|
|
| (28 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | == Overview: <br> ==
| |
| | | | |
| | <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> | | <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> |
| − | <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/>
| + | <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> |
| | </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> | | </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> |
| − | <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
| + | <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> |
| − | <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
| + | <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> |
| − | </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <!--StartFragment-->
| + | </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--><!--StartFragment--> |
| | | | |
| − | <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" | + | <span style="display: none" id="1274973221030S"></span> |
| − | o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f"
| + | |
| − | stroked="f">
| + | |
| − | <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:formulas>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
| + | |
| − | <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
| + | |
| − | </v:formulas>
| + | |
| − | <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
| + | |
| − | <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
| + | |
| − | </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:402.5pt;margin-top:2.65pt;width:99.5pt;height:126pt;z-index:1;
| + | |
| − | mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-vertical:absolute'>
| + | |
| − | <v:imagedata src="file://localhost/Users/timchiaradia/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg"
| + | |
| − | o:title="CIMG1955" cropleft="11224f" cropright="15384f"/>
| + | |
| − | <w:wrap type="square"/>
| + | |
| − | </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Funktion:</span>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Load- or Flow- controller
| + | = Overview<br/> = |
| − | ensure that the power output does not exceed the power demand (e.g. 230V, 50
| + | |
| − | Hz). </span>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">If flow of water in a MHP-station is constant
| + | Load- or Flow- controller ensure that the power output does not exceed the power demand (e.g. 230V, 50 Hz).<br/>If flow of water in a MHP-station is constant the energy output of a turbine/generator is constant as well. Power demand is usually fluctuating over the time (e.g. day/night). If supply is higher than demand, excess energy must be diverted, dumped. Alternatively the water flow can be reduced which results in less power output. In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts of the of demand line. Load controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.<br/> |
| − | the energy output of a turbine/generator is constant as well. Power | + | |
| − | demand is | + | |
| − | usually fluctuating over the time (e.g. day/night). </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">If supply is higher than demand, excess energy is diverted/dumped or the | + | |
| − | flow is reduced. In case of more power demand than supply the controler cuts of | + | |
| − | the of demand line. </span> <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma; color: black;">Load controller are placed | + | |
| − | between generator output and the consumer line. </span><!--EndFragment--> | + | |
| | | | |
| − | *..
| + | |
| − | *..
| + | |
| − | * | + | <u>Function Principles:</u><br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | [[File:Mhp-scheme.jpg|thumb|center|521px|MHP Scheme|alt=Mhp-scheme.jpg]] |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | = Controller Types<br/> = |
| | + | |
| | + | <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> |
| | + | <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> |
| | + | </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> |
| | + | <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> |
| | + | <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> |
| | + | </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--><!--StartFragment--> |
| | + | |
| | + | == Load Controller<br/> == |
| | + | |
| | + | [[File:Controler.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Controler|alt=Controler.jpg]]<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | Electronic circuit, which keeps output power constant in Frequency- and Voltage- parameters. |
| | + | |
| | + | Fluctuating energy demand requires a mechanism which either regulates the water input into the turbine (= flow control) or by diverting excess energy from the consumer connection (= ballast load). |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | ► [[Hydropower_-_Equipment#Load_Control_Governors|Hydropower Equipment - Load Control Governors]]<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | == Ballast Load<br/> == |
| | + | |
| | + | Ballast load are usually electrical heaters in water or air. If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is converted into heat.<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | == Flow Control<br/> == |
| | + | |
| | + | The flow control regulates the amount of water into the turbine in order to match power output and power demand.<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | Nowadays flow control is done mostly via electronics (which steer a valve). |
| | + | |
| | + | [[File:Flow-control.jpg|thumb|center|547px|The principle of flow control|alt=principle flow control]]<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | = Further Information<br/> = |
| | + | |
| | + | *[[Portal:Hydro|Hydro Portal on energypedia]] |
| | + | *[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment|Electrical-Mechanical Equipment]]<br/> |
| | + | *[[Hydropower - Equipment|Hydropower - Equipment]]<br/> |
| | + | *General: [[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Manuals|Micro Hydro Power Manuals]] |
| | + | *[[:File:Good and bad of mini hydro power vol.1.pdf|Good and Bad of Mini Hydro Power]] |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | = References<br/> = |
| | + | |
| | + | <references /><br/> |
| | | | |
| | [[Category:Hydro]] | | [[Category:Hydro]] |
Load- or Flow- controller ensure that the power output does not exceed the power demand (e.g. 230V, 50 Hz).
If flow of water in a MHP-station is constant the energy output of a turbine/generator is constant as well. Power demand is usually fluctuating over the time (e.g. day/night). If supply is higher than demand, excess energy must be diverted, dumped. Alternatively the water flow can be reduced which results in less power output. In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts of the of demand line. Load controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.
Electronic circuit, which keeps output power constant in Frequency- and Voltage- parameters.
Fluctuating energy demand requires a mechanism which either regulates the water input into the turbine (= flow control) or by diverting excess energy from the consumer connection (= ballast load).
Ballast load are usually electrical heaters in water or air. If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is converted into heat.
The flow control regulates the amount of water into the turbine in order to match power output and power demand.
