Revision as of 15:44, 11 February 2020

Namibia
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Capital			Windhoek
Region			Sub-Saharan Africa
Coordinates			22.5700° S, 17.0861° E
Total Area (km²) It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.			824,290
Population It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.			3,030,131 (2024)
Rural Population (% of total population) It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.			44 (2024)
GDP (current US$) It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.			13,372,354,268.54 (2024)
GDP Per Capita (current US$) It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population			4,413.13 (2024)
Access to Electricity (% of population) It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.			56.70 (2024)
Energy Imports Net (% of energy use) It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.			60.50 (2022)
Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total) It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.			53.49 (2022)
Source: World Bank

Additional information on Namibia on energypedia.

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Solar

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Wind Energy

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Bioenergy

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Hydro

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

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Grid/Mini-grid

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Improved Cooking

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

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Productive Use

Assessing the Economic Viability of Business Ideas for Productive Use

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Energy Access

Solar Revolving Fund: A Financing Strategy for Solar Energy Technologies in Namibia

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Climate Change

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

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Powering Agriculture

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

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Financing & Funding

Others

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

Introduction

Namibia lies in the southern part of the African continent. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola to the north, Zambia to the north-east, Botswana to the east, and South-Africa to both south-east & south.

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Namibia's Energy Profile Map (Lund & Mabirizi, 2017)

Energy Situation

Overview of the Country's Energy Sources

Namibia's top energy sources are petroleum, hydropower, imported electricity, and imported coal^[1]. The country's own internal resources supply less than one-third of its needed energy requirements^[2].

Namibia has high potential for solar, wind and biomass generation^[1]. Invade bush is widely spread in the country's northern parts, which allows a large scale bioenergy-based production capacity^[3]^[1].

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Invader bush protected area in Namibia

The country is also on the top 10 listed countries, which are in possession of uranium resources worldwide, and it solely supplies about 8.2% of the global uranium production^[3].

Energy Access

There are around 1 million Namibians lack access to electricity, which means that almost half of the country is without access at all (~53% has access & ~47% has no access)^[4]^[5].

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Namibia's total electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SD7, 2019)

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Namibia's urban electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

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Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

According to the REN21-SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (2018), the challenge in Namibia is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.^[6]

So far the country has developed several pilot mini-grids, including three off-grid systems: Gobabeb, Tsumkwe Mini Grid and Gam Solar PV Mini Grid. In rural and remote areas where neither the main grid nor mini- grids are available, consumers depend on stand-alone electricity sources, mainly diesel generators. The use of solar technologies has been increasing, and hybrid solar/diesel systems have proved to be technically sound off-grid solutions.^[7]

Production

Table: Namibia's Total Energy Production from Different Sources 2000-2018^[8]
Source	Unit	2000	2005	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Charcoal	Kt	72	102	135	145	161	161	161	163
Hydroelectricity	GWh	1380	1658	1227	1485	1502	1396	1416	1436
Electricity	GWh	1414	1709	1300	1517	1555	1505	1530	1557

Installed Capacity

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Namibia's total energy supply from different sources (IEA, 2019)

Consumption

Namibia's average consumption rate surpasses 3000 GWh/year, while its generation capacity is around 1305 GWh/year^[1]. Therefore, there is a supply gap, which is covered by importing power from South-Africa, Zambia, and Mozambique^[1].

Table: Namibia's Final Energy Consumption of Different Sources 2000-2018^[8]
Source	Unit	2000	2005	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Coal	Kt	0	0	26	161	179	181	184	186
Oil	Kt	400	460	815	913	1195	1770	1868	1994
Natural Gas	TJ	0	722	2925	3866	6390	6099	6233	6383
Electricity	GWh	2078	9079	10536	11724	11358	11384	12244	13203

Most of the final consumed energy goes to the country's transport sector^[1].

