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− | |:Portal:Hydro|Portal Hydro | + | |:Portal:Hydro|Hydro Portal |
− | |:Group:Hydro|Group Hydro | + | |:Group:Hydro|Hydro Group |
| |:Category:Hydro|All Hydro Articles | | |:Category:Hydro|All Hydro Articles |
| }} | | }} |
− | <div class="portal_header">{{#icon:icon-hydro.png|||}} | + | <div class="portal_header">[[File:Icon-hydro.png|left|60px|Icon-hydro.png|alt=Icon-hydro.png|link=]] |
− | == Welcome to the Hydro Portal == | + | == Welcome to the Hydro Power Portal == |
| + | |
| + | '''Hydro power''' or water power is the electrical energy generated from falling or running water. The '''hydro power portal''' provides an overview on hydro energy related information on energypedia. Look for specific topics, latest articles or uploaded documents and announce upcoming events. |
| </div> | | </div> |
− | {| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" style="width: 100%" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" | + | {| style="width: 100%" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="width: 32%" | | + | | style="width: 282px" | |
− | === Technological Aspects === | + | === Hydro Power Basics === |
| | | |
− | *[[Hydro Power basics|Basic information about Hydro Power]] • [[Civil engineering - hydro power|Civil engineering]] • [[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment|Electrical-Mechanical Equipment (Turbine, Generator, Controller)]] • [[Transfer of technology (incl. licensing issue) - hydro power|Importing - Licensing - Technology transfer]] • [[Local production/planning capacity|Local production/planning capacity]] | + | *[[Hydro Power Basics|Basic Information about Hydro Power]] |
− | *[[Upgrading of water mills, rehabilitation of existing power plants|Upgrading of water mills / Rehabilitation of power plants]] • [[Pico hydro power|Pico hydro power]] • [[Hydro battery charging station|Hydro battery charging station]] | + | *[[Hydro - FAQ|FAQ on Hydro]]<br/> |
− | *[[How to Plan a MHPP in brief|How to plan a MHPP in brief]]
| + | *[[Facts on Hydro Power|Facts on Hydro Power]] |
| + | *[[World Commission on Dams (WCD) Report|World Commission on Dams (WCD) Report]]<br/> |
| + | *[[Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP)|Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP)]] |
| | | |
| + | <br/> |
| | | |
| + | === Technological Aspects of Hydro Power === |
| | | |
− | === Policy Framework ===
| + | *[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plants|Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plants]] |
| + | *[[Hydro Power - Civil Engineering|Civil Engineering]] |
| + | *[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment|Components of a Hydropower Plant]] |
| + | *[[Transfer of Technology - Hydro Power|Importing - Licensing - Technology Transfer]] |
| + | *[[Hydro - Local Production Capacity for Power Equipment, Tubes, Wiring etc.|Local Production / Planning Capacity]] |
| + | *[[Upgrading of Water Mills, Rehabilitation of Existing Power Plants|Upgrading of Water Mills / Rehabilitation of Power Plants]] |
| + | *[[Pico Hydro Power|Pico Hydro Power]] |
| + | *[[:Category:Micro-Hydro/Pico-Hydro|All Micro Hydro / Pico Hydro Power Articles]] |
| + | *[[:Category:Micro Hydro|All Micro Hydro Articles]] |
| + | *[[How to Plan a Mini Hydro Power Project|Planning a Mini Hydro Power Project]] |
| + | *[[:Category:Small-Hydro/Mini-Hydro|All Small Hydro / Mini Hydro Power Articles]]<br/> |
| + | *[[Hydro Battery Charging Station|Hydro Battery Charging Station]]<br/> |
| + | *[[Hydropower - Retrofitting|Electric Retrofitting of Existing Dams]]<br/> |
| | | |
− | *[[International organisations|International organisations]] • [[Institutions - mhp related|Institutions - mhp related]]
| + | <br/> |
− | *[[Overall institutional set-up at national level|Overall institutional set-up at national level (incl. rural electrification agencies)]] • [[Typical regulations for the installation and operation of small hydro power plants|Regulations for installation & operation of small hydro power plants (country specific)]]
| + | |
− | *[[Energy planning for rural areas|Energy planning for rural areas (national level, local level)]] • [[Feed-in policies|Feed-in policies]] • [[Promotional instruments|Promotional instruments]]
| + | |
| | | |
| + | === Policy Framework for Hydro Power<br/> === |
| | | |
| + | *[[Hydropower - International Organisations|International Organisations]] |
| + | *[[Micro-Hydro Power Institutions|Institutions - Micro Hydro Power]] |
| + | *[[Small Hydro Power (SHP) Overall Institutional Set-up - National Level|Institutional Set Up- National Level]] |
| + | *[[Typical Regulations for the Installation and Operation of Small Hydro Power Plants (SHPP)|Regulations for Installation & Operation of Small Hydro Power Plants (country specific)]] |
| + | *[[Feed-in Policies|Feed-in Policies]] |
| + | *[[Small Hydro Power in Sub-Saharan Africa - Framework Conditions|Small Hydro Power Framework Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa]] |
| | | |
− | === Operation and Business Models ===
| + | <br/> |
| | | |
− | *[[Promotion of local planning|Promotion of local planning / design capacities]] • [[Modes of operation|Modes of operation (public, private, community-based, …)]] • [[Promotion of private sector participation|Promotion of private sector participation (Operator models / business set-up)]]
| + | === Management, Operation and Business Models<br/> === |
− | *[[Metering and billing systems|Metering and billing systems (metering, flat-rate / limiters, pre-payment)]] • [[Tariffs|Tariffs]] • [[Operation and maintenance|Operation and maintenance (models, training approaches, …)]] • [[Off-grid to on-grid|Off-grid to on-grid]]
| + | |
| | | |
| + | *[[Promotion of Local Planning - Hydropower|Promotion of Local Planning / Design Capacities]] |
| + | *[[Promotion of Private Sector Participation|Promotion of Private Sector Participation]] |
| + | *[[Metering and Billing Systems|Metering and Billing Systems]] |
| + | *[[Tariffs|Tariffs]] |
| + | *[[Micro Hydro - Operation and Maintenance|Operation and Maintenance]] |
| + | *[[Micro Hydropower (MHP) - Off-grid to On-grid|Off-grid to On-grid]] |
| | | |
| + | <br/> |
| | | |
− | === Financing Models and Costs === | + | === Financing Models and Costs for Hydro Power<br/> === |
| | | |
− | *[[Hydropower: Grants & subsidies|Grants, subsidies]] • [[Loans|Loans (soft loans, commercial loans)]] • [[Venture capital|Venture capital]] • [[Project Financing (Ratna Sansar Shrestha, FCA)|Project Financing]] | + | *[[Hydropower - Types of Financing|Hydropower - Types of Financing]]<br/> |
− | *[[Involvment of MFIs, commercial banks, governmental financial institutions|Involvement of MFIs, commercial banks, governmental financial institutions]] • [[Green MFIs for MHP|Green MFIs for MHP]] • [[Risk coverage|Risk coverage (for project preparation, for construction phase, operation phase)]] | + | *[[Micro-Hydro Power - Analysis of Costs|Cost Analysis]]<br/> |
− | *[[Tool for a fast but profound analysis on the financial feasibility of MHP projects|Analysis Tool for the financial feasibility of MHP projects ]]• [[Costs of MHP sites|Costs of MHP sites]] | + | *[[Hydropower - Grants & Subsidies|Grants, Subsidies]] |
| + | *[[Loans for Financing Hydropower|Loans (soft loans, commercial loans)]] |
| + | *[[Venture Capital for Financing Hydropower|Venture Capital]] |
