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| − | == Overview ==
| + | = Overview<br/> = |
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| | <u>Net-metering is:</u><br/> | | <u>Net-metering is:</u><br/> |
| − | *a regulatory model that allows electricity producers to "store“ surplus electricity from variable energy sources in the national / regional / local [[Portal:Grid|grid]], and use the "stored“ electricity to balance out deficit, allowing households / investors to meet their own electricity demand with their own production<ref>Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) http://www.dsireusa.org/solar/solarpolicyguide/?id=17</ref>.<br/> | + | |
| | + | *a regulatory model that allows electricity producers to "export“ surplus electricity from variable energy sources in the national / regional / local [[Portal:Grid|grid]], and use the "exported“ electricity to balance out deficit, allowing households / investors to meet their own electricity demand with their own production<ref>Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) http://www.dsireusa.org/solar/solarpolicyguide/?id=17</ref>.<br/> |
| | *a system, in which the active current / electricity generated by consumers in decentralized micro- and mini- generators, is offset with the metered consumption<ref>ANEEL 2012. Regulierung Nr. 482 vom 17. April 2012 der Nationalen fckLREnergieagentur – ANEEL (Brazil)</ref><br/> | | *a system, in which the active current / electricity generated by consumers in decentralized micro- and mini- generators, is offset with the metered consumption<ref>ANEEL 2012. Regulierung Nr. 482 vom 17. April 2012 der Nationalen fckLREnergieagentur – ANEEL (Brazil)</ref><br/> |
| | <div><br/></div> | | <div><br/></div> |
| − | [[Net Metering#toc|►Go to Top]]
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| | = How does net metering work?<br/> = | | = How does net metering work?<br/> = |
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| | *'''Billing: '''billing is based on the net amount of electricity consumed per billing period - in other words, the difference between the amount of electricity consumed and the amount produced. If a household produces more electricity than it consumes, the surplus can usually be carried over (many times with a validity time limit attached), or be given to the utility without any compensation. | | *'''Billing: '''billing is based on the net amount of electricity consumed per billing period - in other words, the difference between the amount of electricity consumed and the amount produced. If a household produces more electricity than it consumes, the surplus can usually be carried over (many times with a validity time limit attached), or be given to the utility without any compensation. |
| | </div> | | </div> |
| − | <br/>[[Net Metering#toc|►Go to Top]] | + | <br/> |
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| | = How and Where Has Net Metering Been Applied<br/> = | | = How and Where Has Net Metering Been Applied<br/> = |
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| | <u>While the ways in which these countries have gone about impelenting the regulation differs according to the context, several elements are recurring:</u> | | <u>While the ways in which these countries have gone about impelenting the regulation differs according to the context, several elements are recurring:</u> |
| − | *Net metering is usually focused on smaller system sizes, in most cases with a set limit in terms of the % contribution of net metered systems to the overall energy mix. | + | |
| | + | *Net metering is usually focused on smaller system sizes, in most cases with a set limit in terms of the % contribution of net metered systems to the overall energy mix. |
| | *There are different technologies included in each country's regulations, although solar PV and wind usually feature in almost all settings since variable energy sources benefit considerably from net metering. | | *There are different technologies included in each country's regulations, although solar PV and wind usually feature in almost all settings since variable energy sources benefit considerably from net metering. |
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| | <u>The following table provides an overview of countries where net metering policies are currently in use:</u><ref>REN21, 2012. "Renewables 2012 Global Status Report", REN21 Secretariat, Paris</ref> | | <u>The following table provides an overview of countries where net metering policies are currently in use:</u><ref>REN21, 2012. "Renewables 2012 Global Status Report", REN21 Secretariat, Paris</ref> |
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| − | | colspan="6" | <p style="text-align: center">'''''HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES'''''</p> | + | | colspan="6" | <p style="text-align: center;">'''''HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES'''''</p> |
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| − | | colspan="6" | <p style="text-align: center">'''''UPPER-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES'''''</p> | + | | [[Solar Energy for Electricity and Heat in Chile|Chile]] |
| | + | | 2014 |
| | + | | Renewable Energy sources and efficient cogeneration plants.<br/> |
| | + | | 100 kW |
| | + | | <br/> |
| | + | | [http://www.minenergia.cl/ley20571/ Minenergia] |
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| | + | | colspan="6" | <p style="text-align: center;">'''''UPPER-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES'''''</p> |
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| − | <span style="line-height: 1.5em">[[Energy in Brazil|Brazil]]</span><br/> | + | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">[[Brazil Energy Situation|Brazil]]</span><br/> |
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| − | <span style="line-height: 1.5em">2012</span> | + | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">2012</span> |
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| − | <span style="line-height: 1.5em">Hydraulic, Solar, Wind, Biomass, Cogeneration</span> | + | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Hydraulic, Solar, Wind, Biomass, Cogeneration</span> |
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| − | ≤ 1MW
| + | 5 MW<br/> |
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| − | Solar PV, ? | + | Solar PV, ? |
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| − | | colspan="6" | <p style="text-align: center">'''''LOWER-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES'''''</p> | + | | colspan="6" | <p style="text-align: center;">'''''LOWER-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES'''''</p> |
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| | | Solar PV, Wind, Biomass, Hydro, Geothermal | | | Solar PV, Wind, Biomass, Hydro, Geothermal |
| | | 5 MW | | | 5 MW |
| − | | ? | + | | ? |
| | | [http://www.naruc.org/international/Documents/Internship_presentation_MEstrada_Netmetering.pdf NARUC] | | | [http://www.naruc.org/international/Documents/Internship_presentation_MEstrada_Netmetering.pdf NARUC] |
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| | [[Pakistan Energy Situation|Pakistan]]<br/> | | [[Pakistan Energy Situation|Pakistan]]<br/> |
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| − | | 2006 | + | | 2015 |
| − | | All Renewable Energy policies | + | | Distributed Generation and Net Metering Regulations, 2015<br/> |
| − | | 1 MW | + | | Up to 1 MW |
| − | | ? | + | | ? |
| − | | [http://www.scribd.com/doc/93387083/33/Net-Metering GoP] | + | | [[:File:NEPRA (Alternative & Renewable Energy) Distributed Generation and Net Metering Regulations, 2015.PDF|Net Metering Regulations]] |
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| | | <br/> | | | <br/> |
| | | Wind, solar PV, Biomass, Biogas | | | Wind, solar PV, Biomass, Biogas |
| − | | ? | + | | ? |
| − | | ? | + | | ? |
| | | [http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/philippines/documents/press_corner/renewable_energy_mechanisms_maniego_en.pdf EEAS] | | | [http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/philippines/documents/press_corner/renewable_energy_mechanisms_maniego_en.pdf EEAS] |
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| | | All Renewable Energy Sources | | | All Renewable Energy Sources |
| | | <= consumption | | | <= consumption |
| − | | ? | + | | ? |
| | | [http://www.island.lk/2009/01/14/features1.html The Island] | | | [http://www.island.lk/2009/01/14/features1.html The Island] |
| | |} | | |} |
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| | <u>Net metering is also being developed and piloted in the following low-income countries:</u> | | <u>Net metering is also being developed and piloted in the following low-income countries:</u> |
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| − | {| align="center" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 800px; font-size: 14px" | + | {| align="center" style="width: 800px; font-size: 14px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |
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| − | <br/>[[Net Metering#toc|►Go to Top]] | + | <br/><br/> |
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| | = Pro's and Con's of Net Metering<br/> = | | = Pro's and Con's of Net Metering<br/> = |
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| | | <u>'''Grid parity''' can be defined in two ways<ref>Farrell, J. 2012. "Solar Grid Parity 101". http://www.ilsr.org/solar-grid-parity-101/</ref>:</u> | | | <u>'''Grid parity''' can be defined in two ways<ref>Farrell, J. 2012. "Solar Grid Parity 101". http://www.ilsr.org/solar-grid-parity-101/</ref>:</u> |
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| | *Both technical and regulatory capacity is needed to ensure that net-metering systems are installed correctly, that distribution networks are able to accommodate net-metered systems and that the appropriate regulation is developed and implemented. | | *Both technical and regulatory capacity is needed to ensure that net-metering systems are installed correctly, that distribution networks are able to accommodate net-metered systems and that the appropriate regulation is developed and implemented. |
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| − | [[Net Metering#toc|►Go to Top]]
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| | = Success Factors for Net Metering = | | = Success Factors for Net Metering = |
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| | *'''Regulatory capacity: '''regulatory authorities need to have the capacity to ensure that net metering policies and regulations are not only well developed, but also properly implemented. | | *'''Regulatory capacity: '''regulatory authorities need to have the capacity to ensure that net metering policies and regulations are not only well developed, but also properly implemented. |
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| − | [[Net Metering#toc|►Go to Top]]
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| − | = [http://www.giz.de/en/ GIZ] Experience with Net Metering<br/> =