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Namibia's total final energy consumption of different resources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Import and Export

Table: Namibia's Oil Products' Imports 2000-2018^[8]
Year	2000	2005	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Imported Oil Capacity (Kt)	534	501	1337	1024	1171	1941	2098	2283

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Namibia's net energy imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

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Namibia's coal imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Electricity

Namibia's generated electricity comes mainly from:

the 240 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Kunene river in Ruacana,
the 120 MW van Eck coal-powered plant north of Windhoek,
the Paratus 24 MW heavy fuel-oil powered plant in Walvis Bay,
the 5.78 MW solar plant in Trekkopje in the Erongo region. ^[2].

The Ruacana hydrowpower plant is a run‐of‐river station. The amount of power generated depends on the water flows from Angola. In case of insufficient flows, power generation is low.

The installed electrical generation capacity is insufficient to meet the demand for electricity. Therefore, Namibia is importing large amounts of electricity from neighboring countries mainly South-Africa. The crossborder transmission lines have a capacity of 600 MW. Another transmission line is presently built, extending the transmission system to Zambia and Zimbabwe and will have another additional capacity of 600 MW.

Table: Namibia's Electricity's General Indicators 2015-2016^[4]
	Production	Consumption	Exports	Imports	Installed Generation
Capacity	1.403 billion kWh	3.891 billion kWh	88 million kWh	3.073 billion kWh	535,500 kW
World Ranking	145	128	83	50	146

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Namibia's generated electricity from different fuels 1990-2016

28% of Namibia's generated electricity come from fossil fuels, while 64% are from hydropower, and about 8% come from renewables^[4].

Energy Security

Renewable Energy

Non-electricity off-grid renewable energy projects include the small/ micro wind energy installations used for water pumping, which are very common in Namibia, especially on farms. This technology has been used successfully for decades, with about 30,000 wind- driven water pumps installed in the country as of 2005; however, the current trend is to replace these with solar energy sources.^[9]

General Indicators

Table: Namibia's Total Renewable Energy Capacity (MW) 2009-2018^[10]
Year	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Capacity	244	245	248	342	345	347	357	384	394	431

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Namibia's renewable energy share of the total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

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Namibia's renewable energy consumption rates by source during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

Solar

The solar conditions in the Namibian region are to be considered of the best worldwide for solar generation^[1]^[2]. The country's average high direct solar insolation is 2200 kWh/m²/year, with a cover of minimum clouds^[1]^[2]. The southern region of Namibia experiences -on average- 11 hours of sunshine/day, and an average direct solar radiation of 3000 kWh/m2/year^[1]. With these conditions, Namibia has a huge potential for installing solar water heaters, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants^[1].

Namibia's most common PV technology application is solar PV-based pumping, which is mainly used in cattle farms^[1]. Secondary solar applications in the country would be rural electrification, powering radios, lighting, TVs, and fans^[3].

Namibia's Installed Solar Capacity (MW) 2009-2018^[10]
Year	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Capacity	4	4	7	11	15	16	27	36	46	79

The Solar Revolving Fund under the Ministry of Mines and Energy continues to subsidise stand-alone solar systems for individual household use: between 2015 and 2017, it financed some 1,600 solar systems (water heaters, pumps and solar home systems).

Hydropower

Hydropower is the country's major source for electricity generation, particularly, the Ruacana hydroelectric power station (330 MW)^[3].

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Namibia's Ruacana Power Station

Table: Namibia's Total Hydropower Capacity (MW) 2009-2018^[10]
Year	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Capacity	240	240	240	330	330	330	330	347	347	347

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Namibia's hydroelectric power generation 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Bioenergy

EEP Africa supported a very successful biomass energy project that is harvesting invader bush – which covers substantial areas of northern Namibia – for use in a steam boiler. The project, Combating Bush Encroachment for Namibia’s Development, has installed a 250 kW bush-to electricity gasification pilot power plant on a commercial farm in the heavily bush-infested Otavi area. The plant, which was not yet operational as of mid-2018, is considered as a proof-of-concept project to determine the financial feasibility of this approach, assess the robustness of the technology and establish Namibia’s first IPP.

