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| | {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Cameroon | | {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Cameroon |
| | |CES Country Capital=Yaoundé | | |CES Country Capital=Yaoundé |
| − | |CES Country Region=Africa | + | |CES Country Region Africa = Sub-Saharan Africa |
| | |CES Country Coordinates=3.8667° N, 11.5167° E | | |CES Country Coordinates=3.8667° N, 11.5167° E |
| | }} | | }} |
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| | The transmission (and distribution) grid grew by 15% (30%) between 2010-2014. Nonetheless, the power networks suffers from underinvestment. Distribution losses (31%) and transmission losses (6%) are significant and increased from 2005-2010. | | The transmission (and distribution) grid grew by 15% (30%) between 2010-2014. Nonetheless, the power networks suffers from underinvestment. Distribution losses (31%) and transmission losses (6%) are significant and increased from 2005-2010. |
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| − | Cameroon suffers from outages: approximately ten electrical outages per month, which last an average of two hours each.
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| | Liberalization process of the energy sector started in the late 1990s. The state-owned utility was privatised in 2001, now called ENEO. In 2011, the generation, transmission and distribution segments were separated; the state run system operator, SONATREL (Société Nationale de Transport d’Electricité) is due to be fully operational in 2018; the framework for independent power producers and small scale distributors outside of ENEO’s concession.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/> | | Liberalization process of the energy sector started in the late 1990s. The state-owned utility was privatised in 2001, now called ENEO. In 2011, the generation, transmission and distribution segments were separated; the state run system operator, SONATREL (Société Nationale de Transport d’Electricité) is due to be fully operational in 2018; the framework for independent power producers and small scale distributors outside of ENEO’s concession.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/> |
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| | == Solar energy == | | == Solar energy == |
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| − | Potential for solar exploitation is good: solar irradiation is around 5kWh/day/m2. The Cellular telecommunications network is currently powered by solar energy. However, there are only 50PV installations. | + | Potential for solar exploitation is good: solar irradiation is around 5kWh/day/m2. The Cellular telecommunications network is currently powered by solar energy. However, there are only 50PV installations.<ref name="Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.">Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.</ref> |
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| | == Wind energy == | | == Wind energy == |
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| − | While the majority of the countrie has insufficient wind potential, in the Northern and littoral region the wind speed is 5-7m/s. | + | While the majority of the countrie has insufficient wind potential, in the Northern and littoral region the wind speed is 5-7m/s.<ref name="Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.">Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.</ref> |
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| | == Biomass energy == | | == Biomass energy == |
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| − | Deforestation is a big issue in Cameroon. ¾ of the country is/was covered by forests: 200,000 hectares/year are used by the majority of the population for cooking and lighting purposes. Only 3,000 are re-forested. | + | Deforestation is a big issue in Cameroon. ¾ of the country is/was covered by forests: 200,000 hectares/year are used by the majority of the population for cooking and lighting purposes. Only 3,000 are re-forested.<ref name="Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.">Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.</ref> |
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| | == Geothermal energy == | | == Geothermal energy == |
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| − | Unknown geothermal potential, however, in extensive areas hot springs are found: Ngaoundéré region, Mt Cameroon region and Manengoumba area with Lake Moundou. | + | Unknown geothermal potential, however, in extensive areas hot springs are found: Ngaoundéré region, Mt Cameroon region and Manengoumba area with Lake Moundou.<ref name="Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.">Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.</ref> |
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| | == Hydropower == | | == Hydropower == |
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| − | Hydropower potential is 23 GW (second largest in sub-Saharan Africa), 103 TWh/year. Small hydropower (below 1 MW) has a potential of 1.115 TWh: this potential in the eastern and western regions is not yet exploited yet.<br/> | + | Hydropower potential is 23 GW (second largest in sub-Saharan Africa), 103 TWh/year. Small hydropower (below 1 MW) has a potential of 1.115 TWh: this potential in the eastern and western regions is not yet exploited yet.<ref name="Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.">Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.</ref><br/> |
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| | = Fossil Fuel = | | = Fossil Fuel = |
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| | = Key Problems of the Energy Sector<br/> = | | = Key Problems of the Energy Sector<br/> = |
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| − | The cost of accessing energy services is perceived as very high by the poor. In the case of domestic gas and kerosene, this cost is still very high in relation to the income level of the rural and peri-urban poor. In the case of electricity, people complain, among other things, of high tariffs and uncertified meters.<br/> | + | *Cameroon suffers from outages: approximately ten electrical outages per month, which last an average of two hours each.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref> |
| | + | *The cost of accessing energy services is perceived as very high by the poor. In the case of domestic gas and kerosene, this cost is still very high in relation to the income level of the rural and peri-urban poor. In the case of electricity, people complain, among other things, of high tariffs and uncertified meters.<ref name="Etudes Engineering Développement, ‘Etude Sur l’état Des Lieux Du Secteur. Rapport Final’ (DPP GIZ – TATS “IMPROVING ACCESS TO SOLAR ENERGY THROUGH A BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID APPROACH”, 2013), https://energypedia.info/images/2/28/Rapport_final-baseline_study-GIZ-TOTAL_Vf.pdf.">Etudes Engineering Développement, ‘Etude Sur l’état Des Lieux Du Secteur. Rapport Final’ (DPP GIZ – TATS “IMPROVING ACCESS TO SOLAR ENERGY THROUGH A BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID APPROACH”, 2013), https://energypedia.info/images/2/28/Rapport_final-baseline_study-GIZ-TOTAL_Vf.pdf.</ref> |
| | + | *'''Electrification rates are very low'''. National average of the household electrification rate is around 23%. In Northern areas estimations are as low as 6%. Furthermore, '''“'''figures quoted in numerous Cameroonian and international reports (estimated to be between 48-74%) are misleading as these simply reflect the percentage of the population that live in a population centre that have a connection point to the power network. This is not a measure of the rate of household electrification.”<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/> |
| | + | *Rural electrification plans '''focus on grid extensions'''. The national power supplier has the monopoly although small suppliers are allowed (below 100kW in 70% of communities and a maximum of 1MW in rural areas).<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/> |
| | + | *'''Lack of data''': There is limited information on most of the suitable locations for solar, biomass and wind sites.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/> |
| | + | *Financial support for electrification is very low and rate of implementation of electrification plans is too slow.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | '''Table: Timeframe of the localities in Cameroon to be electrified.'''<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">_</ref> |
| | + | |
| | + | {| style="width: 100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | Timeframe |
| | + | | Localities electrified |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | 2001-2012 |
| | + | | 1,600 |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | 2015-2090 |
| | + | | Same rate as before in 2001-2012, it will need 75 years |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | 2015-2035 |
| | + | | More financial support and policy changes are necessary to reach the goal in 25 years |
| | + | |} |
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| − | '''Electrification rates are very low'''. National average of the household electrification rate is around 23%. In Northern areas estimations are as low as 6%. Furthermore, '''“'''figures quoted in numerous Cameroonian and international reports (estimated to be between 48-74%) are misleading as these simply reflect the percentage of the population that live in a population centre that have a connection point to the power network. This is not a measure of the rate of household electrification.”<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/>
| + | <br/> |
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| − | Rural electrification plans '''focus on grid extensions'''. The national power supplier has the monopoly although small suppliers are allowed (below 100kW in 70% of communities and a maximum of 1MW in rural areas).<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/>
| + | *The '''lack of standards''', particularly adapted to low-income populations, is a constraint on access to basic energy services. In the case of domestic gas, there are problems with the interchangeability of the bottles. In terms of access to electricity, there are no special incentives in Cameroon for the development of local and renewable sources of energy.<ref name="Etudes Engineering Développement, ‘Etude Sur l’état Des Lieux Du Secteur. Rapport Final’ (DPP GIZ – TATS “IMPROVING ACCESS TO SOLAR ENERGY THROUGH A BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID APPROACH”, 2013), https://energypedia.info/images/2/28/Rapport_final-baseline_study-GIZ-TOTAL_Vf.pdf.">Etudes Engineering Développement, ‘Etude Sur l’état Des Lieux Du Secteur. Rapport Final’ (DPP GIZ – TATS “IMPROVING ACCESS TO SOLAR ENERGY THROUGH A BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID APPROACH”, 2013), https://energypedia.info/images/2/28/Rapport_final-baseline_study-GIZ-TOTAL_Vf.pdf.</ref><br/> |
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| − | '''Lack of data''': There is limited information on most of the suitable locations for solar, biomass and wind sites.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/>
| + | = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> = |
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| − | Financial support for electrification is very low and rate of implementation of electrification plans is too slow.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref><br/>
| + | The government has committed to 25% of renewable energy by 2035 as part of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). |
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| − | '''Table: Timeframe of the localities in Cameroon to be electrified.'''<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.fckLRfckLR{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"fckLR|-fckLR| style="width:113px" | fckLRTimeframefckLRfckLR| style="width:491px" | fckLRLocalities electrifiedfckLRfckLR|-fckLR| style="width:113px" | fckLR2001-2012fckLRfckLR| style="width:491px" | fckLR1,600fckLRfckLR|-fckLR| style="width:113px" | fckLR2015-'''2090'''fckLRfckLR| style="width:491px" | fckLRSame rate as before in 2001-2012fckLRfckLR|-fckLR| style="width:113px" | fckLR2015-2035fckLRfckLR| style="width:491px" | fckLRMore financial support and policy changes are necessaryfckLRfckLR|}fckLRfckLR fckLRfckLRThe lack of standards, particularly adapted to low-income populations, is a constraint on access to basic energy services. In the case of domestic gas, there are problems with the interchangeability of the bottles. In terms of access to electricity, there are no special incentives in Cameroon for the development of local and renewable sources of energy.<br/>fckLRfckLR= Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> =fckLRfckLRThe government has committed to 25% of renewable energy by 2035 as part of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).fckLRfckLRA Master Plan for the Development of Renewable Energy in Cameroon is currently being developed. Electrification rates should increase to 54% for households and to 85% of the population centres in 2035 (31% in 2014). Policy changes and additional funding is required.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref>
| + | A Master Plan for the Development of Renewable Energy in Cameroon is currently being developed.<ref name="Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.">Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.</ref> Electrification rates should increase to 54% for households and to 85% of the population centres in 2035 (31% in 2014). Policy changes and additional funding is required.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref> |
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| | The PDER 2016 depicts a grid extension plan, with smaller role for mini-grids in the short to medium term. “The PDER foresees the development of 12 mini-grids powered by hydro with a combined capacity of 24.5MW, 7 mini-grids powered by biomass plants with a combined capacity of 2.5MW and 8 mini-grids powered by hybrid solar and diesel systems with a combined capacity of 550kW.”<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref> | | The PDER 2016 depicts a grid extension plan, with smaller role for mini-grids in the short to medium term. “The PDER foresees the development of 12 mini-grids powered by hydro with a combined capacity of 24.5MW, 7 mini-grids powered by biomass plants with a combined capacity of 2.5MW and 8 mini-grids powered by hybrid solar and diesel systems with a combined capacity of 550kW.”<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref> |
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| | Costs are estimated to be FCFA 559 billion (EUR 850 million) for grid extensions and FCFA 154 billion (EUR 235 million) for 27 mini-grids.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref> | | Costs are estimated to be FCFA 559 billion (EUR 850 million) for grid extensions and FCFA 154 billion (EUR 235 million) for 27 mini-grids.<ref name="Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.">Marcos Sampablo et al., ‘Mini Grid Market Opportunity Assessment: Cameroon’ (Carbon Trust, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) at the request of the AfDB, April 2017), http://greenminigrid.se4all-africa.org/file/179/download.</ref> |
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| − | The energy sector is seen to attract investment in order to reach the goals of the Energy Sector Development Plan (PDSE 2030) and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The rural electrification master plan focuses on extensions of grids, regional grids and also to isolated diesel and hydro power plans. | + | The energy sector is seen to attract investment in order to reach the goals of the Energy Sector Development Plan (PDSE 2030) and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The rural electrification master plan focuses on extensions of grids, regional grids and also to isolated diesel and hydro power plans.<ref name="Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.">Birgit Aurela, ‘Cameroon & Renewable Energy. Country at-a-Glance’ (Laurea Univesity of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2012), https://www.laurea.fi/en/document/Documents/Cameroon%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.</ref> |
| | | | |
| | However, there is no law dedicated directly to the renewable energy sector. | | However, there is no law dedicated directly to the renewable energy sector. |
Cameroon possesses 1.3GW of installed power capacity, based on large-scale hydropower and hydrocarbon plants. To meet increased demand, the government has prioritised new large-scale hydropower and thermal generation plants.
Cameroon has three main grids that are independent of each other: the southern, the eastern and the northern grid. They vary in size: In 2014, the southern grid transmitted 5,698GWh, while the northern 329GWh and the eastern grid only 56GWh.
The transmission (and distribution) grid grew by 15% (30%) between 2010-2014. Nonetheless, the power networks suffers from underinvestment. Distribution losses (31%) and transmission losses (6%) are significant and increased from 2005-2010.
Liberalization process of the energy sector started in the late 1990s. The state-owned utility was privatised in 2001, now called ENEO. In 2011, the generation, transmission and distribution segments were separated; the state run system operator, SONATREL (Société Nationale de Transport d’Electricité) is due to be fully operational in 2018; the framework for independent power producers and small scale distributors outside of ENEO’s concession.[1]
Renewable energy currently contributes less than 1% towards Cameroon’s energy mix.
The government is currently prioritising large-scale hydropower projects. However, Cameroon’s first large-scale wind and solar farms are being developed.
The IEA lists only hydropower as renewable energy sources for Cameroon. 2014: 5068 GWh.[2]
Potential for solar exploitation is good: solar irradiation is around 5kWh/day/m2. The Cellular telecommunications network is currently powered by solar energy. However, there are only 50PV installations.[3]
While the majority of the countrie has insufficient wind potential, in the Northern and littoral region the wind speed is 5-7m/s.[3]
Deforestation is a big issue in Cameroon. ¾ of the country is/was covered by forests: 200,000 hectares/year are used by the majority of the population for cooking and lighting purposes. Only 3,000 are re-forested.[3]
Unknown geothermal potential, however, in extensive areas hot springs are found: Ngaoundéré region, Mt Cameroon region and Manengoumba area with Lake Moundou.[3]
Hydropower potential is 23 GW (second largest in sub-Saharan Africa), 103 TWh/year. Small hydropower (below 1 MW) has a potential of 1.115 TWh: this potential in the eastern and western regions is not yet exploited yet.[3]
The government has committed to 25% of renewable energy by 2035 as part of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).
A Master Plan for the Development of Renewable Energy in Cameroon is currently being developed.[3] Electrification rates should increase to 54% for households and to 85% of the population centres in 2035 (31% in 2014). Policy changes and additional funding is required.[1]
The PDER 2016 depicts a grid extension plan, with smaller role for mini-grids in the short to medium term. “The PDER foresees the development of 12 mini-grids powered by hydro with a combined capacity of 24.5MW, 7 mini-grids powered by biomass plants with a combined capacity of 2.5MW and 8 mini-grids powered by hybrid solar and diesel systems with a combined capacity of 550kW.”[1]
Costs are estimated to be FCFA 559 billion (EUR 850 million) for grid extensions and FCFA 154 billion (EUR 235 million) for 27 mini-grids.[1]
The energy sector is seen to attract investment in order to reach the goals of the Energy Sector Development Plan (PDSE 2030) and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The rural electrification master plan focuses on extensions of grids, regional grids and also to isolated diesel and hydro power plans.[3]
There is no feed-in-tariff framework or revenue-based incentive mechanism for renewable energy.
The government is in the process of establishing a state owned transmission system operator, Sonatrel, which is due to be operational in 2017/2018.
However, in practise, the roles and responsibilities are distributed, and at times duplicated across centralised and decentralised actors making the institutional landscape complex.
Historically MINEE was the entity responsible for rural electrification projects, but the AER, EDC, PNDP, and FEICOM are now playing increasingly important roles.[1]
