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| | <u>The basic step to design photovoltaic (PV) pumping system is:</u> | | <u>The basic step to design photovoltaic (PV) pumping system is:</u> |
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| − | #[[Design of Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping#Determination_of_Water_Supply_Need|Determination of water supply need]] | + | #[[Design_of_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping#Determination_of_Water_Supply_Need|Determination of water supply need]] |
| − | #[[Design of Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping#Calculation_of_Pumping_Head|Calculation of pumping head]] | + | #[[Design_of_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping#Calculation_of_Pumping_Head|Calculation of pumping head]] |
| − | #[[Design of Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping#Estimation_of_Solar_Resource|Estimation of solar resource]] | + | #[[Design_of_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping#Estimation_of_Solar_Resource|Estimation of solar resource]] |
| | #[https://energypedia.info/index.php/Design_of_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping#Finding_Appropriate_Solar_Pump_and_Inverter Finding appropriate solar pump and inverter] | | #[https://energypedia.info/index.php/Design_of_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping#Finding_Appropriate_Solar_Pump_and_Inverter Finding appropriate solar pump and inverter] |
| | #[https://energypedia.info/index.php/Design_of_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping#Calculation_of_PV_Panel_Required Calculation of PV panel required] | | #[https://energypedia.info/index.php/Design_of_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping#Calculation_of_PV_Panel_Required Calculation of PV panel required] |
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| | = Determination of Water Supply Need<br/> = | | = Determination of Water Supply Need<br/> = |
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| | #Irrigation water supply | | #Irrigation water supply |
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| | == Domestic Water Supply<br/> == | | == Domestic Water Supply<br/> == |
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| | For domestic water supply, the first data needed is to estimate the water requirement for one person/day. | | For domestic water supply, the first data needed is to estimate the water requirement for one person/day. |
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| − | A good estimate can be found in "[http://www.pacinst.org/reports/basic_water_needs/basic_water_needs.pdf Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs]" , that relate how much water required to sustain particular activities. <u>Here is the estimate</u><u><ref name="Basic Water Needs for Human Activities">http://www.pacinst.org/reports/basic_water_needs/basic_water_needs.pdf</ref></u><u>:</u> | + | A good estimate can be found in "[http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/basic_water_requirements-1996.pdf Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs]" , that relate how much water required to sustain particular activities. <u>Here is the estimate</u><u><ref name="Basic Water Needs for Human Activities">http://www.pacinst.org/reports/basic_water_needs/basic_water_needs.pdf</ref></u><u>:</u> |
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| | '''Purpose''' | | '''Purpose''' |
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| − | | <p style="text-align: center">'''Recommended minimum'''</p><p style="text-align: center">'''(liter/person/day)'''</p> | + | | style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | <p style="text-align: center">'''Recommended minimum'''</p><p style="text-align: center">'''(liter/person/day)'''</p> |
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| | |} | | |} |
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| | + | == Irrigation Water Supply == |
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| | = Calculation of Pumping Head<br/> = | | = Calculation of Pumping Head<br/> = |
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| | The detailed explanation can be found on "[http://www.raeng.org.uk/education/diploma/maths/pdf/exemplars_advanced/17_pumping_water.pdf The Mathematics of Pumping Water, AECOM Design Build Civil, Mechanical Engineering"]. | | The detailed explanation can be found on "[http://www.raeng.org.uk/education/diploma/maths/pdf/exemplars_advanced/17_pumping_water.pdf The Mathematics of Pumping Water, AECOM Design Build Civil, Mechanical Engineering"]. |
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| | = Estimation of Solar Resource<br/> = | | = Estimation of Solar Resource<br/> = |
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| − | Ideally, a ground based solar radiation measurement in location to be installed with solar water pumping system, is required in order to measure accurately the solar resource available for every part of the year. However, due to expensive equipment required, alternative data can be obtained from [http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/ "Surface meteorology and Solar Energy" (NASA)] for every part of the world freely or other solar resource data website available in the internet. | + | Ideally, a ground based solar radiation measurement in location to be installed with solar water pumping system, is required in order to measure accurately the solar resource available for every part of the year. However, due to expensive equipment required, alternative data can be obtained from [http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/ "Surface meteorology and Solar Energy" (NASA)] for every part of the world freely or other solar resource data website available in the internet. |
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| | Solar resources available per day is cited on unit of kWh/m2/day or PSH (peak sun hour) with 1 kWh/m2/day = 1 PSH. Common confusion of solar resource data understanding is usually with solar data cited on unit of W/m2 that describe power. | | Solar resources available per day is cited on unit of kWh/m2/day or PSH (peak sun hour) with 1 kWh/m2/day = 1 PSH. Common confusion of solar resource data understanding is usually with solar data cited on unit of W/m2 that describe power. |
