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| | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|--> Back to Overview GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]] | | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|--> Back to Overview GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]] |
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| − | = Prerequisite: Comprehensive assessment of the wood-fuel value chain = | + | = Prerequisite: Comprehensive assessment of the wood-fuel value chain = |
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| − | Measures to promote sustainable wood-fuel supplies should always be synchronized with the modernization of the entire wood-energy sector, in recognition of the fact that wood-based energy is an environmentally friendly/renewable, socially adapted, and clean/low‐risk source of energy. Promoting wood-energy on this basis calls for a stepwise, holistic approach, aiming for the continuous, through gradual refinement/adaptation of pertinent framework conditions, organizational and procedural aspects, and technological development. Political will is pivotal to this end. | + | Measures to promote sustainable wood-fuel supplies should always be synchronized with the modernization of the entire wood-energy sector in recognition of the fact that wood-based energy is an environmentally friendly/renewable, socially adapted, and clean/low‐risk source of energy. Promoting wood-energy on this basis calls for a stepwise, holistic approach, aiming for the continuous, gradual refinement/adaptation of pertinent framework conditions, organizational and procedural aspects, and technological development. Political will is pivotal to this end. |
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| − | In order to enhance a sustainable, pro-poor, regional woodfuel supply complying with criteria of ecological sustainability and fostering a local economic upswing, a '''holistic analysis''' of the '''whole woodfuel value chain''' is required. | + | In order to enhance a sustainable, pro-poor, regional woodfuel supply complying with criteria of ecological sustainability and fostering a local economic upswing, a '''holistic analysis''' of the '''whole woodfuel value chain''' is required. |
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| − | [[File:Fig.1 Holistic analysis.jpg|center|559x233px|Fig.1 Holistic analysis.jpg]] The following list of questions is not exhaustive but indicative, outlining salient issues that enable dignosis and analysis leading to better project design and implementation. | + | [[Image:Fig.1 Holistic analysis.jpg|center|559x233px|Fig.1 Holistic analysis.jpg]] The following list of questions is not exhaustive but indicative. It outlines salient issues that enable dignosis and analysis leading to better project design and implementation. |
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| − | It should be borne in mind that all measures aiming to enhance the wood-fuel supply chain are based on common principles and draw on the assumptions that: | + | It should be kept in mind that all measures aiming to enhance the wood-fuel supply chain are based on common principles and draw on the assumptions that: |
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| − | *Substantial quantities of wood-fuel can be produced sustainably without undue impacts on food production, | + | *Substantial quantities of wood-fuel can be produced sustainably without undue impacts on food production, |
| − | *Appropriate technologies for conversion and utilization exist or can be introduced, | + | *Appropriate technologies for conversion and utilization exist or can be introduced, |
| − | *Biomass use provides environmental benefits by way of substituting non-renewable fuels, thereby contributing to GHG mitigation, | + | *Biomass use provides environmental benefits by way of substituting non-renewable fuels, thereby contributing to GHG mitigation, |
| | *There exist potentials for enhancing economic benefits in terms of added value and employment. | | *There exist potentials for enhancing economic benefits in terms of added value and employment. |
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| − | It should be noted, that in regard to ICS interventions a specific list of questions can be viewed here: [[Content_of_Planning_Cooking_Energy_Interventions]].<br/>When analyzing and comparing data it is of utmost importance to ensure that '''adequate conversion factors''' are applied and local units are converted to international standards equivalents. | + | It should be noted, that in regard to ICS interventions a specific list of questions can be viewed here: [[Content of Planning Cooking Energy Interventions]].<br>When analyzing and comparing data it is of utmost importance to ensure that '''adequate conversion factors''' are applied and local units are converted to international standards equivalents. |
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| − | = Information required on political and legal framework conditions <br> = | + | = Information required on political and legal framework conditions <br> = |