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| − | *'''[[Net Metering Brazil (FRE)|Brazil]]''': The [https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/12565.html GIZ Energy Programme, “Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency”], is running from 2013 to 2015<ref>GIZ, "Energy programme for Brazil" http://www.giz.de/de/weltweit/12565.html</ref>. Among other activities, GIZ is assisting the [http://www.aneel.gov.br/?idiomaAtual=1 Brazilian Energy Regulatory Authority (ANEEL)], local governmental institutions and other stakeholders to develop and implement net-metering policy<ref name="Project Development Program (PDP). 2011.">Project Development Program (PDP). 2011. "Grid connection of solar PV: Technical and economical assessment of net-metering in Kenya". GIZ, Federal Ministry of Economics & Technology.</ref>. Net metering legislation was enacted in April 2012, covering all renewable energy systems up to 1 MW<ref>Figueiredo, R. 2012. "Brazil's attempt at distributed generation: will net metering work?" Renewable Energy World. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/07/brazils-attempt-at-distributed-generation-will-net-metering-work</ref>.<br/> | + | |
| | + | = GIZ Experience with Net Metering<br/> = |
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| | + | ► [http://www.giz.de/en/ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)] |
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| | + | *'''[[Net Metering in Brazil|Brazil]]''': The [https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/12565.html GIZ Energy Programme, “Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency”], is running from 2013 to 2015<ref>GIZ, "Energy programme for Brazil" http://www.giz.de/de/weltweit/12565.html</ref>. Among other activities, GIZ is assisting the [http://www.aneel.gov.br/?idiomaAtual=1 Brazilian Energy Regulatory Authority (ANEEL)], local governmental institutions and other stakeholders to develop and implement net-metering policy<ref name="Project Development Program (PDP). 2011.">Project Development Program (PDP). 2011. "Grid connection of solar PV: Technical and economical assessment of net-metering in Kenya". GIZ, Federal Ministry of Economics & Technology.</ref>. Net metering legislation was enacted in April 2012, covering all renewable energy systems up to 1 MW<ref>Figueiredo, R. 2012. "Brazil's attempt at distributed generation: will net metering work?" Renewable Energy World. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/07/brazils-attempt-at-distributed-generation-will-net-metering-work</ref>.<br/> |
| | *'''[[Kenya Energy Situation|Kenya]]''': Through the [http://www.renewables-made-in-germany.com/en/networking-in-your-country/renewable-energy-project-development-programme-pdp.html Project Development Programme (PDP)] and a [http://www.developpp.de/en/content/developppde development partnership (develoPPP)], GIZ has been supporting the Kenyan authorities in developing net metering legislation and policy. Net metering has now been included in draft energy policy, forming part of wider energy sector reforms taking place. Two pilot projects feeding solar PV into the national [[Portal:Grid|grid]] have been launched: a 60 kW installation at the SOS Children’s Village in Mombasa; and a 515 kW system on the roof of the [http://www.unep.org/roa/Programmes/KenyaCountryProgramme/tabid/51365/Default.aspx UNEP offices]<ref name="Franz. M. 2012.">Franz. M. 2012. "Net metering for small RE - the next big show in town? Background and evidence from Kenya and Ghana." Presented at the GIZ Fachverbund Energy Africa, Dakar, Senegal.</ref>. The [http://www.euei-pdf.org/ EU Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF)] is also providing further support to formulate net-metering regulation in the country through a project under the [http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/files/field_pblctn_file/RECPstrategy2020en_lowres_0.pdf Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme (RECP)].<br/> | | *'''[[Kenya Energy Situation|Kenya]]''': Through the [http://www.renewables-made-in-germany.com/en/networking-in-your-country/renewable-energy-project-development-programme-pdp.html Project Development Programme (PDP)] and a [http://www.developpp.de/en/content/developppde development partnership (develoPPP)], GIZ has been supporting the Kenyan authorities in developing net metering legislation and policy. Net metering has now been included in draft energy policy, forming part of wider energy sector reforms taking place. Two pilot projects feeding solar PV into the national [[Portal:Grid|grid]] have been launched: a 60 kW installation at the SOS Children’s Village in Mombasa; and a 515 kW system on the roof of the [http://www.unep.org/roa/Programmes/KenyaCountryProgramme/tabid/51365/Default.aspx UNEP offices]<ref name="Franz. M. 2012.">Franz. M. 2012. "Net metering for small RE - the next big show in town? Background and evidence from Kenya and Ghana." Presented at the GIZ Fachverbund Energy Africa, Dakar, Senegal.</ref>. The [http://www.euei-pdf.org/ EU Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF)] is also providing further support to formulate net-metering regulation in the country through a project under the [http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/files/field_pblctn_file/RECPstrategy2020en_lowres_0.pdf Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme (RECP)].<br/> |
| | *'''Mexico''': GIZ is providing energy sector technical assistance to Mexico as part of the [http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/13919.html “Sustainable Energy Mexico” program]<ref name="GIZ.">GIZ. "Sustainable Energy in Mexico". http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/13919.html</ref>. Net metering has been possible in the country since 2007, with capacity limits set at 30kW and 500kW respectively, depending on whether a net-metered system is classified as small- or medium-scale<ref name="Project Development Program (PDP). 2011.">Project Development Program (PDP). 2011. "Grid connection of solar PV: Technical and economical assessment of net-metering in Kenya". GIZ, Federal Ministry of Economics & Technology.</ref>.<br/> | | *'''Mexico''': GIZ is providing energy sector technical assistance to Mexico as part of the [http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/13919.html “Sustainable Energy Mexico” program]<ref name="GIZ.">GIZ. "Sustainable Energy in Mexico". http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/13919.html</ref>. Net metering has been possible in the country since 2007, with capacity limits set at 30kW and 500kW respectively, depending on whether a net-metered system is classified as small- or medium-scale<ref name="Project Development Program (PDP). 2011.">Project Development Program (PDP). 2011. "Grid connection of solar PV: Technical and economical assessment of net-metering in Kenya". GIZ, Federal Ministry of Economics & Technology.</ref>.<br/> |
| | *'''[[Morocco Energy Situation|Morocco]]''': The [https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2012-renewable-energy-peren-en.pdf “Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency” project], implemented by GIZ, has as one of its components the assessment of the potential for grid-connected solar PV in Morocco<ref>GIZ. 2012. "The promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency - the 'PEREN' project". https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2012-renewable-energy-peren-en.pdf</ref>. The assessment has shown that Morocco will achieve grid-parity for all customer categories by 2013. GIZ is also developing a “million roofs program” proposal, which is dependent on net metering. While there are currently no specific net metering regulations in place, a law published in 2010 makes it possible to connect medium- and high-voltage renewable energy based systems to the grid<ref name="Project Development Program (PDP). 2011.">Project Development Program (PDP). 2011. "Grid connection of solar PV: Technical and economical assessment of net-metering in Kenya". GIZ, Federal Ministry of Economics & Technology.</ref>.<br/> | | *'''[[Morocco Energy Situation|Morocco]]''': The [https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2012-renewable-energy-peren-en.pdf “Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency” project], implemented by GIZ, has as one of its components the assessment of the potential for grid-connected solar PV in Morocco<ref>GIZ. 2012. "The promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency - the 'PEREN' project". https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2012-renewable-energy-peren-en.pdf</ref>. The assessment has shown that Morocco will achieve grid-parity for all customer categories by 2013. GIZ is also developing a “million roofs program” proposal, which is dependent on net metering. While there are currently no specific net metering regulations in place, a law published in 2010 makes it possible to connect medium- and high-voltage renewable energy based systems to the grid<ref name="Project Development Program (PDP). 2011.">Project Development Program (PDP). 2011. "Grid connection of solar PV: Technical and economical assessment of net-metering in Kenya". GIZ, Federal Ministry of Economics & Technology.</ref>.<br/> |
| | + | *'''Chile: '''The project [[Solar_Energy_for_Electricity_and_Heat_in_Chile|“Solar energy for the production of electricity and heat”]] from the [http://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/23041.html GIZ] supported the working group of the Chilean Ministry of Energy and the regulator (CNR) in developing the necessary implementing regulations and technical standards for the distributed generation law 20.571 for [[Net-Metering_/_Billing_in_Chile|Net-Metering/Billing]]. The law went into effect since October 23rd 2014. |
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| − | [[Net Metering#toc|►Go to Top]]
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| | = Further Information<br/> = | | = Further Information<br/> = |
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| | *[[Portal:Grid|Grid Portal on energypedia]]<br/> | | *[[Portal:Grid|Grid Portal on energypedia]]<br/> |
| − | *GIZ - FRE: [[Net Metering Brazil (FRE)|Net Metering in Brazil]]<br/> | + | *[[Net Metering in Brazil|Net Metering in Brazil]]<br/> |
| | *[[Metering and Billing Systems|Metering and Billing Systems]]<br/> | | *[[Metering and Billing Systems|Metering and Billing Systems]]<br/> |
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| − | [[Net Metering#toc |►Go to Top]]
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| | = References = | | = References = |
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| | <references /><br/> | | <references /><br/> |
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| − | [[Category:Grid]]
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| | [[Category:Net_Metering]] | | [[Category:Net_Metering]] |
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Net metering means that both the electricity produced and consumed by a household or investor is measured. The prerequisite for net metering is economic viability of the net-metered electricity source compared to the grid price. This is also referred to as grid parity, a situation where it is cheaper to produce one's own electricity than to buy it from the national utility.
Net metering has been successfully implemented in both developed and developing countries.
The economic case is primarily built on the fact that certain renewable energy generation costs have reached, or will shortly reach, grid parity in many developing countries.