| + | *[[Project Financing for Hydropower|Project Financing]] |
| + | *[[Microfinance Institutions - Financing Renewable Energy|Involvement of MFIs]] |
| + | *[[Risk Coverage - Hydropower Development|Risk Coverage]] |
| + | *[[Micro-Hydropower Plants - Estimation of Management Costs|Management Cost Calculation Model]]<br/> |
| + | *[[MHP-Financial Feasibility Analysis Tool|Analysis Tool for the Financial Feasibility of Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Projects]] |
| + | *[[:Category:Financing Hydropower|All Articles on Financing Hydro Power]] |
| | | |
− | | style="width: 4%" | <br/>
| + | |
− | | style="width: 32%" |
| + | |
− | === Social and Environmental Impacts ===
| + | |
| | | |
− | *[[Monitoring|Monitoring (socio-economic studies, baseline studies, …)]] • [[Social implications of load management|Social implications of load management]] • [[Integration of gender issues|Integration of gender issues]] • [[Consumer awareness and communication|Consumer awareness and communication]]
| + | | style="width: 7px" | <br/> |
− | *[[Environmental impact assessment|Environmental impact assessments]] • [[Environment Assessment and Watershed Action Planning related to MHP|Environment Assessment and Watershed Action Planning]] • [[Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts of MHP|Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts of MHP]] • [[Forest conservation]]
| + | | style="width: 276px" | |
| + | === Social and Environmental Impacts / Monitoring Hydro Power<br/> === |
| | | |
| + | *[[Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts of MHP|Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts of MHP]]<br/> |
| + | *[[Micro Hydro Power - Monitoring|Monitoring]] |
| + | *[[Social Implications of Load Management|Social Implications of Load Management]] |
| + | *[[Integration of Gender Issues|Integration of Gender Issues]]<br/> |
| + | *[[Consumer Awareness and Communication|Consumer Awareness and Communication]]<br/> |
| + | *[[Mitigation and Intervention Techniques Related to Micro-hydro Power (MHP) Projects|Mitigation and Intervention Techniques]]<br/> |
| + | *[[Environment Assessment and Watershed Action Planning Related to Micro Hydro Power Projects (MHPs)|Environment Assessment and Watershed Action Planning]] |
| + | *[[Causes and Features of Watershed Degradation related to MHP Projects|Causes and Features of Watershed Degradation related to MHP projects]] |
| + | *[[Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP)|Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP)]] |
| + | *[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) - Indonesia, Impact on Sustainability (Comparative Study)|MHP Indonesia - Impact on Sustainability]] |
| + | *[[Indonesian Micro-hydro Power Sites: Survey on Key Performance Indicators (2012)|Indonesian MHP Sites: Survey on Key Performance Indicators (2012)]] |
| + | *[[Hydro - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)|Hydro Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)]] |
| + | *[[Environment Assessment Related to Micro-hydro Power (MHP) Projects in Ethiopia|Environment Assessment Related to MHP Projects in Ethiopia]] |
| + | *[[Remote Monitoring|Remote Monitoring]] |
| | | |
| + | <br/> |
| | | |
− | === Climate change-related issues === | + | === <span style="font-size: 17px; background-color: initial">Climate Change</span> <span style="font-size: 17px; background-color: initial">and </span><span style="font-size: 17px; background-color: initial">Hydro Power</span> === |
| | | |
− | *[[Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power]] | + | *[[Hydropower- A Catalyst for Climate Change Mitigation|Hydropower- A Catalyst for Climate Change Mitigation]] |
| + | *[[Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power]]<br/> |
| | | |
| + | <br/> |
| | | |
− | === Frequently asked questions === | + | === Case Studies on Hydro Power === |
− | *[[HydroFaQ|... on Hydro]]
| + | |
| | | |
| + | *[[Micro Hydro Power in Ethiopia - Analysis and Lessons Learned|Micro Hydro Power in Ethiopia - Analysis and Lessons Learned]] |
| + | *[[Small Hydropower Promotion Project (SHPP) Nepal Report|Small Hydropower Project Nepal]] |
| + | *<span dir="auto"></span>[[Lessons Learnt for Community Based Pico- and Micro-hydropower Schemes|Lessons Learnt for Community Based Pico- and Micro-hydropower Schemes]] |
| + | *[[Micro Hydropower (MHP) Peru - Local Management and Governance Working Model|Peru (ITDG)]] |
| + | *[[Productive Use of Energy for Micro-hydro Power in Indonesia|Productive Use of Energy for Micro-hydro Power in Indonesia]] |
| + | *[[Kenya: Best Practice Case Studies|Community Based Rural Electrification – Micro Hydro Kenya]] |
| | | |
| + | <br/> |
| | | |
− | === Hydro Power Sites === | + | === Hydro Power Resources === |
− | <div><center><googlemap type="terrain" width="100%" height="200" icons="http://maps.google.com/mapfiles/marker{label}.png" version="0.9" lat="10" lon="40" zoom="2">
| + | |
− | -0.9794, 29.6194, MHP Bwindi 0°58'46"S 29°37'10"E
| + | |
− | 1.216944, 34.738889, MHP Suam 1°13'1"N 34°44'20"E
| + | |
− | 3.581111, 31.772917, MHP Fofo 3°34'52.5"N 31°46'22.5"E
| + | |
− | 3.663611, 31.800833, PHP Gwere 3°39'49"N 31°48'3"E
| + | |
− | 2.36333333333, 31.1090277778, PHP Ayungu 2°21'48"N 31° 6'32.5"E
| + | |
| | | |
− | 6.577778, 38.697306, MHP Gobecho I 6º34’40’’N 38º41’50.3’’ E
| + | [[File:HPNET Banner3.png|270px|alt=Banner2.png|link=https://energypedia.info/wiki/Micro/Mini_Hydropower_Library_(MHL)]] |
− | 6.577778, 38.697222, MHP Gobecho II 6º34’39.7’’N 38º41’50’’E
| + | |
− | 6.557444, 38.669, MHP Ererte 6º33’26.8’’N 38º40’8.4’’ E
| + | |
− | 6.624056, 38.518139, MHP Hagara 6º37’26.6’’N 38º31’5.3’’ E
| + | |
− | 6.683333, 38.700133, SHP Yaye (planned) 6º41’00’’N 38º42’48’’ E
| + | |
− | 13.344361, 38.745347, LHP Tekeze 13° 20′ 39.7″ N, 38° 44′ 43.25″ E
| + | |
− | 11.819444, 36.918889, LHP Beles 11° 49′ 10″ N, 36° 55′ 8″ E
| + | |
− | 7.831389, 37.321667, LHP Gilgel Gibe I 7° 49′ 53″ N, 37° 19′ 18″ E
| + | |
− | 7.756944, 37.562222, LHP Gilgel Gibe II 7° 45′ 25″ N, 37° 33′ 44″ E
| + | |
− | 8.393503, 39.3524641, LHP Awash II and III 8°23'36.61''N 39°21'8.87''E
| + | |
− | 11.4858626, 37.589711, LHP Tis Abay I 11°29'9.10''N 37°35'22.95''E
| + | |
− | 11.4887487, 37.5997773, LHP Tis Abay II 11°29'19.49''N 37°35'59.19''E
| + | |
− | 7.1200094, 39.3367356, LHP Melka Wakena 7°7'12.03''N 39°20'12.24''E
| + | |
− | 8.4691304, 39.1588636, LHP Koka 8°28'8.86''N 39°9'31.9''E
| + | |
| | | |
− | -1.915979, 29.401474,MHP Murunda 1°54'57.52''S 29°24'5.30''E (not exact location) | + | *[[Mini-Grid_Webinar_Series_2019|Mini-Grid Webinar Series 2019]]<br/> |
− | -2.4052, 29.2646, MHP Masimeru 2°24'18.4''S 29°15'52.7''E | + | *[[Mini-grid_Webinar_Series|Mini-grid Webinar Series 2017]]<br/> |
− | -1.662044, 29.651413, MHP Musarara 1°39'43.35''S 29°39'5.08''E | + | *[[:Category:Tools|Hydropower - Tools]] |
− | -1.768935, 30.131464, MHP Kavumu 1°46'8.16''S 30°7'53.27''E | + | *[[Hydropower Sites - Database|Hydropower Database - add your project!]] |
| + | *[[Micro/Mini Hydropower Library (MHL)|Micro and Mini Hydropower - Online Library]] |
| + | *[[:File:Good and bad of mini hydro power vol.1.pdf|Good and bad of mini hydro power vol.1]]<br/> |
| + | *[[:File:Good and bad of mini hydro power vol.2.pdf|Good and bad of mini hydro power vol.2]] |