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| − | It is increasingly recognized that sound wood-fuel sector development must be an integral component of comprehensive environmental and development policies and planning processes. Although the forest sector is closely linked to many other sectors, there is a lack of coherent policies. Woodfuel production, transportation and distribution often remain informal and unregulated – rendering them inefficient, wasteful and risky.<br> | + | It is increasingly recognized that sound wood-fuel sector development must be an integral component of comprehensive environmental and development policies and planning processes. Although the forest sector is closely linked to many other sectors, there is a lack of coherent policies. Woodfuel production, transportation and distribution often remain informal and unregulated – rendering them inefficient, wasteful and risky.<br> |
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| | *Is wood energy recognized as an important pillar in the future energy mix of the country? | | *Is wood energy recognized as an important pillar in the future energy mix of the country? |
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| | = Information needed on control and law enforcement = | | = Information needed on control and law enforcement = |
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| − | Pertinent provisions in forest laws are frequently not applied, owing to lacking resources and capacities for supervision and law enforcement. Unregulated access to, and use of forest resources curtails any improvement of the wood-fuel value chain, because it breeds overexploitation, market distortions and, by extension, systematic undervaluation of wood-based fuels. | + | Pertinent provisions in forest laws are frequently not applied, due to lack of resources and capacities for supervision and law enforcement. Unregulated access to and use of forest resources curtails any improvement of the wood-fuel value chain, because it breeds overexploitation, market distortions and, by extension, systematic undervaluation of wood-based fuels. |
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| | *Is law enforcement systematically organized? | | *Is law enforcement systematically organized? |
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| | *Are mandates for forest governance, law enforcement, persecution of offenses and legal redress clarified, well coordinated and effective?<br> | | *Are mandates for forest governance, law enforcement, persecution of offenses and legal redress clarified, well coordinated and effective?<br> |
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| − | = Information needed on demographics and the socio-economic setting<br> = | + | = Information needed on demographics and the socio-economic setting<br> = |
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| | Demographics and trends of urbanization are salient determinants of energy demand. | | Demographics and trends of urbanization are salient determinants of energy demand. |
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| − | *Are population size, annual growth rate and projected size known, in terms of both, rural and urban populations? | + | *Are population size, annual growth rate and projected size known, in terms of both rural and urban populations? |
| | *Are demographic patterns known? | | *Are demographic patterns known? |
| | *Are occupational patterns and livelihood characteristics sufficiently understood? | | *Are occupational patterns and livelihood characteristics sufficiently understood? |
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| | = Information needed on the current energy situation and future prospects = | | = Information needed on the current energy situation and future prospects = |
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| − | Planning warrants critical reflection on the current energy needs and the future prospects so as to justify long-term investments in forest management and economic benefits. | + | Planning requires critical reflection on the current energy needs and the future prospects so as to justify long-term investments in forest management and economic benefits. |
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| | *What are the trends in supply of wood energy (past, present and future)? | | *What are the trends in supply of wood energy (past, present and future)? |
| | *What is the energy balance by type of energy and use patterns, differentiated for rural and urban areas? | | *What is the energy balance by type of energy and use patterns, differentiated for rural and urban areas? |
| | *What are the comparative advantages of woodfuels in comparison to other energy sources? | | *What are the comparative advantages of woodfuels in comparison to other energy sources? |
| − | *What is the per capita consumption of fuelwood/charcoal?<br> | + | *What is the per capita consumption of fuelwood/charcoal?<br> |
| | *What kinds of subsidies are allocated to the different types of energy?<br> | | *What kinds of subsidies are allocated to the different types of energy?<br> |
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| | = Information needed on land use planning = | | = Information needed on land use planning = |
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| − | Sustainable forestry requires good planning. Good planning starts with a strategy. It begins with an integrated land-use plan seeking to balance the economic, social and cultural opportunities in a specific area of forest with the need to maintain and enhance the condition of the area’s forest. | + | Sustainable forestry requires good planning. Good planning starts with a strategy. A good strategy should include an integrated land-use plan, which seeks to balance the economic, social and cultural opportunities in a specific area of forest with the need to maintain and enhance the condition of the area’s forest. |