Fossil Fuels

Oil

Liquid fuels in general, and oil in particular are widely used in Namibia's both household and industrial sectors^[11]. Diesel and petroleum are the most used liquid fuels in the country, especially in the transport sector (~63% of Namibia's total consumed energy)^[11].

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Namibia's final consumption of oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Coal

Namibia uses coal solely for generating electricity, thus through the country's only coal-powered station (Van Eck Power Station)^[11]. All the coal used in Namibia is imported, and it mostly comes from South-Africa^[11].

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

For Namibia to develop its energy sector and achieve energy security for the decades to come, some challenges need to be mitigated and handled properly at the first place, from which some are listed below^[12]^[2]:

The needed technology and engineering skills in the country are limited and underdeveloped.
The foreign investment in the country's energy sector is very limited.
The country lacks both incentives and national targets for developing and improving its energy sector.
No national investments have been carried out during the past 3-4 decades, neither for developing the energy sector, nor for improving and increasing the country's electricity generation capacity.
The local electricity tariffs, when compared to other nations in the region, are considered to be on the low level.
The high cost of energy supply.
The continuous droughts, which decrease the water dispatch in the Ruacana Station (Namibia's main energy supplier), consequently, the energy sector is more often incapable of meeting electric demand.

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

1998	White paper on Energy Policy
2006	IPP Market Framework
2007	Act 2007.pdf Electricity Act, 2007
2007 (to be updated)	Off-Grid Energization Master PlanOGEMP
2010	Rural Electrification Master Plan (2010)
2011	Policy on Climate Change for Namibia 2011(1).pdf National Policy on Climate Change
2015	National Connection Charge Policy
2015	First/INDC of Namibia Final pdf.pdf Namibia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC (INDC)
2016	SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF E SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF lectricity Sector National Integrated Resource Plan (NIRP) 201 SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF 6
2017	Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Energy Policy - July 2017
2017	Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017
2017	Namibia Energy Regulatory Authority Bill

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector

Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

Further Information

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Lund, H.G. & Mabirizi, F. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. Retrieved from: https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Africa_Energy_Atlas.pdf
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html
↑ Tracking SDG7. (2019). Namibia. Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/country/namibia
↑ Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf
↑ European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf
↑ Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229
↑ DNV-GL. (2018). Technical Market Review – Country Profile: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.ctc-n.org/system/files/dossier/3b/country_profile_-_namibia.pdf

[Munyayi.2C_R._Chiguvare.2C_Z._.26_Ileka.2C_H._.282015.29._Fact_Sheet_on:_Renewable_Energy_.E2.80.93_Shifting_Energy_Systems_in_Namibia_towards_a_More_Sustainable_Path._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.thinknamibia.org.na.2Ffiles.2Flearn-and-engage.2FjtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf-0] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf

[Von_Oertzen.2C_D._.282010.29._Namibian_National_Issues_Report_on_the_Key_Sector_of_Energy_with_a_Focus_on_Mitigation._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.undpcc.org.2Fdocs.2FNational.2520issues.2520papers.2FEnergy.2520.28mitigation.29.2F15_Namibia.2520NIP_energy.2520mitigation.pdf-1] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf

[Lund.2C_H.G._.26_Mabirizi.2C_F._.282017.29._Atlas_of_Africa_Energy_Resources._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.icafrica.org.2Ffileadmin.2Fdocuments.2FPublications.2FAfrica_Energy_Atlas.pdf-2] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Lund, H.G. & Mabirizi, F. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. Retrieved from: https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Africa_Energy_Atlas.pdf

[Central_Intelligence_Agency_.28CIA.29._.282019.29._The_World_Fact-book:_Africa:_Namibia._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.cia.gov.2Flibrary.2FPublications.2Fthe-world-factbook.2Fgeos.2Fwa.html-3] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html

[Tracking_SDG7._.282019.29._Namibia._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org.2Fcountry.2Fnamibia-4] Tracking SDG7. (2019). Namibia. Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/country/namibia

[Ministry_of_Mines_and_Energy_of_the_Government_of_Namibia.2C_Implementation_of_the_Off-Grid_Energisation_Master_Plan_.28OGEMP.29_http:.2F.2Fwww.mme.gov.na.2Ffiles.2Fpublications.2F541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf-5] Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf

[European_Union_Energy_Initiative_Partnership_Dialogue_Facility_.28EUEI_PDF.29_and_Regional_Electricity_Regulators_Association_of_Southern_Africa_.28RERA.29.2C_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Employing_Renewable_Energy_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region._Namibia_Case_Study:_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Action_Plan_.28Eschborn.2C_Germany:_December_2013.29.2C_http:.2F.2Fwww.euei-pdf.org.2Fsites.2Fdefault.2Ffiles.2Ffield_publication_file.2FSADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip_.-6] European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip .

[African_Energy_Commission_.28AFREC.29._.282019.29._Africa_Energy_Database._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fafrec-energy.org.2FDocs.2FEn.2FPDF.2F2018.2Fstatistics_2018_afrec.pdf-7] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf

[Danish_Ener_gy_Management_.26_Esbensen.2C_Renewable_Energy_Market_Landscape_Study_Covering_15_Countries_in_Southern_and_East_Africa._Volume_II._Country_Profiles.2C_Stakeholder_Maps_.28August_2017.29.2C_p_32_.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fwww.entwicklung.at.2Ffileadmin.2Fuser_upload.2FDokumente.2F_https:.2F.2Fwww.entwicklung.at.2Ffileadmin.2Fuser_upload.2FDokumente.2F.5D_Regionen.2FVolume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country_-_Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf-8] Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf

[Whiteman.2C_A._Esparrago.2C_J._Rueda.2C_S._Elsayed.2C_S._.26_Arkhipove.2C_I._.282019.29._Renewable_Energy_Statistics_2019._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.irena.org.2F-.2Fmedia.2FFiles.2FIRENA.2FAgency.2FPublication.2F2019.2FMar.2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf-9] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf

[Republic_of_Namibia_.28RoN.29._.282013.29._Energy_Demand_and_Forecasting_in_Namibia_.E2.80.93_Energy_for_Economic_Development._Retrieved_from:_http:.2F.2Fwww.npc.gov.na.2F.3Fwpfb_dl.3D229-10] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229

[DNV-GL._.282018.29._Technical_Market_Review_.E2.80.93_Country_Profile:_Namibia._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.ctc-n.org.2Fsystem.2Ffiles.2Fdossier.2F3b.2Fcountry_profile_-_namibia.pdf-11] DNV-GL. (2018). Technical Market Review – Country Profile: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.ctc-n.org/system/files/dossier/3b/country_profile_-_namibia.pdf