| + | *[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) - Pros and Cons|Pros and Cons - Micro Hydro Power (MHP)]] |
| + | *[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Manuals|Manuals]]<br/> |
| + | *[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Manuals / Nottingham Case Studies|MHP Case Studies]]<br/> |
| + | *[[Renewable Energy Project Resource Center|RE Project Resource Center]] |
| + | *[[Tender Documents - Micro-hydro Power (MHP)|Tender Documents]] |
| + | *[[:file:Mhp-tree-3.jpg|Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Tree Diagram]][[World Commission on Dams (WCD) Report|World Commission on Dams (WCD) Report]] |
| + | *[[Portal:Countries|Hydro Energy in Specific Countries]] |
| + | *[[Renewable Energy Project Resource Center|Renewable Energy Project Resource Center]] |
| + | *[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) - Further Links|External Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Links]] |
| | | |
− | -18.577764, 47.861764, MHP Mangamila to Tsaratsaotra 18° 34‘ 39.95‘‘S 47° 51’42.35‘‘E
| + | | style="width: 15px" | <br/> |
− | </googlemap></center><div class="more-link">[[GPS coordinates - Hydropower sites|Show Larger Map]]</div></div><div style="padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 120%; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px; border-bottom: rgb(0,0,0) 1px solid; text-align: left"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0)">'''Projects + Workshops'''</span></div>
| + | | rowspan="2" style="padding: 15px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); width: 161px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246)" | |
− | *[[Local management and governance working modell for MHP from Peru by ITDG|Peru (ITDG)]]
| + | {{Portal Newsletter}} |
− | *[[Micro Hydro Power - Workshop - Nairobi 2009|MHP WS Nairobi - 2009]]
| + | |
− | *[http://snafrica.energypedia.info/index.php/WG_Hydro_Power_Workshop_-_Rwanda_2011#Venue WG Hydro Power Workshop - Rwanda 2011]
| + | |
− | *[[Results GIZ Kigali MHP meeting 2011|Results GIZ Kigali MHP meeting 2011]]
| + | |
| | | |
| + | ==== Start a Discussion ==== |
| | | |
| + | Have a query? Discuss it with the hydro power experts on energypedia '''[[Group talk:Hydro|here]]!'''<br/> |
| | | |
− | === Discussions ===
| |
− |
| |
− | *[[MHP discussion group|PSP Hydro - Rwanda - Qs and As]]
| |
− | *[[Market of Opportunities - Rural Electrification|Rural Electrification - Market of Opportunities]]
| |
− | *[[Pros and Cons - MHP|Pros and Cons - MHP]]
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− |
| |
− | === Library ===
| |
− |
| |
− | *[[Hydro Project archive|Project archive]] • [[MHP Manuals|Manuals]] • [[Tender Documents|Tender documents]] • [[:file:Mhp-tree-3.jpg|Mhp tree diagram]]
| |
− | *[[Further MHP links|External MHP links]]
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− |
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− | | style="width: 4%" | <br/>
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− | | style="width: 24%; background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 15px" |
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| ==== Latest Hydro Articles ==== | | ==== Latest Hydro Articles ==== |
| | | |
− | <dpl>
| + | {{#ask: [[:+]] [[Category:Hydro]] |?Creation date |sort=Creation date |order=desc |format=template |template=Latest Links | limit=3 |searchlabel=}}<br/> |
− | category=hydro
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− | addcategories = true
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− | format = {| ¶!,¶|-¶ | [[%PAGE%]] ,<span class="group-activity-date"><br>(%DATE%)</span> | + | |
− | </dpl>
| + | |
| | | |
| + | ==== Latest Hydro Documents on Energypedia ==== |
| | | |
| + | {{#ask: [[Category:hydro]] [[File:+]] |?Creation date|sort=Creation date |order=desc|link=none |format=template |template=CES Country Ask query Files|searchlabel= |limit=10 |default=Currently there are no articles under this heading.}} |
| + | <div class="more-link plainlinks">[[Special:Filegallery|All Files]]</div><br/> |
| + | ==== Latest Hydro Publications ==== |
| | | |
− | ==== Hydro News ==== | + | {{#ask: [[Category:Pub Database]] [[Pub Topics::~*Hydropower*]] |?Pub Title |format=template |template=Pub Row |limit=3 |searchlabel= |offset=1 |sort=Pub Year |link=none |order=desc }} |
− | {{Special:Wikilog/2/Template:WikilogTempl2/Category:Hydro}}<div style="width: 100%; text-align: right">[[Blog:News|All News]]</div> | + | <div class="more-link">{{#formlink:form=Pub Database|link text=Add New Publication|link type=link}}</div><div class="more-link">[[:Category:Pub Database#Hydropower|All Publications]]</div> |
| + | <br/> |
| | | |
| + | ==== <span style="background-color: initial">Hydro Events</span> ==== |
| | | |
− | ==== Hydro Events ==== | + | {{#ask:[[Belongs to::Events]] [[Focus::~*Hydropower*]] [[Beginning::>{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}-{{CURRENTDAY}}]] |?Event title |?Beginning |format=template |template=Event List Row |limit=4 |searchlabel= |offset=0 |sort=Beginning |link=none }} |
| + | <div class="more-link plainlinks">{{#formlink:form=Events|link text=Add New Event|link type=link}}</div><div class="more-link">[[:Category:Events|All Events]]<br/><br/></div> |
| + | ==== Jobs/Opportunities ==== |
| | | |
− | {{#ask:[[Belongs to::Events]] [[Focus::Hydropower]] [[Beginning::>{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}-{{CURRENTDAY}}]] |?Beginning |format=template |template=Event List Row |limit=3 |searchlabel= |offset=0 |sort=Beginning }}
| + | *[[Job Offers|All jobs]] |
− | <div class="more-link">[[Form:Events|Add new]]</div><div class="more-link">[[:Category:Events|All events]]</div>
| + | *[[:Category:Opportunity|All opportunities (funding, research, training courses...)]] |
| | | |
| + | |- |
| + | | colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width: 544px" | |
| + | === [[Hydropower Sites - Database|Hydro Power Sites]] === |
| | | |
− | ==== Articles Needing Attention ====
| + | {{#ask:[[Belongs to::HPDB]] |?HPDBCoordinates |format=openlayers}} |
− | | + | <div class="more-link">[[Hydropower Sites - Database|Show Larger Map]]</div> |
− | ==== Missing Articles ====
| + | | rowspan="1" style="width: 15px" | <br/> |
− | | + | |
− | *[[Conflict-sensitive project design|Conflict-sensitive project design (incl. household selection, tariffs, cross-subsidization)]]
| + | |
− | *[[Feasability Studies - archive|Feasability Studies]]
| + | |
− | *[[Climate proofing of projects|Climate proofing of projects]]
| + | |
− | | + | |
| |} | | |} |
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− | __NOTITLE__ __NOEDITSECTION__ | + | __NOTITLE__ __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__ |
− | __NOTOC__ | + | <div></div><div></div><center></center><div></div> |
− | | + | {{#Widget:Heatmap}} |
− | <div></div><div></div> | + | |
− | | + | |
− | <center></center><div></div> | + | |
− | <br/><br/>
| + | |
− | | + | |
− | [[Category:Hydro]] <br/>
| + | |
Hydro Power Basics
Technological Aspects of Hydro Power
Policy Framework for Hydro Power
Management, Operation and Business Models
Financing Models and Costs for Hydro Power
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|
Social and Environmental Impacts / Monitoring Hydro Power
Climate Change and Hydro Power
Case Studies on Hydro Power
Hydro Power Resources
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