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| | *What are the current land uses and areas (e.g. forest, crops lands)? | | *What are the current land uses and areas (e.g. forest, crops lands)? |
| | *What major land use changes occurred in the past, in terms of – inter alia – deforestation, expansion of agricultural or urban areas? | | *What major land use changes occurred in the past, in terms of – inter alia – deforestation, expansion of agricultural or urban areas? |
| − | *Do forest areas exist with either none or non-clarified tenure rights (open access areas)? | + | *Do forest areas exist with either no or non-clarified tenure rights (open access areas)? |
| | *Do land use plans identify a permanent forest estate, i.e. areas dedicated to forestry as the sole permissible land use?<br> | | *Do land use plans identify a permanent forest estate, i.e. areas dedicated to forestry as the sole permissible land use?<br> |
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| − | = Information needed on land tenure and user rights<br> = | + | = Information needed on land tenure and user rights<br> = |
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| − | Secure land tenure is pivotal to sustainable forest management and investments in forest protection or reforestation. As forestry implies considerably longer production periods than e.g. agriculture, insecure land tenure creates a formidable disincentive for private investment in forest management. This holds true also for wood-fuel production by rural smallholders.<br> | + | Secure land tenure is pivotal to sustainable forest management and to investments in forest protection or reforestation. As forestry implies considerably longer production periods than e.g. agriculture, insecure land tenure creates a formidable disincentive for private investment in forest management. This holds true also for wood-fuel production by rural smallholders.<br> |
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| | *Are the ownership and usufruct rights of forests, trees, other forest products, and forest concessions unambiguously documented? | | *Are the ownership and usufruct rights of forests, trees, other forest products, and forest concessions unambiguously documented? |
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| | = Information needed on woodfuel resources and production systems = | | = Information needed on woodfuel resources and production systems = |
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| − | Bureaucratic and administrative barriers (e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures) may inhibit development, and thus warrant critical reflection. <br> | + | Bureaucratic and administrative barriers (e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures) may inhibit development, and thus warrant critical reflection. <br> |
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| | *What kind of wood production systems are already introduced, e.g. closed and open natural forest management, plantations, agro-forestry? | | *What kind of wood production systems are already introduced, e.g. closed and open natural forest management, plantations, agro-forestry? |
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| | *What are the producer costs (e.g. costs for sustainable management, tree planting, stumpage fees, harvesting)?<br> | | *What are the producer costs (e.g. costs for sustainable management, tree planting, stumpage fees, harvesting)?<br> |
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| − | = Information needed on woodfuel flow (conversion, transportation and marketing)<br> = | + | = Information needed on woodfuel flow (conversion, transportation and marketing)<br> = |
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| | *The economic, social and environmental impacts of down-stream processing are pivotal to the design of production systems. | | *The economic, social and environmental impacts of down-stream processing are pivotal to the design of production systems. |
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| | = Information needed for the institutional setting = | | = Information needed for the institutional setting = |
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| − | According to forest legislation, forest administrations commonly have a prominent role in forest governance and forest law enforcement. However, forestry administrations often lack the capacities and resources to fulfill their legal mandate.<br> | + | According to forest legislation, forest administrations commonly have a prominent role in forest governance and forest law enforcement. However, forestry administrations often lack the capacities and resources to fulfill their legal mandate.<br> |
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| | *Does the network of administrative units of the forestry administration adequately cover the concerned areas? | | *Does the network of administrative units of the forestry administration adequately cover the concerned areas? |
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| | = Information needed on gender issues = | | = Information needed on gender issues = |
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| − | *Wood supply interventions should seek to support women's rights in sharing both, responsibilities and benefits from community land resource management related to woodfuel. Wood energy projects are intended to be of immediate value to women in assisting them to meet their strategic needs.
| + | Wood supply interventions should seek to support women's rights in sharing both, responsibilities and benefits from community land resource management related to woodfuel. Wood energy projects are intended to be of immediate value to women in assisting them to meet their strategic needs. Information that should be gathered includes: |
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| | *What is the legal and actual land holding situation? | | *What is the legal and actual land holding situation? |
| | *What rights to use communal or state land do women enjoy? | | *What rights to use communal or state land do women enjoy? |
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| | *What kind of access to and control of resources (land, money, credit, etc.) and benefits do women enjoy? | | *What kind of access to and control of resources (land, money, credit, etc.) and benefits do women enjoy? |
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| − | <br> | + | <br> |
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| − | [[Inception Studies for Biomass Energy Supply Opportunities#Prerequisite:_Comprehensive_assessment_of_the_wood-fuel_value_chain|Top of the page]]<br> | + | [[Inception Studies for Biomass Energy Supply Opportunities#Prerequisite:_Comprehensive_assessment_of_the_wood-fuel_value_chain|Top of the page]]<br> |
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| − | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|--> Back to Overview GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]] | + | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|--> Back to Overview GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]] |
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| − | [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium]][[Category:Cooking]][[Category:GIZ_HERA]]
| + | [[Category:GIZ_HERA]] |
Measures to promote sustainable wood-fuel supplies should always be synchronized with the modernization of the entire wood-energy sector in recognition of the fact that wood-based energy is an environmentally friendly/renewable, socially adapted, and clean/low‐risk source of energy. Promoting wood-energy on this basis calls for a stepwise, holistic approach, aiming for the continuous, gradual refinement/adaptation of pertinent framework conditions, organizational and procedural aspects, and technological development. Political will is pivotal to this end.
In order to enhance a sustainable, pro-poor, regional woodfuel supply complying with criteria of ecological sustainability and fostering a local economic upswing, a holistic analysis of the whole woodfuel value chain is required.
The following list of questions is not exhaustive but indicative. It outlines salient issues that enable dignosis and analysis leading to better project design and implementation.
It should be kept in mind that all measures aiming to enhance the wood-fuel supply chain are based on common principles and draw on the assumptions that:
It should be noted, that in regard to ICS interventions a specific list of questions can be viewed here: Content of Planning Cooking Energy Interventions.
When analyzing and comparing data it is of utmost importance to ensure that adequate conversion factors are applied and local units are converted to international standards equivalents.
It is increasingly recognized that sound wood-fuel sector development must be an integral component of comprehensive environmental and development policies and planning processes. Although the forest sector is closely linked to many other sectors, there is a lack of coherent policies. Woodfuel production, transportation and distribution often remain informal and unregulated – rendering them inefficient, wasteful and risky.
Pertinent provisions in forest laws are frequently not applied, due to lack of resources and capacities for supervision and law enforcement. Unregulated access to and use of forest resources curtails any improvement of the wood-fuel value chain, because it breeds overexploitation, market distortions and, by extension, systematic undervaluation of wood-based fuels.
Demographics and trends of urbanization are salient determinants of energy demand.
Planning requires critical reflection on the current energy needs and the future prospects so as to justify long-term investments in forest management and economic benefits.
Sustainable forestry requires good planning. Good planning starts with a strategy. A good strategy should include an integrated land-use plan, which seeks to balance the economic, social and cultural opportunities in a specific area of forest with the need to maintain and enhance the condition of the area’s forest.
Secure land tenure is pivotal to sustainable forest management and to investments in forest protection or reforestation. As forestry implies considerably longer production periods than e.g. agriculture, insecure land tenure creates a formidable disincentive for private investment in forest management. This holds true also for wood-fuel production by rural smallholders.
Bureaucratic and administrative barriers (e.g. overcomplicated forest management planning requirements, complex fiscal systems and land tenure procedures) may inhibit development, and thus warrant critical reflection.
According to forest legislation, forest administrations commonly have a prominent role in forest governance and forest law enforcement. However, forestry administrations often lack the capacities and resources to fulfill their legal mandate.
Wood supply interventions should seek to support women's rights in sharing both, responsibilities and benefits from community land resource management related to woodfuel. Wood energy projects are intended to be of immediate value to women in assisting them to meet their strategic needs. Information that should be gathered includes:
