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| | + | | {{SPIS Arabic}} |
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| | + | | {{SPIS French}} |
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| | + | | {{SPIS Spanish}} |
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| | {{SPIS Safeguard Water}}{{Back to SPIS Toolbox}}<br/> | | {{SPIS Safeguard Water}}{{Back to SPIS Toolbox}}<br/> |
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| | [[File:Safeguard Water.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Clean water is a vital resource (Source: Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR))]] | | [[File:Safeguard Water.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Clean water is a vital resource (Source: Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR))]] |
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| − | The '''SAFEGUARD WATER''' module aims to give an introduction to groundwater management and the principles of sustainable water management. It furthermore reviews the risks and impacts related to an overdraft of groundwater resources. This should sensitize the planner and the future user of a SPIS for a responsible and sustainable utilization of water sources in most cases to be shared with neighboring farmers or other users. Finally, this module provides a practical guideline for the integration of water management into the planning and operation of SPIS. | + | The '''SAFEGUARD WATER''' module aims to give an introduction to groundwater management and the principles of sustainable water management. It furthermore reviews the risks and impacts related to an overdraft of groundwater resources. This should sensitize the planner and the future user of a SPIS for a responsible and sustainable utilization of water sources in most cases to be shared with neighboring farmers or other users. Finally, this module provides a practical guideline for the integration of water management into the planning and operation of SPIS. |
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| | <span class="mw-customtoggle-SPIS30" style="color: blue; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; float: right; display: inline-block;"><span class="mw-customtoggletext">read more</span></span><br/> | | <span class="mw-customtoggle-SPIS30" style="color: blue; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; float: right; display: inline-block;"><span class="mw-customtoggletext">read more</span></span><br/> |
| | <div id="mw-customcollapsible-SPIS30" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | | <div id="mw-customcollapsible-SPIS30" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> |
| − | In the '''[[SPIS - Get Informed|GET INFORMED]]''' module the individual components of an SPIS, as well as common system configurations are described. Each component has specific maintenance requirements. The service provider maintaining the SPIS also finds useful information on its promotion in the '''[[SPIS - Promote + Initiate|PROMOTE & INITIATE]]''' module. Further water-related aspects are described in the module '''[[SPIS Irrigate|IRRIGATION]]'''.
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| − | The '''[[SPIS Finance|FINANCE]]''' module gives an insight into financing SPIS components and configurations in different ways. The costs and efforts for maintaining the SPIS are also considered in the previous modules '''[[SPIS Design|DESIGN]]''' and '''[[SPIS Set Up|SET UP]]'''.
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| | Population growth and higher living standards, the expansion of agricultural production into dry lands or marginal lands, and the impacts of climate change increase additional need for food, energy and water. The sound financial viability of Solar Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS) may substitute conventional water extraction and pumping options to save energy and increase agricultural production. Governments and international development agencies support the implementation of SPIS because of several advantages: | | Population growth and higher living standards, the expansion of agricultural production into dry lands or marginal lands, and the impacts of climate change increase additional need for food, energy and water. The sound financial viability of Solar Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS) may substitute conventional water extraction and pumping options to save energy and increase agricultural production. Governments and international development agencies support the implementation of SPIS because of several advantages: |
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| − | *The use of renewable green energy is CO2-neutral and does not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases and hence climate change;<br/> | + | *The use of renewable green energy is CO2-neutral and does not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases and hence climate change; |
| | *CO2-Certificates can be sold to fossil energy users; | | *CO2-Certificates can be sold to fossil energy users; |
| | *Decentral solar powered energy does not rely on energy networks infrastructure and regular fuel supplies which is interesting especially in less developed rural areas; | | *Decentral solar powered energy does not rely on energy networks infrastructure and regular fuel supplies which is interesting especially in less developed rural areas; |
| − | *Solar powered irrigation can enable agriculture in areas regarded not suitable or profitable and thus increase food production and food security. | + | *Solar powered irrigation can enable agriculture in areas regarded not suitable or profitable and thus increase food production and food security |
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| − | However the previous significant financial hurdle for solar irrigated agriculture from low energy costs for diesel or electricity is diminishing. SPIS saves variable costs for energy production and therefore the incentive for water-efficient technologies and crop patterns is undermined. SPIS technology is on the rise while the abstraction of surface and groundwater for agricultural use around the globe increases and often exceeds the availability of renewable groundwater resources. In India, for example, about 30% of aquifers are considered at critical status<ref>Source: Central Ground Water Board of India 2014. Dynamic groundwater resources of India as of 2011. Faridabad.</ref>. Globally, non-renewable groundwater abstraction contributes nearly to 20% gross irrigation water demand<ref>Values for 2000, according to Wada et al. 2012. Non-sustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: A global assessment. In: Water Resources Research 48, W00L06</ref>. In some cases, irrigated agriculture is even practiced through exploitation of fossil groundwater that is not renewable at all. | + | However the previous significant financial hurdle for solar irrigated agriculture from low energy costs for diesel or electricity is diminishing. SPIS saves variable costs for energy production and therefore the incentive for water-efficient technologies and crop patterns is undermined. SPIS technology is on the rise while the abstraction of surface and groundwater for agricultural use around the globe increases and often exceeds the availability of renewable groundwater resources. In India, for example, about 30 percent of aquifers are considered at critical status<ref>Source: Central Ground Water Board of India 2014. Dynamic groundwater resources of India as of 2011. Faridabad.</ref>. Globally, nonrenewable groundwater abstraction contributes nearly to 20% gross irrigation water demand<ref>Values for 2000, according to Wada et al. 2012. Nonsustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: A global assessment. In: Water Resources Research 48, W00L06</ref>. In some cases, irrigated agriculture is even practiced through exploitation of fossil groundwater that is not renewable at all. |
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| − | Hence, SPIS might cause or aggravate over-extraction of limited water resources with several side-effects for the environment, economy and society, such as:<br/> | + | Hence, SPIS might cause or aggravate over-extraction of limited water resources with several side-effects for the environment, economy and society, such as: |
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| | *Unsecure water availability through drying wells and springs increase the risk of crop failure; | | *Unsecure water availability through drying wells and springs increase the risk of crop failure; |
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| | | style="background-color: rgb(225, 229, 205);" | | | | style="background-color: rgb(225, 229, 205);" | |
| − | Water is one of the most vital natural resources for agriculture. Conservation, protection and sustainable use and management of water represents a global challenge of the 21st century.<br/> | + | Water is one of the most vital natural resources for agriculture. Conservation, protection and sustainable use and management of water represents a global challenge of the 21st century. |
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| | === '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">Supplementary Tools</span>'''<br/> === | | === '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">Supplementary Tools</span>'''<br/> === |
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| − | *'''[[:File:SAFEGUARD WATER – Water Requirement Tool.xlsx|SAFEGUARD WATER – Water Requirement Tool]]''' | + | *'''[[:File:SAFEGUARD WATER - Water Requirement Tool.xlsm|SAFEGUARD WATER – Water Requirement Tool]]'''<br/> |
| − | *'''[[:File:SAFEGUARD_WATER_–_Water_Resource_Management_Checklist.xlsx|SAFEGUARD WATER – Water Resource Management Checklist]]''' | + | **'' Watch the instruction video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nM--P4Td-C8 here] to learn more!''<br/> |
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| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637">Further Readings </span>'''<br/> ===
| + | *'''[[:File:SAFEGUARD WATER – Water Resource Management Checklist V1.0.xlsx|SAFEGUARD WATER – Water Resource Management Checklist]]'''<br/> |
| | + | *'''[http://sip.africa.iwmi.org/ Solar Irrigation Potential (SIP) Map]''' |
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| − | *'''[[SPIS Toolbox - Safeguard Water - Further Readings|Link]]'''
| + | === '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">Tutorial Videos</span>'''<br/> === |
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| − | {| style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| + | *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1pwKE05_J0&list=PLu657ZvVdWgD0P16LyGbCxkYyTmN-wkBU&index=4 SPIS: Water Requirements - YouTube]<br/> |
| | + | *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mgfiR-ewgU&list=PLu657ZvVdWgDYWwFEVpmTOzccpPqkQ9ln&index=3 SPIS: Water Requirements (in Swahili)] |
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| | + | === <br/><font color="#879637">'''Downloadable Posters'''</font> === |
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(225, 229, 205);" | | + | | [[File:GIZ POSTER 1 English Final.pdf|border|left|250px|alt=PA PosterA1.pdf]] |
| | + | | [[File:GIZ POSTER 1 FRENCH.pdf|border|center|250px|alt=PA PosterA1.pdf]] |
| | + | | [[File:GIZ POSTER 1 KISWAHILI.pdf|border|right|250px|alt=PA PosterA1.pdf]] |
| | + | |} |
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| − | *'''[[SPIS Toolbox Glossary|Glossary]]'''
| + | === '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">Further Readings</span>'''<br/> === |
| − | *'''[[SPIS Toolbox - Abbreviations|Abbreviations]]'''
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| − | |}
| + | *Cech, T. V. (2010): Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy. USA: John Wily & Sons. |
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| − | <br/> | + | <span class="mw-customtoggle-SPIS3" style="color: blue; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; float: right; display: inline-block;"><span class="mw-customtoggletext">read more</span></span> |
| − | {| style="width: 100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0"
| + | <div id="mw-customcollapsible-SPIS3" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> |
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| + | *Hahn, A., Sass, J. & Fröhlich, C. (2015): Manual and tools for promoting SPIS. Multicountry - Stocktaking and Analysis Report. GFA Consulting Group. Retrieved from [http://energypedia-uwe.idea-sketch.com/wiki/File:Stocktaking_and_Analysis_Report_-_Final_Draft.pdf http://energypedia-uwe.idea-sketch.com/wiki/File:Stocktaking_and_Analysis_Report_-_Final_Draft.pdf] |
| − | | style="background-color: rgb(232, 232, 232)" | '''[https://energypedia.info/images/9/96/Safeguard_Water_Module.pdf ►Click here to download the entire module]'''
| + | *Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2010): Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Agriculture. Retrieved from [http://www.oecd.org/tad/sustainable-agriculture/sustainablemanagementofwaterresourcesinagriculture.htm http://www.oecd.org/tad/sustainable-agriculture/sustainablemanagementofwaterresourcesinagriculture.htm] |
| − | |}
| + | *Ponce, V.M. (2006): Groundwater Utilization and Sustainability. Retrieved from [http://groundwater.sdsu.edu/ http://groundwater.sdsu.edu/] |
| − | <br/> | + | *Shah, T. (2014): Groundwater Governance and Irrigated Agriculture. In: Tec Background Series 19. Stockholm, Sweden: Elanders. Retrieved from [http://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/publications/background-papers/gwp_tec_19_web.pdf http://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/publications/background-papers/gwp_tec_19_web.pdf] |
| | + | *Tuinhof, A., Van Steenbergen, F., Vos, P. & Tolk, L. (2012): Profit from Storage. The costs and benefits of water buffering. Wageningen, the Netherlands. Retrieved from [https://www.un-igrac.org/file/767/download?token=wMZRuxFp https://www.un-igrac.org/file/767/download?token=wMZRuxFp] |
| | + | *Ground Water Governance. A global Framework for Action. Retrieved from [http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/home/en/ http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/home/en/] |
| | + | *Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffen (BGR): Trainings manual - Integration of Groundwater Management into Transboundary Organizations in Africa. Retrieved from [https://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarbeit/Politikberatung_GW/Produkte/Trainings_Manual.html https://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarbeit/Politikberatung_GW/Produkte/Trainings_Manual.html] <br/> |
| | + | *Duffield, G. M.: Aquifer Testing 101. Pumping Test. AQTESOLV. Retrieved from [http://www.aqtesolv.com/pumping-tests/pump-tests.htm http://www.aqtesolv.com/pumping-tests/pump-tests.htm] |
| | + | *Illinois Environmental Protection Agency: Groundwater Quality Protection Program. Retrieved from [http://www.epa.illinois.gov/topics/water-quality/groundwater/ http://www.epa.illinois.gov/topics/water-quality/groundwater/] |
| | + | </div> |
| | === '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">References</span>'''<br/> === | | === '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">References</span>'''<br/> === |
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| | {{SPIS Magic Words}} | | {{SPIS Magic Words}} |
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| | + | [[Category:SPIS_Toolbox]] |
| | + | [[Category:Water-Energy-Food_Nexus]] |
| | + | [[Category:Renewable_Energy]] |
| | + | [[Category:Sustainability]] |
| | + | [[Category:Rural_Development]] |
