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| | *From over 1.4 billion people without access to electricity 85% are coming from rural areas<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> | | *From over 1.4 billion people without access to electricity 85% are coming from rural areas<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> |
| − | *Over 1 billion people have no reliable power supply (unplanned power outages, massive losses, power quality issues) and most of them are poor and living in rural and remote areas in developing coutries<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> | + | *Over 1 billion people have no reliable power supply (unplanned power outages, massive losses, power quality issues) and most of them are poor and living in rural and remote areas in developing countries<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> |
| | *Sub-Saharan Africa: about 70% of the population lacks access to electricity and 85% of them live in rural areas<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> | | *Sub-Saharan Africa: about 70% of the population lacks access to electricity and 85% of them live in rural areas<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> |
| | *South Asia: about 50% have no access to electricity<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> | | *South Asia: about 50% have no access to electricity<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> |
| | *Between 2011 and 2050, the world population is expected to increase by 2.3 billion, passing from 7.0 billion to 9.3 billion<ref name="United Nations, 2011">United Nations, 2011</ref> | | *Between 2011 and 2050, the world population is expected to increase by 2.3 billion, passing from 7.0 billion to 9.3 billion<ref name="United Nations, 2011">United Nations, 2011</ref> |
| − | *Urbanisation will continue: the urban population will grow (from 3.6 billion in 2011 to 6.3 billion 2050) and there will likely be 0.3 billion fewer rural inhabitants in 2050<ref name="http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf">http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf</ref> | + | *Urbanization will continue: the urban population will grow (from 3.6 billion in 2011 to 6.3 billion 2050) and there will likely be 0.3 billion fewer rural inhabitants in 2050<ref name="http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf">http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf</ref> |
| − | *Between 2008 and 2030 cumulative global power sector investments of US$ 13.7 trillion are needed to meet the expected groth in electricity demand and replace obsolete infrastucture<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref>. | + | *Between 2008 and 2030 cumulative global power sector investments of US$ 13.7 trillion are needed to meet the expected growth in electricity demand and replace obsolete infrastructure<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref>. |
| − | *Energy costs in rural, underdeveloped areas are dispropriationately higher per connected consumer than they are in urbanized areas (grid systems are more developed and service providers have a higher incentive to probide higher queality and generally, lower cost service)<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> | + | *Energy costs in rural, underdeveloped areas are disproportionately<span id="taw" style="margin-right: 0px"> </span>higher per connected consumer than they are in urbanized areas (grid systems are more developed and service providers have a higher incentive to provide higher quality and generally, lower cost service)<ref name="ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk">ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas, Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk</ref> |
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US$ 752 billion is just 5% of the total investments needed in the global power sector until 2030.
Rural communities are already using commercial energy with extremely high prices. These traditional sources of commercial energy include dry cell batteries, candles, kerosene and diesel. In a study financed by the word bank Yemen[8], the cost per kilo-Lumen hour for light derived from candles and kerosene was US$0.145, while the cost for grid-supplied electricity was a mere US$0.008/kilo Lumen-hour. New delivery systems have to be found to provide electric servide to millions of households in rural areas of Artica and Asia without reliable commercial service. As the consumption of rural households power is in general considerably smaller than in urban areas it is not necessarily more expensive to install. They can be engineered to supply the identified needs at an appropriate cost[9].
It is very crucial to understand the socio-economic context as it plays an important role in achieving the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) linked to energy supply. The uptake of energy services and their application by the end user is needed.
Living in a town or in an urban area makes a huge difference in defining the energy demand. The demand for electricity in urban and rural town areas is mostly dominated by industrial uses and large service locations. However in rural areas the demand for electricity is defined by household energy demands, needs for irrigation and local agro porcessing or other natural resource telated enterprises such as mines. Micro scale enterprises have demands not much larger in terms of capacity requirement but yet different from households. The energy demands for those enterprises are more difficult to predict and also depend very much on the local socio-economic context in which the enterprises operate.
When depeloping the electricity supply for households or enterprises the current consumption patterns need to be observed but also some capacity for growth needs to be taken into account.
To reach the development goals (improving health care and education, increasing leavel of incomes to cross the poverty line) the access to modern energy is a necessary condition. Lighting of homes and schools will have an infuence on the education as this allows studying at home even when its dark and will attract teachers to rural schools. Also impacts related to health topics are possible by improving cooking situations, boiling water and cooling food for e.g. hygien.
Impacts on the incomes are also relevant for the stakeholders in the energy supply as they are having incomes and therewith higher ability to pay for the energy services.
Especially when realiability and predictability (e.g. enterprise operations) is important the quality of energy supply is playing an important role of influencing the impacts.
To speed up the electrification of the more remote communities in developing countries further technical innovation and cost reduction is necessary. Further development of currently known technologies (central grid systems and off-grid options) are expected.
This article is an abstract of the article in ELECTRA no 259, Invited Papers, "The global electrification challenge the case of rural and remote areas", Adriaan Zomers, Dan Waddle, Joseph Mutale, Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk
