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| − | = Overview<br> = | + | {{CES Country |
| | + | |CES Country Name=Turkmenistan |
| | + | |CES Country Capital=Ashgabat |
| | + | |CES Country Region Europe and Central Asia = Europe & Central Asia |
| | + | |CES Country Coordinates=37.9667° N, 58.3333° E |
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| + | = Introduction = |
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| + | Turkmenistan is located in the south of Central Asia and covers a total of 488,100km squared. Flat desert covers 80% of the country, though there are some slight elevations along the border to Afghanistan and Iran. Turkmenistan is part of two main seismic zones of the world. Approximately 8.8% of the land area is covered by forest<ref>FAO (2011): The State of the World's Forest</ref> (The deforestation rate was not available.) |
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| + | Water resources in Turkmenistan are very limited and the climate is mostly arid subtropical with little rainfall. In fact, Karakum Dester is one of the driest deserts in the world. However, the country's temperatures are pretty mild. The mean low temperature in the country is 10.4 and the average high temperature is 23.2°C. <ref>UN-Data: http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Turkmenistan</ref>Turkmenistan has enormous natural gas deposits and it therefore known as a "gas republic". It is also rich in petroleum. |
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| + | Turkmenistan has a population of 4.9 million (as of 2009) with a population density of 11 people per km squared. The density varies drastically between desert areas and oases. In oases it often exceeds 100 persons per square kilometer. 50% of the population lives in rural areas and 50% in urban areas. The literacy rate is 98.8% |
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| − | Government<br>
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| + | The GDP in 2010 was US$ 20 billion and GDP per capita was 4,000 US$. National income sources shares are comprised of the following: agriculture 48.2%, industry 14%, services 37.8% |
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| − | |- | + | [[Turkmenistan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| + | = Energy Situation = |
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| − | |- | + | The electrification rate in Turkmensitan is 99.6%. [[Productive_Use_of_Electricity|Electricity]] is mostly produced in 8 thermal power plants with an installed capacity of 3.3 GW. Electricity consumption by sector is the following: agriculture and foresty 31.8%, industry 36%, transport 2.6%, and residential 21%. |
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| + | Turkmenistan's energy market is controlled by the State. Primary energy shares (in 2008) consisted of 72.4% gas and 27.6% oil. Most of the populations recieves natural gas and electricity for free. Those who do pay, enjoy the world's lowest energy prices. Yet, inefficiency and waste are clearly a result of this policy. In addition, the power infrastructure, inherited from the Soviet era, is in bad shape and needs to be repaired. Power lines wasted a significant portion of electricity in 2006. The distribution system also suffers from severe power loss. |
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| + | Demand for renewable energy sources in Turkmenistan is practically inexistent. Turkmenistan has relatively low potential for bioenergies, hydro power, and geothermal energy. While it does have tremendous wind and solar power with 300 sunny days per year (equaling 2,00 kW/m²/yr) and wind potential equal to the country's fossil fuel potential, its wealth of oil and gas overshadow these potentials. |
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| − | Total area<br>
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| + | == Household Energy Situation == |
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| − | Population<br>
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| + | Percentage of energy used for cooking in urban and rural areas |
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| + | <br/>[[File:Turkmenistan Urban Share.jpg|left|365px|Turkmenistan Urban Share.jpg|alt=Turkmenistan Urban Share.jpg]][[File:Turkmenistan Rural Share.jpg|335px|Turkmenistan Rural Share.jpg|alt=Turkmenistan Rural Share.jpg]] |
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| − | GDP (nominal)<br>
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| + | = Further Information = |
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| − | Currency<br>
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| + | = References = |
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| − | |- | + | [[Turkmenistan Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| − | Time zone<br>
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| + | [[Category:Europe_and_Central_Asia]] |
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| − | | __TOC__
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| − | == Environmental Situation ==
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| − | === Climate ===
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| − | === Forest situation ===
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| − | == Socioeconomical Situation ==
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| − | === Income Sources ===
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| − | == Energy Supply ==
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| − | === Electricity ===
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| − | ==== Stability ====
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| − | == Energy Consumption ==
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| − | === National Level ===
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| − | === Household Level ===
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| − | ==== Share of Fuel Types ====
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| − | ==== Share of Solid Fuels ====
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| − | == Access Rate ==
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| − | === Electrification Rate ===
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| − | == Renewable Energies ==
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| − | === Potentials ===
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| − | ==== Solar Energy ====
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| − | ==== Wind Energy ====
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| − | ==== Biomass ====
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| − | ==== Biogas ====
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| − | ==== Hydro Power ====
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| − | ==== Other renewable Sources ====
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| − | == Key problems of the energy sector ==
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| − | == Policy framework, laws and regulations ==
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| − | === General Energy policy, Energy strategy ===
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| − | === Specific strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.) ===
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| − | == Institutional set up in the energy sector ==
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| − | === Governmental institutions Private sector (enterprises, NGOs) ===
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| − | = Existing projects =
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| − | = Overview<br> =
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| − | {| style="float: right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="400" border="1"
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| − | | align="center" colspan="4" | '''Tajikistan'''
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| − | | [[Image:600px-Flag of Tajikistan svg.png|176x88px|600px-Flag of Tajikistan svg.png]]<br>
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| − | Capital<br>
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| − | Dushanbe 38°33′N 68°48′E
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| − | Official language(s)<br>
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| − | Persian (Tajik)
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| − | Government<br>
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| − | Unitary semi-presidential republic
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| − | President<br>
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| − | Emomalii Rahmon
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| − | Prime Minister<br>
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| − | Oqil Oqilov
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| − | Total area<br>
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| − | 143,100 km2
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| − | Population:<br>Nationwide<br>Urban<br>Rural
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| − | <br> 7.6 million <br> 2 million (26%)<br> 5.6 million (74%)
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| − | == Environmental Situation ==
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| − | === Climate ===
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| − | Mean temperature (°C min/max): 8.1 / 22.0 <ref name="CIA">CIA - The World Factbook</ref>
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| − | === Resources ===
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| − | Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon <br>and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest <ref name="CIA">CIA - The World Factbook</ref>
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| − | === Forest Situation ===
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| − | Land area covered by forest: 2.9%<br>Forest annual rate of change (2005-2010) : 0% <ref>FAO (2011): The State of the World's Forest</ref>
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| − | == Socioeconomical Situation ==
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| − | === Income Sources ===
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| − | Agriculture: 49.8%, industry: 12.8%, services: 37.4% <ref name="CIA">CIA - The World Factbook</ref>
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| − | == Energy Supply ==
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| − | === Electricity ===
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| − | About 90 % of electricity generating capacity is hydroelectric, but only an estimated 5% of its potential is in use. Tajikistan's rivers, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investments for projects for internal use and electricity exports. <ref>INOGATE Energy Portal</ref>
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| − | ==== Stability ====
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| − | == Energy Consumption ==
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| − | === National Level ===
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| − | === Household Level ===
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| − | ==== Share of Fuel Types ====
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| − | Share of energy types on cooking energy in urban areas of Tajikistan.<ref name="WHO 2010">WHO 2010: WHO Household Energy Database</ref>
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| − | Share of energy types on cooking energy in urban areas of Tajikistan.<ref name="WHO 2010">WHO 2010: WHO Household Energy Database</ref>
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| − | ==== Share of Solid Fuel ====
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| − | Percentage of population using solid fuels as cooking energy. Solid fuels include charcoal, coal, cropwaste, dung and wood.<br>National: 21.5%, urban:<5%, rural: 34.5% <ref name="WHO 2010">WHO 2010: WHO Household Energy Database</ref>
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| − | ==== Solid Fuel Use Impact on Health ====
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| − | Total annual deaths attributable to solid fuel use: 1600 persons<br>Percentage of national burden of diseases attributable to solid fuel use: 3.5%<ref name="WHO 2006">WHO (2006): Fuel for Life - Household Energy and Health</ref><br>
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| − | == Access Rate ==
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| − | === Electrification Rate ===
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| − | National: 85.4% <ref>http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/pubs/Elvidge_WINTD_20091022.pdf</ref>
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| − | == Renewable Energies ==
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| − | === Application ===
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| − | Hydro-power is the only RE source for electricity production on national level, whose input is documented. <ref>http://www.iea.org/stats/renewdata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=KG</ref>
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| − | === Potentials ===
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| − | ==== Biomass ====
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Turkmenistan is located in the south of Central Asia and covers a total of 488,100km squared. Flat desert covers 80% of the country, though there are some slight elevations along the border to Afghanistan and Iran. Turkmenistan is part of two main seismic zones of the world. Approximately 8.8% of the land area is covered by forest[1] (The deforestation rate was not available.)
Water resources in Turkmenistan are very limited and the climate is mostly arid subtropical with little rainfall. In fact, Karakum Dester is one of the driest deserts in the world. However, the country's temperatures are pretty mild. The mean low temperature in the country is 10.4 and the average high temperature is 23.2°C. [2]Turkmenistan has enormous natural gas deposits and it therefore known as a "gas republic". It is also rich in petroleum.
Turkmenistan has a population of 4.9 million (as of 2009) with a population density of 11 people per km squared. The density varies drastically between desert areas and oases. In oases it often exceeds 100 persons per square kilometer. 50% of the population lives in rural areas and 50% in urban areas. The literacy rate is 98.8%
The GDP in 2010 was US$ 20 billion and GDP per capita was 4,000 US$. National income sources shares are comprised of the following: agriculture 48.2%, industry 14%, services 37.8%
Turkmenistan's energy market is controlled by the State. Primary energy shares (in 2008) consisted of 72.4% gas and 27.6% oil. Most of the populations recieves natural gas and electricity for free. Those who do pay, enjoy the world's lowest energy prices. Yet, inefficiency and waste are clearly a result of this policy. In addition, the power infrastructure, inherited from the Soviet era, is in bad shape and needs to be repaired. Power lines wasted a significant portion of electricity in 2006. The distribution system also suffers from severe power loss.
Demand for renewable energy sources in Turkmenistan is practically inexistent. Turkmenistan has relatively low potential for bioenergies, hydro power, and geothermal energy. While it does have tremendous wind and solar power with 300 sunny days per year (equaling 2,00 kW/m²/yr) and wind potential equal to the country's fossil fuel potential, its wealth of oil and gas overshadow these potentials.
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