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| | = Overview<br/> = | | = Overview<br/> = |
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| − | Why solar cooling? In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed poer is used for sooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this context, there is a lot of potential for solar cooling.<br/><br/><u>The main arguments for '''solar assisted cooling (SAC)''' originate from an energy saving perspective:</u><br/> | + | Why solar cooling? In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed power is used for cooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this context, there is a lot of potential for solar cooling.<br/><br/><u>The main arguments for '''solar assisted cooling (SAC)''' originate from an energy saving perspective:</u><br/> |
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| | *Application of SAC saves electricity and thus conventional primary energy sources | | *Application of SAC saves electricity and thus conventional primary energy sources |
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| | *environmentally sound materials without ozone depletion and no (or very small) global warming potential are used with SAC | | *environmentally sound materials without ozone depletion and no (or very small) global warming potential are used with SAC |
| | *Coincide of solar energy supply and demand in many cases - when it is the hottest and most cooling is demanded, usually the most sun is shining as well. | | *Coincide of solar energy supply and demand in many cases - when it is the hottest and most cooling is demanded, usually the most sun is shining as well. |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | = Applications<br/> = | | = Applications<br/> = |
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| − | = State of the Art world wide Solar Air Conditioning <ref name="Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.">Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.</ref><ref name=" https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf "> https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | + | = State of the Art world wide Solar Air Conditioning <ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf"> https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><ref name="Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.">Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.</ref><br/> = |
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| | Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.<ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf">https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf</ref><br/> | | Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.<ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf">https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf</ref><br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | == Major Challenges<br/> == | | == Major Challenges<br/> == |
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| − | A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues.<br/><br/> | + | A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues.<br/> |
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| | === Technology<br/> === | | === Technology<br/> === |
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| | *Experience in design, control and system operation lacking | | *Experience in design, control and system operation lacking |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | === Cost<br/> === | | === Cost<br/> === |
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| | *Financial incentive scheme not explicitly designed to fulfill special SAC needs, often same as solar thermal for heating, if any | | *Financial incentive scheme not explicitly designed to fulfill special SAC needs, often same as solar thermal for heating, if any |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | === Policy<br/> === | | === Policy<br/> === |
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| | *Regulatory measures needed | | *Regulatory measures needed |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | === Awareness<br/> === | | === Awareness<br/> === |
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| | *Lacking (large-scale) experiences and showcases for replication | | *Lacking (large-scale) experiences and showcases for replication |
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| − | <br/><br/> | + | <br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| − | == [[Solar Thermal Technologies|Solar Thermal]] vs. [[Photovoltaic (PV)|Photovoltaic (PV)]]<br/> == | + | == Solar Thermal vs. Photovoltaic (PV)<br/> == |
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| | New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers? <u>The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary:</u><br/> | | New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers? <u>The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary:</u><br/> |
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| | *Energetically PV less ideal than thermal | | *Energetically PV less ideal than thermal |
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| − | <br/><br/> | + | <br/> |
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| | = Country Experiences<br/> = | | = Country Experiences<br/> = |
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| − | == Solar Cooling in [[India Energy Situation#Solar Energy|India]]<br/> == | + | == Solar Cooling in India<br/> == |
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| − | In India, boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems'''<ref name="Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384">Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>''' Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling. Indian customers are looking for reliable cooling options - this is a chance for solar applications. Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more<ref name="Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.">Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.</ref> The total installed cooling load is 35.000MWe (28.7% of installed capacity)'''<ref name="Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384">Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>'''<br/>'''Residential sector – great future challenge'''<br/> | + | In [[India Energy Situation|India]], boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems'''<ref name="Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384">Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>''' Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling. Indian customers are looking for reliable cooling options - this is a chance for solar applications. Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more<ref name="Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.">Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.</ref> The total installed cooling load is 35.000MWe (28.7% of installed capacity)'''<ref name="Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384">Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>'''<br/>'''Residential sector – great future challenge'''<br/> |
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| | *Penetration level for A/C < 1% only and switch from air evaporation systems expected <ref name="DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.">DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.</ref> | | *Penetration level for A/C < 1% only and switch from air evaporation systems expected <ref name="DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.">DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.</ref> |
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| | *India is looking for cold storages for a range of applications: fishing, agricultural produce, milk and dairy products etc. as vast part of rural areas still lack access to grid electricity. Currently TERI is working on a combined solution, a [http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/inive/clima2000/1997/p301.pdf biomas-solar-hybrid-electricity grid with cold storage], yet this project is still at a pilot phase. | | *India is looking for cold storages for a range of applications: fishing, agricultural produce, milk and dairy products etc. as vast part of rural areas still lack access to grid electricity. Currently TERI is working on a combined solution, a [http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/inive/clima2000/1997/p301.pdf biomas-solar-hybrid-electricity grid with cold storage], yet this project is still at a pilot phase. |
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| − | <br/><br/> | + | <br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | === Experiences<br/> === | | === Experiences<br/> === |
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| | *Solar Energy Center, TERI, IITs,… | | *Solar Energy Center, TERI, IITs,… |
| − | *Thermax (3-effect VAM with COP of 1.7-1.8)<ref name="http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html">http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html</ref>, Baskara Solar, Gadhia Solar<ref name="http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028 ">http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028 </ref>,.. | + | *Thermax (3-effect VAM with COP of 1.7-1.8)<ref name="http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html">http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html</ref>, Baskara Solar, Gadhia Solar<ref name="http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028">http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028 </ref>,.. |
| | *Mamata - only project with evacuated tube collectors, since 2006, little maintenance needed. | | *Mamata - only project with evacuated tube collectors, since 2006, little maintenance needed. |
| | *still early pilot phase | | *still early pilot phase |
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| | *Efficiency of solar equipment needs to be improved | | *Efficiency of solar equipment needs to be improved |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | + | == First Southern Africa Fresnel-solar Cooling system for a Data-Center at MTN Johannesburg<br/> == |
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| | + | Industrial Solar GmbH provided the leading South African mobile operator MTN (Mobile Telecom Networks) in Johannesburg/South Africa with a solar thermal cooling system. The Fresnel collector powers an absorption chiller which supports the local district cooling grid. Its Cooling capacity lies about 330 kW<ref name="http://bit.ly/1LfePrw">http://bit.ly/1LfePrw</ref>. |
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| | + | Industrial Solar GmbH is a technology and solution provider for solar process heat and solar thermal cooling. It was founded in 2008 in the environment of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany. The solutions of Industrial Solar are built upon its innovative linear concentrating Fresnel collector which is optimized for industrial applications in the medium power range. Industrial Solar has already realized various projects in all kind of industries in different countries. Moreover, Industrial Solar has developed close partnerships with major industrial companies and offers various products and services for industrial applications.Its is also network partner of the [[Green Cooling Initiative|Green Cooling Initiative (GCI)]] which promotes environmental sound cooling solution worldwide.<br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | + | == Solar Cooling in Jordan<br/> == |
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| | + | '''Starting Situation'''<br/> |
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| | + | Jordan is a country with scarce fossil fuel resources, therefore it imports 96% of its energy at high cost. The demand for electricity almost doubled in the last 10 years (2004: 8.57 TWh; 2013: 14.6 TWh) (International Energy Agency, 2014). This rapid growth is mainly driven by a growing population, the result of an influx of refugees, economic development and increasing living standards. Despite being one of the best locations for the use of solar energy with irradiation 10% above the MENA average, the use of renewables only plays a minor role in the energy mix. The hot and dry climate makes air-conditioning indispensable for economic processes and activities (such as industry, tourism, and healthcare to name a few) and in light of increasing living standards. Cooling needs contribute significantly to the energy demand and are expected to increase along with economic growth and rising global temperatures. Energy prices are a major cost factor for the commercial and industrial sector in Jordan. The government is gradually reducing subsidies, aiming for cost recovery by the end of 2017 and the increasing cost of energy often limits the competitiveness of local economic activities.<br/> |
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| | + | '''Potential'''<br/>The domestic legal framework supports research on alternative technologies for the air-conditioning sector. In line with their commitments under the Montreal Protocol, Jordan is in the process of phasing out the ozone-depleting (as well as climate-damaging) hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law, introduced in March 2012, encourages the use of renewable energy, and aims, amongst others, at doubling the solar thermal energy capacity from 15% to 30%.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]] To realize these objectives, the ''Jordan Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund'' (operational since June 2015) was established.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]]The elimination of electricity subsidies by the end of 2017 will make renewable energy technologies more profitable.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]] In addition, solar cooling is pledged for in the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) submitted in 2015. |
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| | + | Solar thermal applications are already widely used in the field of domestic hot water supply. Climatic conditions are characterized by high solar radiation and hence very suitable for solar cooling – in particular for the use of solar thermal technology solutions. Solar cooling takes advantage of the fact that the demand for cooling correlates with times where high solar irradiation occurs. Such decentralized solutions can offer additional benefits during power fluctuations and outages which are caused by the increasing load in the national grid. |
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| | + | Potentially, solar cooling absorption technologies use up to 75% less electricity than conventional compression chillers. In addition, absorption technology can also be used as a heat pump, and hence save diesel cost during heating period. Further environmental and climate benefits also result from the use of natural refrigerants (e.g. lithium bromide ammonia, and water), virtually eliminating direct greenhouse gas emissions from leakages of refrigerants with high global warming potential.<br/>'''Barriers'''<br/> |
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| | + | In 2013, a study initiated by GIZ took a closer look at the solar cooling potential in Jordan and identified a range of key barriers that might hinder market penetration and a widespread application of solar cooling. The most prominent barriers found are the following:<br/> |
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| | + | *Higher up-front investment costs compared to conventional systems (since solar system and chiller are required) |
| | + | *Solar system requires considerable space and its weight must be supported by the building |
| | + | *Limited local operation and maintenance capacities |
| | + | *Retrofitting of cooling system requires considerable efforts in planning and system integration |
| | + | *Missing of reliable data on cooling and heating loads of premises |
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| | + | The full study is accessible here: [https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/giz2015-en-solar-cooling-jordan.pdf https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/giz2015-en-solar-cooling-jordan.pdf]<br/> |
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| | + | '''Work Done so Far'''<br/> |
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| − | == <br/>First Southern Africa Fresnel-solar Cooling system for a Data-Center at MTN Johannesburg ==
| + | The project 'Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce' is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), and the Jordanian Ministry of Environment, the IKI project ‘Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce’ is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) with a budget of 3.7 Million Euros. |
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| − | <span lang="EN-GB">Industrial Solar GmbH provided the leading South African mobile operator MTN (Mobile Telecom Networks) in Johannesburg/South Africa with a solar thermal cooling system. The Fresnel collector powers an absorption chiller which supports the local district cooling grid.</span> Its Cooling capacity lies about 330 kW<ref>http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/network/best-practice-example/?tx_bestpractice_list[bestPractice]=16&tx_bestpractice_list[action]=show&tx_bestpractice_list[controller]=BestPractice&cHash=0fd85e472e7207d5a115d7ee41b4b203</ref>.
| + | So far, the project established four pilot installations of solar thermal cooling demonstrating its economic and technical feasibility in the high ambient temperatures.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]] Exhibiting its feasibility increases public awareness on alternative cooling technologies and helps to overcome some of the above mentioned barriers. Intensive capacity development measures in the field of operation and maintenance, planning and installation will support the localization of solar thermal technologies. To reduce initial investment, customized solutions that utilize synergies with already existing water heating systems, for example, are promoted. Such projects and their potential for scaling up support the establishment of sustainable and climate-friendly air-conditioning in Jordan and the region. Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be virtually eliminated, and indirect emissions can be reduced up to 75% by operating solar cooling systems with natural refrigerants. To mainstream climate friendly cooling policy advisory services accompany the project activities and e.g. led to the incorporation of solar cooling in Jordan`s NDCs. |
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| − | <span lang="EN-GB">Industrial Solar GmbH is a technology and solution provider for solar process heat and solar thermal cooling. It was founded in 2008 in the environment of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany. The solutions of Industrial Solar are built upon its innovative linear concentrating Fresnel collector which is optimized for industrial applications in the medium power range. Industrial Solar has already realized various projects in all kind of industries in different countries. Moreover, Industrial Solar has developed close partnerships with major industrial companies and offers various products and services for industrial applications.</span> Its is also network partner of the [[Green Cooling Initiative|Green Cooling Initiative (GCI)]] which promotes environmental sound cooling solution worldwide.
| + | Projects sites are located at the German-Jordan University (160 kW)[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]], the Irbid Chamber of Commerce (50 kW), the Petra Guest House (160kW) and the Royal Cultural Center (160 kW). All project sites contribute in-kind and in-cash for the installed systems. |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling<ref>http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref>https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = | + | = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling<ref name="http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf">http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref name="https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf">https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = |
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| | '''Training and awareness raising'''<br/> | | '''Training and awareness raising'''<br/> |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | + | {{Go to Top}}<br/> |
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| | = Further Information<br/> = | | = Further Information<br/> = |
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| | *[http://task53.iea-shc.org/ IEA Task 53 - New Generation Solar Cooling & Heating Systems]<br/> | | *[http://task53.iea-shc.org/ IEA Task 53 - New Generation Solar Cooling & Heating Systems]<br/> |
| | *[http://www.tecsol.fr/checklist/CheckList3.asp Feasibility checklist for solar cooling projects (European focus)]<br/> | | *[http://www.tecsol.fr/checklist/CheckList3.asp Feasibility checklist for solar cooling projects (European focus)]<br/> |
| − | *[[Portal:Solar|Portal:Solar]] | + | *[[Portal:Solar|Portal:Solar]]<br/> |
| | + | *[[Cooling for Agriculture|Cooling for Agriculture]]<br/> |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | = References = | | = References = |
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| | <references /> | | <references /> |
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| | + | [[Category:Jordan]] |
| | [[Category:Cooling]] | | [[Category:Cooling]] |
| − | [[Category:Sustainability]] | + | [[Category:Heating,_Ventilation_and_Air_Conditioning]] |
| − | [[Category:India]] | + | [[Category:MENA_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)]] |
| − | [[Category:Productive_Use]] | + | [[Category:Renewable_Energy]] |
| − | [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]
| + | |
| | [[Category:Solar]] | | [[Category:Solar]] |
| | + | [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]] |
| | + | [[Category:Productive_Use]] |
| | + | [[Category:India]] |
| | + | [[Category:Sustainability]] |
Why solar cooling? In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed power is used for cooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this context, there is a lot of potential for solar cooling.
The main arguments for solar assisted cooling (SAC) originate from an energy saving perspective:
Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.[1]
A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues.
Still, most of the issues are related to the technology. One of the main problems beeing that there is not one single solution and experiences with new applications are collected constantly
New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers? The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary:
Industrial Solar GmbH provided the leading South African mobile operator MTN (Mobile Telecom Networks) in Johannesburg/South Africa with a solar thermal cooling system. The Fresnel collector powers an absorption chiller which supports the local district cooling grid. Its Cooling capacity lies about 330 kW[8].
Industrial Solar GmbH is a technology and solution provider for solar process heat and solar thermal cooling. It was founded in 2008 in the environment of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany. The solutions of Industrial Solar are built upon its innovative linear concentrating Fresnel collector which is optimized for industrial applications in the medium power range. Industrial Solar has already realized various projects in all kind of industries in different countries. Moreover, Industrial Solar has developed close partnerships with major industrial companies and offers various products and services for industrial applications.Its is also network partner of the Green Cooling Initiative (GCI) which promotes environmental sound cooling solution worldwide.
Jordan is a country with scarce fossil fuel resources, therefore it imports 96% of its energy at high cost. The demand for electricity almost doubled in the last 10 years (2004: 8.57 TWh; 2013: 14.6 TWh) (International Energy Agency, 2014). This rapid growth is mainly driven by a growing population, the result of an influx of refugees, economic development and increasing living standards. Despite being one of the best locations for the use of solar energy with irradiation 10% above the MENA average, the use of renewables only plays a minor role in the energy mix. The hot and dry climate makes air-conditioning indispensable for economic processes and activities (such as industry, tourism, and healthcare to name a few) and in light of increasing living standards. Cooling needs contribute significantly to the energy demand and are expected to increase along with economic growth and rising global temperatures. Energy prices are a major cost factor for the commercial and industrial sector in Jordan. The government is gradually reducing subsidies, aiming for cost recovery by the end of 2017 and the increasing cost of energy often limits the competitiveness of local economic activities.
Solar thermal applications are already widely used in the field of domestic hot water supply. Climatic conditions are characterized by high solar radiation and hence very suitable for solar cooling – in particular for the use of solar thermal technology solutions. Solar cooling takes advantage of the fact that the demand for cooling correlates with times where high solar irradiation occurs. Such decentralized solutions can offer additional benefits during power fluctuations and outages which are caused by the increasing load in the national grid.
Potentially, solar cooling absorption technologies use up to 75% less electricity than conventional compression chillers. In addition, absorption technology can also be used as a heat pump, and hence save diesel cost during heating period. Further environmental and climate benefits also result from the use of natural refrigerants (e.g. lithium bromide ammonia, and water), virtually eliminating direct greenhouse gas emissions from leakages of refrigerants with high global warming potential.
Barriers
In 2013, a study initiated by GIZ took a closer look at the solar cooling potential in Jordan and identified a range of key barriers that might hinder market penetration and a widespread application of solar cooling. The most prominent barriers found are the following:
The project 'Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce' is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), and the Jordanian Ministry of Environment, the IKI project ‘Solar Cooling for Industry and Commerce’ is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) with a budget of 3.7 Million Euros.
So far, the project established four pilot installations of solar thermal cooling demonstrating its economic and technical feasibility in the high ambient temperatures.[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]] Exhibiting its feasibility increases public awareness on alternative cooling technologies and helps to overcome some of the above mentioned barriers. Intensive capacity development measures in the field of operation and maintenance, planning and installation will support the localization of solar thermal technologies. To reduce initial investment, customized solutions that utilize synergies with already existing water heating systems, for example, are promoted. Such projects and their potential for scaling up support the establishment of sustainable and climate-friendly air-conditioning in Jordan and the region. Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be virtually eliminated, and indirect emissions can be reduced up to 75% by operating solar cooling systems with natural refrigerants. To mainstream climate friendly cooling policy advisory services accompany the project activities and e.g. led to the incorporation of solar cooling in Jordan`s NDCs.
Projects sites are located at the German-Jordan University (160 kW)[[File:|1x1px|alt=Unknown Object]], the Irbid Chamber of Commerce (50 kW), the Petra Guest House (160kW) and the Royal Cultural Center (160 kW). All project sites contribute in-kind and in-cash for the installed systems.