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@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 The country is also on the top 10 listed countries, which are in possession of uranium resources worldwide, and it solely supplies about 8.2% of the global uranium production<ref name="Lund, H.G. & Mabirizi, F. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. Retrieved from: https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Africa_Energy_Atlas.pdf">Lund, H.G. & Mabirizi, F. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. Retrieved from: https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Africa_Energy_Atlas.pdf</ref>.
-<br/>
-<span style="color:#FF0000">(Move to chapter power/electricity production):</span> Namibia's generated electricity&nbsp;comes mainly from:<br/>
-*the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">240 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Kunene river in Ruacana, </span><br/>
-*<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">the 120 MW van Eck coal-powered plant north of Windhoek, </span><br/>
-*<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">the Paratus 24 MW heavy fuel-oil powered plant in Walvis Bay,</span><br/>
-*the 5.78 MW solar plant in Trekkopje in the Erongo region.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><ref name="Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf">Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf</ref>.</span><br/>
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">The Ruacana hydrowpower plant is a run‐of‐river station. The amount of power generated depends on the water flows from Angola. In case of insufficient flows, power generation is low.</span>
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">The installed electrical generation capacity is insufficient to meet the demand for electricity. Therefore, Namibia is importing large amounts of electricity from neighboring countries mainly South-Africa. The crossborder transmission lines have a capacity of 600 MW. Another transmission line is presently built, extending the transmission system to Zambia and Zimbabwe and will have another additional capacity of 600 MW.</span>
-<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 233: / Line 218: @@
 == Electricity ==
+Namibia's generated electricity&nbsp;comes mainly from:<br/>
+*the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">240 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Kunene river in Ruacana, </span><br/>
+*<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">the 120 MW van Eck coal-powered plant north of Windhoek, </span><br/>
+*<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">the Paratus 24 MW heavy fuel-oil powered plant in Walvis Bay,</span><br/>
+*the 5.78 MW solar plant in Trekkopje in the Erongo region.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><ref name="Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf">Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf</ref>.</span><br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">The Ruacana hydrowpower plant is a run‐of‐river station. The amount of power generated depends on the water flows from Angola. In case of insufficient flows, power generation is low.</span>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">The installed electrical generation capacity is insufficient to meet the demand for electricity. Therefore, Namibia is importing large amounts of electricity from neighboring countries mainly South-Africa. The crossborder transmission lines have a capacity of 600 MW. Another transmission line is presently built, extending the transmission system to Zambia and Zimbabwe and will have another additional capacity of 600 MW.</span>
+<br/>
 {| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1"
@@ Line 437: / Line 435: @@
 = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations =
-{| width="643" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1"
+<br/>
+{| width="933" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
+|- valign="top"
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+[http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/policy/ White paper on Energy Policy]
+|- valign="top"
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+[https://www.ecb.org.na/images/docs/Investor_Portal/IPP_Market_Framework.pdf IPP Market Framework]
 |- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="312" |
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="313" |
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-*<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/bd6_Electricity Act 2007.pdf Electricity Act, 2007]</u></span></font>
+<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/bd6_Electricity Act 2007.pdf Electricity Act, 2007]</u></span></font>
 |- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="312" |
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+(to be updated)
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+[http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf Off-Grid Energization Master Plan]OGEMP
+|- valign="top"
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="313" |
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-*Rural Electrification Master Plan (2010): <font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/electricity/ http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/electricity/]</u></span></font>
+[http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/electricity/ Rural Electrification Master Plan] (2010)
 |- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="312" |
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+[http://www.met.gov.na/files/files/National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia 2011(1).pdf National Policy on Climate Change]
+|- valign="top"
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+[https://www.ecb.org.na/images/docs/Economic_Regulation/NationalConnectionChargePolicy.pdf National Connection Charge Policy]
+|- valign="top"
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+&nbsp;[https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Namibia First/INDC of Namibia Final pdf.pdf Namibia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC] (INDC)
+|- valign="top"
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="313" |
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-*<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 201][http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF 6]</u></span></font>
+<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF E][http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF lectricity Sector National Integrated Resource Plan (NIRP) 201][http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF 6]</u></span></font>
-*Net metering rules&nbsp;
 |- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="312" |
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="313" |
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-*<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/National Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Energy Policy - July 2017]</u></span></font>
+<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/National Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Energy Policy - July 2017]</u></span></font>
-*<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017]</u></span></font>
+|- valign="top"
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017]</u></span></font>
+|- valign="top"
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+[https://www.ecb.org.na/images/docs/legislation/Final_NERA_Bill_Dec_2017.pdf Namibia Energy Regulatory Authority Bill]
 |}
@@ Line 473: / Line 527: @@
 = Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector =
 = <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span><br/> =

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Namibia Energy Situation

Revision as of 15:44, 11 February 2020

Contents

Introduction

Energy Situation

Overview of the Country's Energy Sources

Energy Access

Production

Installed Capacity

Consumption

Import and Export

Electricity

Energy Security

Renewable Energy

General Indicators

Solar

Hydropower

Bioenergy

Fossil Fuels

Oil

Coal

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector

Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

Further Information

References