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| − | = Overview = | + | = Overview<br/> = |
| − | ► Back to the overview "[[Mitigation and Intervention Techniques Related to Micro-hydro Power (MHP) Projects|Mitigation and Intervention Techniques Related to Micro-hydro Power (MHP) Projects]]" | + | |
| | + | ► Back to the overview "[[Mitigation_and_Intervention_Techniques_Related_to_Micro-hydro_Power_(MHP)_Projects|Mitigation and Intervention Techniques Related to Micro-hydro Power (MHP) Projects]]" |
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| | = Soil Fertility Management and Biological Soil Conservation = | | = Soil Fertility Management and Biological Soil Conservation = |
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| | === Fertilization and Manuring === | | === Fertilization and Manuring === |
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| | *<u>Objectives</u>: The current cropping systems in Ethiopia is highly organic as chemical fertilizers are expensive and not always readily available. Manure is used in most areas as fuel or income source. As open grazing manure is not readily available,mulching is not practiced. Furthermore,the crop residues is also used for forage. Low levels of organic matter are leading to reduced soil stability, infiltration, water holding capacity and increasing erosion. Application of fertilizers will '''increase yields''', while manure and mulching will '''improve long term soil quality and nutrient levels'''.<br/> | | *<u>Objectives</u>: The current cropping systems in Ethiopia is highly organic as chemical fertilizers are expensive and not always readily available. Manure is used in most areas as fuel or income source. As open grazing manure is not readily available,mulching is not practiced. Furthermore,the crop residues is also used for forage. Low levels of organic matter are leading to reduced soil stability, infiltration, water holding capacity and increasing erosion. Application of fertilizers will '''increase yields''', while manure and mulching will '''improve long term soil quality and nutrient levels'''.<br/> |
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| | === Live Check Dams<br/> === | | === Live Check Dams<br/> === |
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| | | style="width: 513px" | <u>Objectives</u>: Live check-dams are established by planting/seeding or plugging of cuttings in gully bottoms to replace or reinforce physical check-dams. The main objective of the establishment of live check-dams is to reduce the cost of establishing physical check-dams. Live check-dams can be applied by individual farmers and does not need the organization of a large group of people to undertake physical structures. | | | style="width: 513px" | <u>Objectives</u>: Live check-dams are established by planting/seeding or plugging of cuttings in gully bottoms to replace or reinforce physical check-dams. The main objective of the establishment of live check-dams is to reduce the cost of establishing physical check-dams. Live check-dams can be applied by individual farmers and does not need the organization of a large group of people to undertake physical structures. |
| − | | style="width: 235px" | [[File:LiveCheckdams.png|thumb|left|230px|Live Checkdams|alt=LiveCheckdams.png]] | + | | style="width: 235px" | [[File:LiveCheckdams.png|thumb|left|230px|LiveCheckdams.png]] |
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| | === Mulching and Crop Residues Management === | | === Mulching and Crop Residues Management === |
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| | *<u>Objectives</u>: Mulching is the covering of the soil with crop residues such as straws, maize/sorghum<br/>stalks or standing stubble. The cover '''protects the soil from raindrops, drastically reduces splash erosion and velocity of runoff'''. It then '''minimizes erosion, increases soil infiltration and permeability, prevents the formation of hard crusts and contribute to improve fertility'''. The second major advantage of mulching/crop residue maintenance, is its potential for sustaining productivity. Mulching, in addition to its positive effects on soil structure also helps in reducing evaporation and maintaining soil moisture. The improved soil structure also will have an effect on '''moisture retention and consequently higher water budgets''' for the growing crop.<br/> | | *<u>Objectives</u>: Mulching is the covering of the soil with crop residues such as straws, maize/sorghum<br/>stalks or standing stubble. The cover '''protects the soil from raindrops, drastically reduces splash erosion and velocity of runoff'''. It then '''minimizes erosion, increases soil infiltration and permeability, prevents the formation of hard crusts and contribute to improve fertility'''. The second major advantage of mulching/crop residue maintenance, is its potential for sustaining productivity. Mulching, in addition to its positive effects on soil structure also helps in reducing evaporation and maintaining soil moisture. The improved soil structure also will have an effect on '''moisture retention and consequently higher water budgets''' for the growing crop.<br/> |
| − | | style="width: 257px" | [[File:Mulching.png|thumb|left|230px|Mulching|alt=Mulching.png]] | + | |
| | + | | style="width: 257px" | [[File:Mulching.png|thumb|left|230px|Mulching.png]] |
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| | === Grass Strips along the Contours<br/> === | | === Grass Strips along the Contours<br/> === |
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| | === Stabilization of Physical Structures and Farm Boundaries === | | === Stabilization of Physical Structures and Farm Boundaries === |
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| | *<u>Objectives</u>: Stabilization refers to the planting of crops, grass, shrubs and trees in different combinations<br/>in order to '''strengthen the resistance and stability of physical structures such as bunds, trenches, check dams, SS dams, etc, against rain drops splash effect, runoff and cattle trampling'''. At the same time, stabilization has the purpose of making productive the surface area occupied by the structure. Stabilized structures would need less maintenance and damages are less likely to occur, even during heavy rainstorms. Trees or shrubs help to demarcate farm and homestead boundaries, thus provide additional sense of ownership. Particular plants are also hosts for insects able to control pest incidence. Stabilized areas are an additional source of timber, fuelwood, fiber, food and forage, palatable grasses and legumes, fruits and other products (dyes, gum, medicinal, etc.).<br/> | | *<u>Objectives</u>: Stabilization refers to the planting of crops, grass, shrubs and trees in different combinations<br/>in order to '''strengthen the resistance and stability of physical structures such as bunds, trenches, check dams, SS dams, etc, against rain drops splash effect, runoff and cattle trampling'''. At the same time, stabilization has the purpose of making productive the surface area occupied by the structure. Stabilized structures would need less maintenance and damages are less likely to occur, even during heavy rainstorms. Trees or shrubs help to demarcate farm and homestead boundaries, thus provide additional sense of ownership. Particular plants are also hosts for insects able to control pest incidence. Stabilized areas are an additional source of timber, fuelwood, fiber, food and forage, palatable grasses and legumes, fruits and other products (dyes, gum, medicinal, etc.).<br/> |
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| − | === Vegetative Fencing<br/> === | + | === Vegetative Fencing (VF)<br/> === |
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| | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 100%" | | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 100%" |
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| | *<u>Objectives</u>: Vegetative fencing (VF) is a conservation practice which consist of a combination of vegetative planting materials resistant to cattle grazing planted in rows and with grass/legume plant species sowed behind these rows. Used '''to protect and enrich reclaimed areas like closures and gullies, farm boundaries and specific community assets like ponds'''. By doing so it also helps '''controlling runoff and erosion'''. It is the “first level of defence” against animal interference that allow other valuable trees to be planted after the fence is established. VF can be exercised as a “grid system” in closures, around reclaimed gullies, and farms, providing increased sense of ownership to users.<br/> | | *<u>Objectives</u>: Vegetative fencing (VF) is a conservation practice which consist of a combination of vegetative planting materials resistant to cattle grazing planted in rows and with grass/legume plant species sowed behind these rows. Used '''to protect and enrich reclaimed areas like closures and gullies, farm boundaries and specific community assets like ponds'''. By doing so it also helps '''controlling runoff and erosion'''. It is the “first level of defence” against animal interference that allow other valuable trees to be planted after the fence is established. VF can be exercised as a “grid system” in closures, around reclaimed gullies, and farms, providing increased sense of ownership to users.<br/> |
| − | | style="width: 189px" | [[File:Vegetative Fencing.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Vegetative Fencing|alt=Vegetative Fencing.jpg]][[File:Vegetative Fencing 2.png|thumb|left|100px|Vegetative Fencing|alt=Vegetative Fencing 2.png]] | + | |
| | + | | style="width: 189px" | [[File:Vegetative Fencing.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Vegetative Fencing.jpg]][[File:Vegetative Fencing 2.png|thumb|left|100px|Vegetative Fencing 2.png]] |
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| | === Ley Cropping === | | === Ley Cropping === |
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| | === Integration of Food/Feed Legumes into Cereal Cropping Systems === | | === Integration of Food/Feed Legumes into Cereal Cropping Systems === |
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| | *<u>Objectives</u>:<br/> | | *<u>Objectives</u>:<br/> |
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| | #Better and full use of production resources such as water, radiation, nutrients, space and time. | | #Better and full use of production resources such as water, radiation, nutrients, space and time. |
| | #Integration of cropping optimises productivity by producing higher combined yields from the crops and greater economic returns from a given area of land than the same crop grown in monoculture. | | #Integration of cropping optimises productivity by producing higher combined yields from the crops and greater economic returns from a given area of land than the same crop grown in monoculture. |
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| | #Control pests, diseases and weeds in the absence of biocides. | | #Control pests, diseases and weeds in the absence of biocides. |
| | #Better '''control of soil erosion''' realised. | | #Better '''control of soil erosion''' realised. |
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| | === Intercropping === | | === Intercropping === |
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| | *<u>Objectives</u>: Intercropping is a practice of growing two or more crops along the contour simultaneously in the same plot in a fixed pattern in one season. The aim of intercropping is to '''increase crop production and provide protection to the soil against erosive forces'''. Different planting times and different length of growing periods spreads the labour requirement of planting and harvesting, but also allows midseason change of plan according to the rain in the early part of the season. The various leaf arrangements of different plants allow light to be better intercepted over time. The contrasting patterns of root growth, which utilize different soil layers, optimize the use of available soil moisture and nutrients. Mixed stands protect the soil surface more effectively than pure stands. Overall output per unit area can be much greater from intercrops than single crops and chances of total crop losses are lower than in pure stands.<br/> | | *<u>Objectives</u>: Intercropping is a practice of growing two or more crops along the contour simultaneously in the same plot in a fixed pattern in one season. The aim of intercropping is to '''increase crop production and provide protection to the soil against erosive forces'''. Different planting times and different length of growing periods spreads the labour requirement of planting and harvesting, but also allows midseason change of plan according to the rain in the early part of the season. The various leaf arrangements of different plants allow light to be better intercepted over time. The contrasting patterns of root growth, which utilize different soil layers, optimize the use of available soil moisture and nutrients. Mixed stands protect the soil surface more effectively than pure stands. Overall output per unit area can be much greater from intercrops than single crops and chances of total crop losses are lower than in pure stands.<br/> |
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| | === Crop Rotation<br/> === | | === Crop Rotation<br/> === |
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| | === Strip Cropping<br/> === | | === Strip Cropping<br/> === |
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| | | style="width: 524px" | <u>Objectives</u>: Strip cropping is a cropping practice where strips of two or more crops are alternately established on the contour or, it is a system of establishing more than one crop in alternate strips following a contour pattern for the purpose of '''erosion control, crop diversification, and decrease the risks associated to the use of single crops only'''. This cropping system is designed as a defence mechanism against soil erosion in areas where the cropping system is dominated by row/sparsely growing crops that exposes the ground to erosive forces. For instance, crops like sorghum and maize are susceptible to erosion and need to be grown alternately with soil conserving crops. | | | style="width: 524px" | <u>Objectives</u>: Strip cropping is a cropping practice where strips of two or more crops are alternately established on the contour or, it is a system of establishing more than one crop in alternate strips following a contour pattern for the purpose of '''erosion control, crop diversification, and decrease the risks associated to the use of single crops only'''. This cropping system is designed as a defence mechanism against soil erosion in areas where the cropping system is dominated by row/sparsely growing crops that exposes the ground to erosive forces. For instance, crops like sorghum and maize are susceptible to erosion and need to be grown alternately with soil conserving crops. |
| − | | style="width: 224px" | [[File:Stripcropping.png|thumb|left|115px|Stripcropping|alt=Stripcropping.png]] | + | | style="width: 224px" | [[File:Stripcropping.png|thumb|left|115px|Stripcropping.png]] |
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| | = Further Information = | | = Further Information = |
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| | *[[Portal:Hydro|Hydro Portal on energypedia]] | | *[[Portal:Hydro|Hydro Portal on energypedia]] |
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| | = References = | | = References = |
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| − | *<span class="reference-text">DESTA, L. ET AL. (2005): Part 1: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: A Guideline. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.</span> | + | *<span class="reference-text">DESTA, L. et al. (2005): Part 1: Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: A Guideline. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.</span><br/> |
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| | <references /> | | <references /> |
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| | [[Category:Hydro]] | | [[Category:Hydro]] |
| | + | [[Category:Impacts_Environmental]] |
| | + | [[Category:Micro-Hydro/Pico-Hydro]] |
