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| | {| align="left" style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" | | {| align="left" style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" |
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| − | | colspan="2" | | + | | colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | '''General Down Draft Gasification Process for Small scale gasifiers''' |
| − | '''General down draft gasification process for small scale gasifiers''' | + | |
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| | | style="width: 255px;" | <div class="center"><div class="floatnone">[[File:Ankur Gasifier.png|frame|center|180px|Ankur Gasifier]]<br/></div></div> | | | style="width: 255px;" | <div class="center"><div class="floatnone">[[File:Ankur Gasifier.png|frame|center|180px|Ankur Gasifier]]<br/></div></div> |
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| − | <br/>''Table 1: Specific investment costs of biogas plants in Germany (2008), based on FNR, 2009''
| + | ''Table 1: Specific investment costs of biogas plants in Germany (2008), based on FNR, 2009''<br/> |
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| | Today, the profitability of biogas plants in Germany depends a lot on the possibility to additionally sell heat beside producing electricity. The heat output of the combined heat and power (CHP) generator is used to provide hot water for community heating systems for households, schools, public swimming pools etc. Furthermore, special bonuses such as bonuses paid for the use of renewable raw material (NaWaRo) are also important for profitable operation of the plants. | | Today, the profitability of biogas plants in Germany depends a lot on the possibility to additionally sell heat beside producing electricity. The heat output of the combined heat and power (CHP) generator is used to provide hot water for community heating systems for households, schools, public swimming pools etc. Furthermore, special bonuses such as bonuses paid for the use of renewable raw material (NaWaRo) are also important for profitable operation of the plants. |
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| | {| style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" | | {| style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | '''Continent''' | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | '''Continent''' |
| − | | '''Country''' | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | '''Country''' |
| − | | colspan="2" | '''Biogas Programmes and Projects''' | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | '''Biogas Programmes and Projects''' |
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| − | | rowspan="2" | '''Africa''' | + | | rowspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | '''Africa''' |
| − | | | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | |
| | <span class="mw-headline" id="developing_and_newly_industrialized_countries">[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Kenya_Energy_Situation Kenya]</span> | | <span class="mw-headline" id="developing_and_newly_industrialized_countries">[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Kenya_Energy_Situation Kenya]</span> |
| | | | |
| − | | colspan="2" | | + | | colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | |
| | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Sisal_cum_cattle_farm_in_Kilifi Sisal cum cattle farm in Kilifi] | | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Sisal_cum_cattle_farm_in_Kilifi Sisal cum cattle farm in Kilifi] |
| | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/DBFZ_study_on_“Agro_industrial_Biogas_in_Kenya” DBFZ study on “Agro industrial Biogas in Kenya”] | | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/DBFZ_study_on_“Agro_industrial_Biogas_in_Kenya” DBFZ study on “Agro industrial Biogas in Kenya”] |
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| − | | [https://energypedia.info/wiki/Tanzania_Energy_Situation Tanzania] | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | [https://energypedia.info/wiki/Tanzania_Energy_Situation Tanzania] |
| − | | colspan="2" | | + | | colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | |
| | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Cleaner_Integral_Utilisation_of_Sisal_Waste_for_Biogas_and_Biofertilizers Cleaner Integral Utilisation of Sisal Waste for Biogas and Biofertilizers] | | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Cleaner_Integral_Utilisation_of_Sisal_Waste_for_Biogas_and_Biofertilizers Cleaner Integral Utilisation of Sisal Waste for Biogas and Biofertilizers] |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | rowspan="3" | '''Asia''' | + | | rowspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | '''Asia''' |
| − | | [https://energypedia.info/wiki/Bangladesh_Energy_Situation Bangladesh] | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | [https://energypedia.info/wiki/Bangladesh_Energy_Situation Bangladesh] |
| − | | colspan="2" | | + | | colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | |
| | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/A_feasibility_study_(GTZ-PURE,_2005) A feasibility study (GTZ-PURE, 2005)] | | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/A_feasibility_study_(GTZ-PURE,_2005) A feasibility study (GTZ-PURE, 2005)] |
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| | |- | | |- |
| − | | China | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | China |
| − | | colspan="2" | | + | | colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | |
| | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Sino-German_Project_for_Optimization_of_Biomass_Utilization_/_Biogas Sino-German Project on Optimization of Efficient Biomass Utilization] | | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Sino-German_Project_for_Optimization_of_Biomass_Utilization_/_Biogas Sino-German Project on Optimization of Efficient Biomass Utilization] |
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| | |- | | |- |
| − | | [https://energypedia.info/wiki/India_Energy_Situation India] | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | [https://energypedia.info/wiki/India_Energy_Situation India] |
| − | | colspan="2" | | + | | colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | |
| | *[http://endev.energypedia.info/index.php?title=GTZ_Indo-German_Energy_Programme_(IGEN)&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg&redlink=1 GTZ Indo-German Energy Programme (IGEN)] | | *[http://endev.energypedia.info/index.php?title=GTZ_Indo-German_Energy_Programme_(IGEN)&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg&redlink=1 GTZ Indo-German Energy Programme (IGEN)] |
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| | |- | | |- |
| − | | '''South America''' | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | '''South America''' |
| − | | Brazil | + | | style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | Brazil |
| − | | colspan="2" | | + | | colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);" | |
| | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Programa_Energia Programa Energia] | | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Programa_Energia Programa Energia] |
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| | |} | | |} |
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| | = <span class="mw-headline" id="overall_appraisal"><span class="mw-headline" id="overall_appraisal">Overall Appraisal</span></span> = | | = <span class="mw-headline" id="overall_appraisal"><span class="mw-headline" id="overall_appraisal">Overall Appraisal</span></span> = |
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| − | Even though availability of operation data is limited, the multitude of gasification projects allows for an appraisal of the following potentials and challenges: | + | Even though availability of operation data is limited, the multitude of gasification projects allows for an appraisal of the following potentials and challenges:<br/> |
| | *'''Energy production potential: '''Small and medium-size biogas plants could provide a considerable contribution to national electricity generation in many countries. The efficient method to produce electricity from a renewable energy source is possible if the emerging heat from the power generator can be used in an economically and ecologically sound way. The average calorific value of biogas is about 21-23.5 MJ/m³. That means that 1 m³ of biogas corresponds to 0.5-0.6 l diesel fuel or an energy content of about 6 kWh. However, due to conversion losses 1m³ of biogas can be converted only to about 1,7 kWh. | | *'''Energy production potential: '''Small and medium-size biogas plants could provide a considerable contribution to national electricity generation in many countries. The efficient method to produce electricity from a renewable energy source is possible if the emerging heat from the power generator can be used in an economically and ecologically sound way. The average calorific value of biogas is about 21-23.5 MJ/m³. That means that 1 m³ of biogas corresponds to 0.5-0.6 l diesel fuel or an energy content of about 6 kWh. However, due to conversion losses 1m³ of biogas can be converted only to about 1,7 kWh. |
| | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Technical_Aspects_of_Gasification Technical aspects] show that small-scale power-gasifier technology proved to be unreliable and expensive. The used Otto (gasoline) and diesel engines have to be adapted slightly to this fuel. Efficiencies from 7 to 19 per cent. The internal combustion engines have strict purity requirements regarding the generator gas. | | *[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Technical_Aspects_of_Gasification Technical aspects] show that small-scale power-gasifier technology proved to be unreliable and expensive. The used Otto (gasoline) and diesel engines have to be adapted slightly to this fuel. Efficiencies from 7 to 19 per cent. The internal combustion engines have strict purity requirements regarding the generator gas. |
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| | *Raninger, Bernhard (2009): Biomass-Waste Management - a contribution to a Low CO2-Circular Economy and an Environmental Sound Urban & Rural Development. Presentation for International Symposium on ‘City Group Development Model’, Changsha, Hunan, China, Dec. 3 to Dec. 4, 2009. Bernhard.Raninger@gtz.de. Institute of Clean Energy and Environmental Engineering (ICEEE) and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Clean Energy & Environmental Engineering (LNKLCE) –China & Mining University Leoben, Austria. | | *Raninger, Bernhard (2009): Biomass-Waste Management - a contribution to a Low CO2-Circular Economy and an Environmental Sound Urban & Rural Development. Presentation for International Symposium on ‘City Group Development Model’, Changsha, Hunan, China, Dec. 3 to Dec. 4, 2009. Bernhard.Raninger@gtz.de. Institute of Clean Energy and Environmental Engineering (ICEEE) and Liaoning Key Laboratory of Clean Energy & Environmental Engineering (LNKLCE) –China & Mining University Leoben, Austria. |
| | *Tomowsky, Arno (2006): GTZ Biogas-experience in Africa. Presentation held at international Workshop on the biogas @Sanitation Initiative for Africa”. Amsterdam, Oct. 2006. ''A brief summary of GTZ’s lessons learned during more than 20 years of biogas activities in Africa.'' | | *Tomowsky, Arno (2006): GTZ Biogas-experience in Africa. Presentation held at international Workshop on the biogas @Sanitation Initiative for Africa”. Amsterdam, Oct. 2006. ''A brief summary of GTZ’s lessons learned during more than 20 years of biogas activities in Africa.'' |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| − | <br/> | + | <br/><br/> |
| | | | |
| | = References<br/> = | | = References<br/> = |
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| | <references /><br/> | | <references /><br/> |
Biogas technology, the generation of a combustible gas from anaerobic biomass digestion, is a well-known technology. There are already millions of biogas plants in operation throughout the world. Whereas using biogas for direct combustion in household stoves or gas lamps is common, producing electricity from biogas is so far rather rare in most developing countries. In contrast, power generation is the main purpose of biogas plants and a standard technology in Germany and other industrialized countries.
Biogas is the gas resulting from anaerobic digestion process. There are several different gasification methods in use or in development. For the small-scale power gasifiers, the downdraft fixed-bed technology is almost used exclusively. The general process is illustrated in the following table.
Gasification of biomass or coal is a relatively old technology. Town gas in Western European cities was produced by the gasification of coal before natural gas became widely available. By 1850, large parts of London had gas lights powered by the gas produced from gasifiers using coal and biomass. With the increasing availability of other energy sources and electrification the technology lost its importance. In the early years of the 20th century, gasifier systems to power stationary engines and trucks were demonstrated but did not gain general acceptance. The technology reappeared only after petroleum fuels became scarce during World War II. Almost one million gasifier-powered vehicles were in use during that time. However, with increasing availability of diesel and gasoline this rather inconvenient technology was again abandoned. The energy crisis of the 1970s and 1980s again triggered interest in gasification technology. By the 1980s about 15 manufacturers were offering wood and charcoal power gasifiers. Amongst others, DGIS, GTZ, and SIDA began financing and running pilot gasifier power systems in several developing countries. Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand had gasifier programmes based on locally developed technologies.
The technology of anaerobic fermentation and electricity generation from the resulting biogas has been well known for a long time; particularly for sanitation purposes such plants have been in operation for many years. However, power generation from biogas using agricultural feedstock became more common just after the introduction of a feed-in tariff. About 0.11 € per kWh (plus some specific bonuses) was the guaranteed base price for plants up to 150 kW (EEG 2009).
In 2009, more than 4,500 biogas power plants were in operation in Germany with more than 1,500 MW installed power capacity. Hence, specific know-how and technological solutions are available at a very high standard.
However, despite the guaranteed feed-in tariff, the profitability of the plants was not always guaranteed. With fluctuating prices for the feedstock, often especially for plants and grains that were particularly produced for power generation, the profitability of the plants was varying from year to year.
The size of the power plants grew rapidly over the years. While the average size of a biogas power plant was 60 kW in 1999, it was 300 kW only 10 years later (2009). The reason was the decreasing specific cost for bigger plants as can be seen in table 1.
Today, the profitability of biogas plants in Germany depends a lot on the possibility to additionally sell heat beside producing electricity. The heat output of the combined heat and power (CHP) generator is used to provide hot water for community heating systems for households, schools, public swimming pools etc. Furthermore, special bonuses such as bonuses paid for the use of renewable raw material (NaWaRo) are also important for profitable operation of the plants.
The following chapter will focus on activities carried out in co-operation or at least in close contact with GTZ. Since the late seventies, GTZ has launched several projects for the dissemination of biogas technology. Most of the plants installed by these programmes were designed for households, hospitals and farmers. The main purpose was the direct use of biogas as fuel for cooking and lighting. Sanitation was the main focus of bigger plants constructed for slaughter houses or similar applications.
Even though availability of operation data is limited, the multitude of gasification projects allows for an appraisal of the following potentials and challenges:
