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| | = Overview<br/> = | | = Overview<br/> = |
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| − | Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest and most densely populated nations. The last Household Income and Expenditure Survey in 2010 classified 32% (from 56.6% in 1990/91) of the country’s population as “poor” (i.e. incomes below the upper poverty line of BDT 1311-2038, which is calculated on regional base - see graph below). 17% of the population is considered “extremely poor” having incomes below the lower poverty line. In rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, 35% are below the upper benchmark and 21% fall even below the lower regional poverty lines (BDT 1192-1495). An average household in Bangladesh consists of 4.5 household members. On average rural households have an overall income of BDT 9648, or about BDT 2130 per head. <br/>The average per capita income level of consumers below the upper poverty line is BDT1271/month, for those below the lower poverty line its only BDT 1102.84/month on national level.<br/>According to the 2010 survey, the number of earners per household is 1.31 at national level, 1.27 in rural area and 1.40 in urban area. Since, 1995-96, number of earner per household shows a declining trend and has a positive correlation with the declining changing pattern of household size. The income per earner was found to be BDT 8795 for the country as a whole in 2010. In rural areas, this was BDT 7592 and in the urban BDT 11778. Income per earner increased to BDT 8795 in 2010 from BDT 5145 in 2005, an increase of BDT 3650 (70.94%) during this period. The average income per household in turn was found to be 9648tk in rural areas and 16477tk in urban areas, on a national level the average amounts to 11480tk. | + | Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest and most densely populated nations. The last Household Income and Expenditure Survey in 2010 classified 32% (from 56.6% in 1990/91) of the country’s population as “poor” (i.e. incomes below the upper poverty line of BDT 1311-2038, which is calculated on regional base - see graph below). 17% of the population is considered “extremely poor” having incomes below the lower poverty line. In rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, 35% are below the upper benchmark and 21% fall even below the lower regional poverty lines (BDT 1192-1495). An average household in Bangladesh consists of 4.5 household members. On average rural households have an overall income of BDT 9648, or about BDT 2130 per head.<br/>The average per capita income level of consumers below the upper poverty line is BDT1271/month, for those below the lower poverty line its only BDT 1102.84/month on national level.<br/>According to the 2010 survey, the number of earners per household is 1.31 at national level, 1.27 in rural area and 1.40 in urban area. Since, 1995-96, number of earner per household shows a declining trend and has a positive correlation with the declining changing pattern of household size. The income per earner was found to be BDT 8795 for the country as a whole in 2010. In rural areas, this was BDT 7592 and in the urban BDT 11778. Income per earner increased to BDT 8795 in 2010 from BDT 5145 in 2005, an increase of BDT 3650 (70.94%) during this period. The average income per household in turn was found to be 9648tk in rural areas and 16477tk in urban areas, on a national level the average amounts to 11480tk. |
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| | <br/>Lack of access to modern energy services is one of the reasons for poverty and low economic development. Almost 75% of Bangladesh’s 161 million citizens live in rural areas.<ref>Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005: http://www.bbs.gov.bd</ref>In 2013 only an estimated 59.6 %<ref>Worldbank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS</ref> of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid. In 2010, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics mentioned 90% access in urban areas and only 42% acess in rural areas. | | <br/>Lack of access to modern energy services is one of the reasons for poverty and low economic development. Almost 75% of Bangladesh’s 161 million citizens live in rural areas.<ref>Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005: http://www.bbs.gov.bd</ref>In 2013 only an estimated 59.6 %<ref>Worldbank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS</ref> of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid. In 2010, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics mentioned 90% access in urban areas and only 42% acess in rural areas. |
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| | <br/></div> | | <br/></div> |
| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | <br/>Poverty Situation | | <br/>Poverty Situation |
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| | = Energy Situation = | | = Energy Situation = |
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| | Not assessed: grid independent non renewable energy like diesel generators... | | Not assessed: grid independent non renewable energy like diesel generators... |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | '''Source of Cooking Fuels (in %) <ref name="POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2011">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/Socio_Economic.pdf</ref>''' | | '''Source of Cooking Fuels (in %) <ref name="POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2011">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/Socio_Economic.pdf</ref>''' |
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| | <br/>-> See also: [[Fuel Prices Bangladesh|Fuel Prices]] | | <br/>-> See also: [[Fuel Prices Bangladesh|Fuel Prices]] |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| − | <br/>
| + | == Household Sector == |
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| | + | Most Bangladeshi households in rural areas (99%) as well as urban areas (60 - 66%) use biomass such as wood, cow dung, jute sticks or other agricultural wastes for cooking. Inefficient and poorly ventilated clay stoves produce fine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dioxins and other carcinogens (ROUSE 2004). Housewives are exposed to high levels of these toxins between three and seven hours a day. Research revealed that this indoor air pollution (IAP) occurs not only in the kitchen but only slightly lower in the living area therewith affecting also other family members such as children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated (based on 2002 data) that more than 46,000 women and children die each year as a direct result of exposure to indoor air pollution, while many more suffer from respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, eye diseases, and lung cancer. Further WHO attributes 1.3 million disability adjusted life years (DALY) to the use of solid fuels . Right behind unsafe water and inadequate sanitation, indoor air pollution is the second biggest environmental contributor to illness worldwide (WHO 2007<ref name="WHO IAP">http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/indoor_air_national_burden_estimate_revised.pdf WHO</ref>). |
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| − | == Household Sector ==
| + | [[File:Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption by Source2.JPG|right|226px|Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption|alt=Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption]]<br/>Although the estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is one of the lowest in the world, biomass is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. The natural growth of forests as well as afforestation measures are too low to meet the consumption of the population due to inefficient burning of biomass for cooking purposes and high population growths, putting pressure on the economic situation of biomass-purchasing households. Poor rural households have to spend a significant amount of time on biomass collection. Wastage of biomass is depriving the soil of nutrients, resulting in unsustainable low levels of organic matter in the soil. |
| − | | + | |
| − | Most Bangladeshi households in rural areas (99%) as well as urban areas (60 - 66%) use biomass such as wood, cow dung, jute sticks or other agricultural wastes for cooking. Inefficient and poorly ventilated clay stoves produce fine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dioxins and other carcinogens (ROUSE 2004). Housewives are exposed to high levels of these toxins between three and seven hours a day. Research revealed that this indoor air pollution (IAP) occurs not only in the kitchen but only slightly lower in the living area therewith affecting also other family members such as children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated (based on 2002 data) that more than 46,000 women and children die each year as a direct result of exposure to indoor air pollution, while many more suffer from respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, eye diseases, and lung cancer. Further WHO attributes 1.3 million disability adjusted life years (DALY) to the use of solid fuels . Right behind unsafe water and inadequate sanitation, indoor air pollution is the second biggest environmental contributor to illness worldwide (WHO 2007<ref name="WHO IAP">http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/indoor_air_national_burden_estimate_revised.pdf WHO</ref>).[[File:Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption by Source2.JPG|right|226px|Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption]]<br/>Although the estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is one of the lowest in the world, biomass is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. The natural growth of forests as well as afforestation measures are too low to meet the consumption of the population due to inefficient burning of biomass for cooking purposes and high population growths, putting pressure on the economic situation of biomass-purchasing households. Poor rural households have to spend a significant amount of time on biomass collection. Wastage of biomass is depriving the soil of nutrients, resulting in unsustainable low levels of organic matter in the soil.
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| | The figure shows the distribution of the energy consumption of rural households. Nearly one half of the total consumption is for firewood. | | The figure shows the distribution of the energy consumption of rural households. Nearly one half of the total consumption is for firewood. |
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| | == Solar Energy == | | == Solar Energy == |
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| | <u>''Solar photovoltaic'':</u> '''Solar photovoltaic (PV)''' systems are in use throughout the country with over 2.9 million household-level installations having a capacity of 122.2 MW (April 2014). Scaling-up of solar PV systems assisted by the development partners are being implemented through '''Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL)''', '''Rural Electrification Board (REB)''', '''Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)''', '''Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)''', NGOs and Private Organizations implementing solar energy program. There is a strong potential for solar energy within the country. Dissemination of '''solar home systems (SHSs)''' is being promoted mainly by IDCOL,private sector companies and NGOs based on the direct-sale approach and provision of refinancing funds for micro-financing of SHSs to participating organizations (mostly NGOs) through IDCOL. | | <u>''Solar photovoltaic'':</u> '''Solar photovoltaic (PV)''' systems are in use throughout the country with over 2.9 million household-level installations having a capacity of 122.2 MW (April 2014). Scaling-up of solar PV systems assisted by the development partners are being implemented through '''Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL)''', '''Rural Electrification Board (REB)''', '''Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)''', '''Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)''', NGOs and Private Organizations implementing solar energy program. There is a strong potential for solar energy within the country. Dissemination of '''solar home systems (SHSs)''' is being promoted mainly by IDCOL,private sector companies and NGOs based on the direct-sale approach and provision of refinancing funds for micro-financing of SHSs to participating organizations (mostly NGOs) through IDCOL. |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | == Wind Energy == | | == Wind Energy == |
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| | Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia. | | Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia. |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | == Biomass == | | == Biomass == |
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| | Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse etc. This technology can be disseminated on a larger scale for electricity generation. | | Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse etc. This technology can be disseminated on a larger scale for electricity generation. |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | == Biogas == | | == Biogas == |
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| | Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls. | | Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls. |
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| | == Hydro Power == | | == Hydro Power == |
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| | Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracts. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 kW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with present installed capacity of 230 MW. | | Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracts. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 kW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with present installed capacity of 230 MW. |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | == Other Renewable Sources<br/> == | | == Other Renewable Sources<br/> == |
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| | Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Potentialities of these sources are yet to be explored. | | Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Potentialities of these sources are yet to be explored. |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | = Electricity Situation = | | = Electricity Situation = |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]]<br/> | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]]<br/> |
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| − | == <span style="line-height: 23.8px; font-size: 19px;">Electricity Generation</span> == | + | == Electricity Generation == |
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| | [[File:Bangladesh grid map.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Bangladesh grid map]]Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.<br/>In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power. | | [[File:Bangladesh grid map.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Bangladesh grid map]]Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.<br/>In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power. |
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| − | == <span style="line-height: 22.66px; font-size: 18.66px;">Electricity Access</span> == | + | == Electricity Access == |
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| | Bangladesh has currently (2013) a electriciation rate of 59.6%. In the cooking field Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass will continue for several decades. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.<br/> | | Bangladesh has currently (2013) a electriciation rate of 59.6%. In the cooking field Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass will continue for several decades. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.<br/> |
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| | = Key Problems of the Energy Sector<br/> = | | = Key Problems of the Energy Sector<br/> = |
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| | *90% of all Bangladeshis cook with biomass, such as rice straw, dried leaves, jute sticks, cow dung, or wood. | | *90% of all Bangladeshis cook with biomass, such as rice straw, dried leaves, jute sticks, cow dung, or wood. |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> = | | = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> = |
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| | *The introduction of energy efficient cook stoves was set one of the key targets to control air pollution in rural settings. "Building coalitions with NGOs for wider dissemination of fuel-efficient cooking stoves" and "Promote R&D to change building and construction standards and designs for pollution-free kitchens" were the respective planned actions on the policy agenda for the fiscal year 2005/06 (p. 301). | | *The introduction of energy efficient cook stoves was set one of the key targets to control air pollution in rural settings. "Building coalitions with NGOs for wider dissemination of fuel-efficient cooking stoves" and "Promote R&D to change building and construction standards and designs for pollution-free kitchens" were the respective planned actions on the policy agenda for the fiscal year 2005/06 (p. 301). |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | == General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy<br/> == | | == General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy<br/> == |
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| | *Regulatory Policy | | *Regulatory Policy |
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| | == Specific Strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.) == | | == Specific Strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.) == |
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| | #Inclusion of cookstoves and fuels into other key Government priorities | | #Inclusion of cookstoves and fuels into other key Government priorities |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | = Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector = | | = Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector = |
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| | == Governmental institutions<br/> == | | == Governmental institutions<br/> == |
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| − | *''<span lang="en-gb">Bangladesh Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources</span>''<span lang="en-gb">is in charge of electrification activities as well as of improved cookstoves. The Power Division is responsible for the Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves (CAP).</span> | + | *''Bangladesh Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources''is in charge of electrification activities as well as of improved cookstoves. The Power Division is responsible for the Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves (CAP). |
| | *''Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission'' (BERC): BERC has authority over consumer protection, approval of tariffs and pricing, issuance of generation and distribution licenses, and promotion of competition. | | *''Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission'' (BERC): BERC has authority over consumer protection, approval of tariffs and pricing, issuance of generation and distribution licenses, and promotion of competition. |
| | *''Power Cell'': Within the MPEMR power division, the Power Cell oversees power sector reform. | | *''Power Cell'': Within the MPEMR power division, the Power Cell oversees power sector reform. |
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| | *''Dhaka Electricity Supply Company Ltd.'' (DESCO): DESCO distributes energy and conducts commercial operations in the Mirpur and Gulshan jurisdictions of the Dhaka metropolitan area. | | *''Dhaka Electricity Supply Company Ltd.'' (DESCO): DESCO distributes energy and conducts commercial operations in the Mirpur and Gulshan jurisdictions of the Dhaka metropolitan area. |
| | *''West Zone Power Distribution Company'' (WZPDC): The WZPDC is responsible for regional distribution in Khulna. | | *''West Zone Power Distribution Company'' (WZPDC): The WZPDC is responsible for regional distribution in Khulna. |
| − | *The ''Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute'' (BSTI) is in charge of defining standards and testing technologies including for clean cookstoves. | + | *The ''Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute'' (BSTI) is in charge of defining standards and testing technologies including for clean cookstoves. |
| − | *The ''Bangladesh Council for Scientific Industrial Research (BCSIR)'' is the institution that came up with the original design of the Bondhu Chula improved cookstove that is now promoted by GIZ. They will now become involved as part of the testing committee under the new IDCOL/World Bank stove program | + | *The ''Bangladesh Council for Scientific Industrial Research (BCSIR)'' is the institution that came up with the original design of the Bondhu Chula improved cookstove that is now promoted by GIZ. They will now become involved as part of the testing committee under the new IDCOL/World Bank stove program |
| | *The ''Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) ''is supporting improved cooking promotion through provision of a subsidy component. | | *The ''Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) ''is supporting improved cooking promotion through provision of a subsidy component. |
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| | == Private Sector (enterprises, NGOs)<br/> == | | == Private Sector (enterprises, NGOs)<br/> == |
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| | *The ''Solar Association of Bangladesh ''whose member are solar companies and NGOs selling solar products and implementing solar projects. The association is mainly a lobbying organisation providing advice to governental entities and representing the interest of the solar industry in national debates. | | *The ''Solar Association of Bangladesh ''whose member are solar companies and NGOs selling solar products and implementing solar projects. The association is mainly a lobbying organisation providing advice to governental entities and representing the interest of the solar industry in national debates. |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | == Activities of Other Donors<br/> == | | == Activities of Other Donors<br/> == |