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| | <u>What is needed on solar pumping design is data cited on energy:</u> | | <u>What is needed on solar pumping design is data cited on energy:</u> |
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| − | #Solar Energy / Day ► cited on unit of kWh/m2/day or PSH (commonly used for solar pumping design) | + | #Solar Energy / Day ► cited on unit of kWh/m2/day or PSH (commonly used for solar pumping design) |
| − | #Instantaneous Solar Power ► cited on unit of W/m2 (only used for complex modelling) | + | #Instantaneous Solar Power ► cited on unit of W/m2 (only used for complex modelling) |
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| | = Finding Appropriate Solar Pump and Inverter = | | = Finding Appropriate Solar Pump and Inverter = |
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| − | The most important criteria on determining the optimum solar pump is by finding the pump that can satisfy both of daily water flow and pumping head requirement. Normally a solar pump can operate on wide range of water flow rate in response to variation of solar radiation. Generally there are three kinds of pump normally used as solar pump: | + | The most important criteria on determining the optimum solar pump is by finding the pump that can satisfy both of daily water flow and pumping head requirement. Normally a solar pump can operate on wide range of water flow rate in response to variation of solar radiation. |
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| − | 1. Centrifugal pump
| + | <u>Generally there are three kinds of pump normally used as solar pump:</u> |
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| − | 2. Helical rotor pump
| + | #Centrifugal pump |
| | + | #Helical rotor pump |
| | + | #Piston (diapraghm) pump |
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| − | 3. Piston (diapraghm) pump
| + | <br/> |
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| − | Here is the table that explain the different characteristic of solar pump <ref name="Solar Water Pumps in Namibia">http://www.drfn.info/docs/cbend/energy_factsheets/solar_water_pumps.pdf</ref>: | + | <u>Here is the table that explain the different characteristic of solar pump</u> <ref name="Solar Water Pumps in Namibia">http://www.drfn.info/docs/cbend/energy_factsheets/solar_water_pumps.pdf</ref>: |
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| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;" | + | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 100%" |
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| | Type | | Type |
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| | Pumping Head (m) | | Pumping Head (m) |
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| − | | | + | | style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| | Flow Rate (m3/day) | | Flow Rate (m3/day) |
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| − | | | + | | style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| | Mechanism | | Mechanism |
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| | Centrifugal pump | | Centrifugal pump |
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| − | | + | | <p style="text-align: center">0 to 80</p> |
| − | | <p style="text-align: center;">0 to 80</p> | + | | <p style="text-align: center">6 to 20</p> |
| − | | <p style="text-align: center;">6 to 20</p> | + | |
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| | Similar to conventional pump | | Similar to conventional pump |
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| | Helical rotor pump | | Helical rotor pump |
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| − | | + | | <p style="text-align: center">50 to 150</p> |
| − | | <p style="text-align: center;">50 to 150 </p> | + | | <p style="text-align: center">> 20</p> |
| − | | <p style="text-align: center;">> 20</p> | + | |
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| | Robust, only one turning part | | Robust, only one turning part |
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| − | Piston (diapraghm) pump | + | Piston (diaphragm) pump |
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| | + | <br/> |
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| − | | <p style="text-align: center;">0 to 150</p> | + | | <p style="text-align: center">0 to 150</p> |
| − | | <p style="text-align: center;">2 to 5</p> | + | | <p style="text-align: center">2 to 5</p> |
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| | Complex, lot of moving parts, require oil lubrication | | Complex, lot of moving parts, require oil lubrication |
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| | |} | | |} |
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| | For simplicity of design and maintenance, it is suggested that the inverter should come from one package (one supplier) with the solar pump. This will prevent operating mismatch and guarantee easier troubleshooting. | | For simplicity of design and maintenance, it is suggested that the inverter should come from one package (one supplier) with the solar pump. This will prevent operating mismatch and guarantee easier troubleshooting. |
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| | For water flow required, some solar pump supplier usually provide a sizing chart that will help user to predict how much solar power required to provide for daily flow requirement. In order to use this sizing chart, user need data from previous step to determine how much solar resource available per day in terms of kWh/m2/day or PSH. This will in turn decide how much solar power you require for the solar pump. Unlike the pumping head requirement, if the pump water flow capacity is lower (due to specification or cloudy day), it still capable to provide water eventhough the sun is not as bright (it will only provide less quantity of water). | | For water flow required, some solar pump supplier usually provide a sizing chart that will help user to predict how much solar power required to provide for daily flow requirement. In order to use this sizing chart, user need data from previous step to determine how much solar resource available per day in terms of kWh/m2/day or PSH. This will in turn decide how much solar power you require for the solar pump. Unlike the pumping head requirement, if the pump water flow capacity is lower (due to specification or cloudy day), it still capable to provide water eventhough the sun is not as bright (it will only provide less quantity of water). |
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| | = Calculation of PV Panel Required = | | = Calculation of PV Panel Required = |
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| − | The calculation of PV panel number required should be based on the specification of the solar pump inverter input. Normally they will suggest a range of DC Input Voltage and inverter power required. The number of PV panel required is related to the specification of individual panel. The common misconception is that you can estimate based on the number of panel (they had different capacity) or size (it might had different efficiency). | + | The calculation of PV panel number required should be based on the specification of the solar pump inverter input. Normally they will suggest a range of DC Input Voltage and inverter power required. The number of PV panel required is related to the specification of individual panel. The common misconception is that you can estimate based on the number of panel (they had different capacity) or size (it might had different efficiency). |
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| | = Further Information<br/> = | | = Further Information<br/> = |
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| − | *[[Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping|Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping]] | + | *[[Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping|Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping]] |
| | *[http://www.raeng.org.uk/education/diploma/maths/pdf/exemplars_advanced/17_pumping_water.pdf The Mathematics of Pumping Water, AECOM Design Build Civil, Mechanical Engineering] | | *[http://www.raeng.org.uk/education/diploma/maths/pdf/exemplars_advanced/17_pumping_water.pdf The Mathematics of Pumping Water, AECOM Design Build Civil, Mechanical Engineering] |
| | *[http://www.pacinst.org/reports/basic_water_needs/basic_water_needs.pdf Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs] | | *[http://www.pacinst.org/reports/basic_water_needs/basic_water_needs.pdf Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs] |
| − | | + | *[[Toolbox on SPIS|Toolbox on Solar Powered Irrigation Systems]] |
| − | | + | <br/> |
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| | = References<br/> = | | = References<br/> = |
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| | [[Category:Pumping]] | | [[Category:Pumping]] |
| | [[Category:Solar]] | | [[Category:Solar]] |
| | + | [[Category:Photovoltaic_(PV)]] |
| | + | [[Category:Solar_Pumping]] |
| | [[Category:Water_Supply]] | | [[Category:Water_Supply]] |
For domestic water supply, the first data needed is to estimate the water requirement for one person/day.
Pumping head is normally measured in meter (m), so sometimes there are misconception that pumping head is equal to pumping elevation. In actual, pumping head is divided into three components: elevation head, major losses head, and minor losses head.
Pumping Head (m) = Elevation Head (m) + Major Losses Head (m) + Minor Losses Head (m)
Ideally, a ground based solar radiation measurement in location to be installed with solar water pumping system, is required in order to measure accurately the solar resource available for every part of the year. However, due to expensive equipment required, alternative data can be obtained from "Surface meteorology and Solar Energy" (NASA) for every part of the world freely or other solar resource data website available in the internet.
Solar resources available per day is cited on unit of kWh/m2/day or PSH (peak sun hour) with 1 kWh/m2/day = 1 PSH. Common confusion of solar resource data understanding is usually with solar data cited on unit of W/m2 that describe power.
The most important criteria on determining the optimum solar pump is by finding the pump that can satisfy both of daily water flow and pumping head requirement. Normally a solar pump can operate on wide range of water flow rate in response to variation of solar radiation.
For simplicity of design and maintenance, it is suggested that the inverter should come from one package (one supplier) with the solar pump. This will prevent operating mismatch and guarantee easier troubleshooting.
For pumping head, it is always imperative to keep the pump head specification higher than the required pumping head. A safety factor of 30% might be needed if the water level condition is not stable. If the pump cannot fulfill the pumping head requirement, no matter how bright the sunlight is, it will not provide any water at all.
For water flow required, some solar pump supplier usually provide a sizing chart that will help user to predict how much solar power required to provide for daily flow requirement. In order to use this sizing chart, user need data from previous step to determine how much solar resource available per day in terms of kWh/m2/day or PSH. This will in turn decide how much solar power you require for the solar pump. Unlike the pumping head requirement, if the pump water flow capacity is lower (due to specification or cloudy day), it still capable to provide water eventhough the sun is not as bright (it will only provide less quantity of water).
The calculation of PV panel number required should be based on the specification of the solar pump inverter input. Normally they will suggest a range of DC Input Voltage and inverter power required. The number of PV panel required is related to the specification of individual panel. The common misconception is that you can estimate based on the number of panel (they had different capacity) or size (it might had different efficiency).
