increase of about 18% compared to the precedent year and due to the new power plants being installed and starting operations.[3]
Between 2001 and 2013, electricity production rose from 26,250 GWh to 57,397 GWh[8] . As table 2 below shows, the main source for the production of electricity is gas with a relative percentage to the total amount produced of over 92%. Although there are other sources of electricity, namely oil and hydro-power, these play only a minor role.
The residential sector is the biggest consumer in Algeria, representing 38.1% of the nationally consumed energy. Other important sectors are the tertiary sector (20.93%) and the manufacturing industry (17.83%). The details are outlined in table 3.
In 2012 the total length of the transmission network was 23,802 km which was an increase of 6.29% in comparison to 2011. While the electrification rate was 57% in 1977, as of 2010, 99.3% of the population has now access to electricity. Algeria is connected with neighboring grids of Tunisia and Morocco by a 440 kV line each.[3]
The general approach and strategy intended by the Algerian Ministry of Energy and Mines is constituted by decree no. 07-266, dating the 9th of September 2007.[12] It represents one of the main basic modules, describing the function and role of the Ministry with respect to the intentions of the Algerian government. In Article 1, the Ministry commits to the elaboration of political and strategic research, the production and valorisation of hydrocarbon, mineral and energetic resources and the embedding of the respective industry in this sector.[12] In Article 5 it furthermore commits to the necessary studies and research and the promotion of sources of renewable energy.[12]
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In the building sector, more than 30 million toe are supposed to be saved by 2030. This will be achieved through innovative technologies and thermal insulation of constructions. Also, economic lamps and solar water heaters will contribute. In the transport sector, the target is to save more than 15 million toe. The government aims to use fuels which are widely available and least polluting, like LNG and natural gas, in order to reduce the use of gasoline. The industry sector is supposed to contribute 34 million toe by 2030.[14]
In April 2015, more details about the programme on energy efficiency were announced. About 900 billion DA (about 8 billion EUR) are to be invested, of which the Algerian government will cover 54%. The objectives include the thermal insulation of 100,000 homes per year, distributing 10 million energy efficient lamps and switching 1.3 million vehicles to liquid petrol gas. Through the measures, 180.000 jobs are supposed to be created.[15]
Although the trend and global awareness of climate change and the role of energy production have grown in the last decade, some efforts have been made to approach them in earlier times. L’Agence Nationale pour la Promotion et la Rationalisation de l’Utilisation de l’Energie (APRUE), e.g., was already founded in 1985.[19] According to decree no. 99-09, dating to 1999, APRUE's main tasks include the implementation of the Programme National de Maîtrisse de l'Energie (PNME) and sectorial projects involving partnerships with other sectors (e.g. industry, transportation).[19] Having said that, the description of competencies and missions are formulated quite vaguely. Another organisation in this spectrum is New Energy Algeria (NEAL) which was founded in 2002.[20] Its function mainly involves the production and development of renewable energies, the establishment of win-win partenerships within the framework of technology-cooperations, and the consultation of national and international enterprises dealing with renewable energies and energy efficiency.[20]
The Algerian energy sector is characterized by a few company networks with national enterprises numerously scattered over the respective branches of the energy sector.
The hydrocarbon and petroleum branch mainly consists of the Groupe SONATRACH, a dominating organisation dealing with the exploitation, transportation and commercialisation of oil and gas products. The subordinated company NAFTAL SPA is a national petrol station chain and is owned 100% by SONATRACH, which itself was founded by the government in 1963 (presidential decree no. 63 - 491 December 31st, 1963).[21] SONATRACH is the main player in terms of oil and gas production and is - despite the fact that it is officially to be a commercial entity - a state-owned company of Algeria with the state being the sole shareholder of SONATRACH.[22] Overall, the SONATRACH group is made up of 29 subordinated companies and organisations.[17] Just as SONATRACH, Groupe SONELGAZ, responsible for the production and commercialisation of electricity and the national distribution of natural gas, is likewise state-owned. Together, the two companies are the most important and influential players in the Algerian energy sector. In 2001, the Algerian Energy Company (AEC) was founded[23], whose main task it is to produce, commercialise, transport and distribute electricity throughout Algeria. Being a part of the SONELGAZ group, the Société Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité (SPE) is in charge of electricity production, as well,[24] whereas the electricity transportation is mainly carried out by the Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité (SGTE).[25] In total, the SONELGAZ group consists of 38 subordinated companies and organisations.[17]
The electricity distribution itself is organised by four companies: La société de distribution de l'ouest (SDO), la société de distribution du centre (SDC), la société de distribution d'Alger (SDA) and la société de l'est (SDE).
In 2013, 54% of Algeria's electricity was produced by independent power producers (IPPs). The companies are Kahrama, Shariket Kahraba Berrouaghia (SKB), Shariket Kahraba Koudiet Eddraouche (SKD), Shariket Kahraba Hadjret Ennouss (SKH), Shariket Kahraba Skikda (SKS) and Shariket Kahraba Terga (SKT).[3]
Since Algeria has an abundance of natural resources, in particular fossil fuels, a number of countries have expressed their interest to cooperate in the energy sector. Amongst the latest are Norway[26], Niger[27], Kenya[28] and the Netherlands[29]. In cooperation with Russia, Algeria plans to build its first nuclear power plant in 2025[30].
The European Union also plans to develop a strategic partnership with Algeria in order to diversify natural gas import sources.[31]
Germany predominately imports crude oil from Algeria. Other imports are mainly chemical products and other raw materials.[32]