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| | *''Asian Development Bank'' (ADB): The ADB as the major donor took the coordinating role and acts as the chief negotiator with the Government of Bangladesh. All international donor activities in the energy sector are coordinated by the Local Consultative Group led by ADB. Since recently ADB is providing funds to the RERED program implemented by IDCOL. | | *''Asian Development Bank'' (ADB): The ADB as the major donor took the coordinating role and acts as the chief negotiator with the Government of Bangladesh. All international donor activities in the energy sector are coordinated by the Local Consultative Group led by ADB. Since recently ADB is providing funds to the RERED program implemented by IDCOL. |
| − | *''The World Bank'' (WB): The WB is providing funds to the Government of Bangladesh to increase the electricity generation, transmission and distribution capacity. The WB initiated the SHS RERED program. It recently announced that it will scale up its support for the solar home system (SHS) program by adding US$78.4 million in IDA credits to the Bangladesh Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development II (RERED II). This funding shall help install an additional 480,000 solar home systems in areas without grid access to electricity. | + | *''The World Bank'' (WB): The WB is providing funds to the Government of Bangladesh to increase the electricity generation, transmission and distribution capacity. The WB initiated the SHS RERED program. It recently announced that it will scale up its support for the solar home system (SHS) program by adding US$78.4 million in IDA credits to the Bangladesh Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development II (RERED II). This funding shall help install an additional 480,000 solar home systems in areas without grid access to electricity. |
| | *''Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)'': JICA is helping Bangladesh in the generation of electricity. Currently, JICA is also providing funds to REREDP program. | | *''Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)'': JICA is helping Bangladesh in the generation of electricity. Currently, JICA is also providing funds to REREDP program. |
| | *''Global Environment Facility'' (GEF): GEF has supported REREDP from the very beginning and plans to undertake projects in the areas energy efficiency and improved brick kilns. | | *''Global Environment Facility'' (GEF): GEF has supported REREDP from the very beginning and plans to undertake projects in the areas energy efficiency and improved brick kilns. |
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| | *[http://www.cleancookstoves.org/countries/asia/bangladesh.html Global Alliance for Clean Cookstove (GACC)]: GACC, an UN Foundation, is now start working in Bangladesh and developing a Country Action Paln (CAP) which will give the whole cookstove sector participants a common platform. | | *[http://www.cleancookstoves.org/countries/asia/bangladesh.html Global Alliance for Clean Cookstove (GACC)]: GACC, an UN Foundation, is now start working in Bangladesh and developing a Country Action Paln (CAP) which will give the whole cookstove sector participants a common platform. |
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| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#toc|►Go To Top]] |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | = Further Information<br/> = | | = Further Information<br/> = |
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Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest and most densely populated nations. The last Household Income and Expenditure Survey in 2010 classified 32% (from 56.6% in 1990/91) of the country’s population as “poor” (i.e. incomes below the upper poverty line of BDT 1311-2038, which is calculated on regional base - see graph below). 17% of the population is considered “extremely poor” having incomes below the lower poverty line. In rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, 35% are below the upper benchmark and 21% fall even below the lower regional poverty lines (BDT 1192-1495). An average household in Bangladesh consists of 4.5 household members. On average rural households have an overall income of BDT 9648, or about BDT 2130 per head.
The average per capita income level of consumers below the upper poverty line is BDT1271/month, for those below the lower poverty line its only BDT 1102.84/month on national level.
According to the 2010 survey, the number of earners per household is 1.31 at national level, 1.27 in rural area and 1.40 in urban area. Since, 1995-96, number of earner per household shows a declining trend and has a positive correlation with the declining changing pattern of household size. The income per earner was found to be BDT 8795 for the country as a whole in 2010. In rural areas, this was BDT 7592 and in the urban BDT 11778. Income per earner increased to BDT 8795 in 2010 from BDT 5145 in 2005, an increase of BDT 3650 (70.94%) during this period. The average income per household in turn was found to be 9648tk in rural areas and 16477tk in urban areas, on a national level the average amounts to 11480tk.
The electricity supply is not reliable; supply does not meet demand. However, as far as possible, load shedding is scheduled[10].
In 2013, from 10,213 MW installed electrical generation capacity (public, private and import), a maximum output delivered was 6,675 MW.[11]
Only about 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, such as wood, cow dung and agricultural residues are collected mainly from the local environment and have become a traded commodity as cooking fuel as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. Inefficient, kerosene based lamps are the most common sources of light. The kerosene price has increased from 42 tk (end 2010) to 70 tk (July 2014). The supply of new gas connections to industries have been suspended in 2009 and resumed in April 2012 [12]. Also new gas connections to household were suspended for a certain time.
According to the 2010 household income and expenditure survey only 55% were electrified (See access rate). According to the above data however it is 59.9%.
It is also not clear how these figures come together as 100% separation is unlikely. Eg. an electrified household will still use Kerosene during powercuts for lighting or have a solar backup....
Most Bangladeshi households in rural areas (99%) as well as urban areas (60 - 66%) use biomass such as wood, cow dung, jute sticks or other agricultural wastes for cooking. Inefficient and poorly ventilated clay stoves produce fine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dioxins and other carcinogens (ROUSE 2004). Housewives are exposed to high levels of these toxins between three and seven hours a day. Research revealed that this indoor air pollution (IAP) occurs not only in the kitchen but only slightly lower in the living area therewith affecting also other family members such as children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated (based on 2002 data) that more than 46,000 women and children die each year as a direct result of exposure to indoor air pollution, while many more suffer from respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, eye diseases, and lung cancer. Further WHO attributes 1.3 million disability adjusted life years (DALY) to the use of solid fuels . Right behind unsafe water and inadequate sanitation, indoor air pollution is the second biggest environmental contributor to illness worldwide (WHO 2007[16]).
Although the estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is one of the lowest in the world, biomass is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. The natural growth of forests as well as afforestation measures are too low to meet the consumption of the population due to inefficient burning of biomass for cooking purposes and high population growths, putting pressure on the economic situation of biomass-purchasing households. Poor rural households have to spend a significant amount of time on biomass collection. Wastage of biomass is depriving the soil of nutrients, resulting in unsustainable low levels of organic matter in the soil.
The figure shows the distribution of the energy consumption of rural households. Nearly one half of the total consumption is for firewood.
Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia.
Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse etc. This technology can be disseminated on a larger scale for electricity generation.
Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls.
Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracts. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 kW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with present installed capacity of 230 MW.
Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Potentialities of these sources are yet to be explored.
The government’s vision of electrifying the entire country by 2020 through grid expansion is not realistic due to inaccessibility and low consumer density in many rural areas, as well as financial constraints. To reach the government’s vision of universal electrification, renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy will have to play a vital role for off-grid electrification.
Within the reach of the national grid Bangladesh is still reeling under 600 - 1200 MW of ‘load-shedding’. A situation which deteriorates during irrigation seasons, when the demand-supply gap reaches up to 1500 MW. Domestic and industrial sectors consume about 43% and 44% electrical energy respectively, i.e. a total of about 87% of power consumption occurs in these two sectors. Out of this, a large part of electrical energy is consumed for lighting. All power sector experts acknowledge that the maximum power gap occurs primarily during the evening. A way to manage the evening load is the introduction of energy efficient lights/lighting systems.[18]
Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.
In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power.
In the Western Zone, Coal and imported liquid fuel is used for generation of electricity. The fuel cost per unit generation in the Western Zone is much higher than that of the Eastern Zone. Therefore, as a policy, low cost electricity generated in the Eastern Zone is transferred to the Western Zone through the 230 kV East-West Inter connector transmission line.
Bangladesh has signed a protocol deal with Russia on October 21, 2011 after series talks on cooperation in the field of peaceful usage of nuclear energy as the country plans to install a nuclear power plant in Pabna district, some 216 km northwest of capital Dhaka.
Bangladesh has currently (2013) a electriciation rate of 59.6%. In the cooking field Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass will continue for several decades. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.
The Bangladeshi Energy Strategy of 1996 with its actualisation in 2002 is the main document of the promotion of RE It focusses on energy supply in rural areas. In December 2009 the "Renewable Energy Policy for Bangladesh was ratified. It was intended to integrate this policy paper into the New Energy Policy (NEP). The NEP was developed in 2006 by the "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme" in cooperation with the UNDP.
Furthermore a lot of procedures will be simplified and investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects will be facilitated.
The Power Division of Bangladesh Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources has announced and published the Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves (CAP) in November 2013. The target of CAP is o disseminate cookstoves to over 30 million households in Bangladesh by 2030. CAP defines ten priority interventions, to be implemented immediately:
