Revision as of 16:03, 11 February 2020

Namibia
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Capital			Windhoek
Region			Sub-Saharan Africa
Coordinates			22.5700° S, 17.0861° E
Total Area (km²) It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.			824,290
Population It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.			3,030,131 (2024)
Rural Population (% of total population) It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.			44 (2024)
GDP (current US$) It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.			13,372,354,268.54 (2024)
GDP Per Capita (current US$) It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population			4,413.13 (2024)
Access to Electricity (% of population) It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.			56.70 (2024)
Energy Imports Net (% of energy use) It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.			60.50 (2022)
Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total) It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.			53.49 (2022)
Source: World Bank

Additional information on Namibia on energypedia.

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Solar

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Wind Energy

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Bioenergy

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Hydro

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

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Grid/Mini-grid

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Improved Cooking

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

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Productive Use

Assessing the Economic Viability of Business Ideas for Productive Use

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Energy Access

Solar Revolving Fund: A Financing Strategy for Solar Energy Technologies in Namibia

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Climate Change

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

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Powering Agriculture

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

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Financing & Funding

Others

Currently there are no articles under this heading.

Introduction

Namibia lies in the southern part of the African continent. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola to the north, Zambia to the north-east, Botswana to the east, and South-Africa to both south-east & south.

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Namibia's Energy Profile Map (Lund & Mabirizi, 2017)

Energy Situation

Overview of the Country's Energy Sources

Namibia's top energy sources are petroleum, hydropower, imported electricity, and imported coal^[1]. The country's own internal resources supply less than one-third of its needed energy requirements^[2].

Namibia has high potential for solar, wind and biomass generation^[1]. Invade bush is widely spread in the country's northern parts, which allows a large scale bioenergy-based production capacity^[3]^[1].

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Invader bush protected area in Namibia

The country is also on the top 10 listed countries, which are in possession of uranium resources worldwide, and it solely supplies about 8.2% of the global uranium production^[3].

Energy Access

There are around 1 million Namibians lack access to electricity, which means that almost half of the country is without access at all (~53% has access & ~47% has no access)^[4]^[5].

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Namibia's total electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SD7, 2019)

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Namibia's urban electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

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Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

According to the REN21-SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (2018), the challenge in Namibia is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.^[6]

So far the country has developed several pilot mini-grids, including three off-grid systems: Gobabeb, Tsumkwe Mini Grid and Gam Solar PV Mini Grid. In rural and remote areas where neither the main grid nor mini- grids are available, consumers depend on stand-alone electricity sources, mainly diesel generators. The use of solar technologies has been increasing, and hybrid solar/diesel systems have proved to be technically sound off-grid solutions.^[7]

Production

Table: Namibia's Total Energy Production from Different Sources 2000-2018^[8]
Source	Unit	2000	2005	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Charcoal	Kt	72	102	135	145	161	161	161	163
Hydroelectricity	GWh	1380	1658	1227	1485	1502	1396	1416	1436
Electricity	GWh	1414	1709	1300	1517	1555	1505	1530	1557

Installed Capacity

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Namibia's total energy supply from different sources (IEA, 2019)

Consumption

Namibia's average consumption rate surpasses 3000 GWh/year, while its generation capacity is around 1305 GWh/year^[1]. Therefore, there is a supply gap, which is covered by importing power from South-Africa, Zambia, and Mozambique^[1].

Table: Namibia's Final Energy Consumption of Different Sources 2000-2018^[8]
Source	Unit	2000	2005	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Coal	Kt	0	0	26	161	179	181	184	186
Oil	Kt	400	460	815	913	1195	1770	1868	1994
Natural Gas	TJ	0	722	2925	3866	6390	6099	6233	6383
Electricity	GWh	2078	9079	10536	11724	11358	11384	12244	13203

Most of the final consumed energy goes to the country's transport sector^[1].

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Namibia's total final energy consumption of different resources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Import and Export

Table: Namibia's Oil Products' Imports 2000-2018^[8]
Year	2000	2005	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Imported Oil Capacity (Kt)	534	501	1337	1024	1171	1941	2098	2283

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Namibia's net energy imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

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Namibia's coal imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Electricity

Namibia's generated electricity comes mainly from:

the 240 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Kunene river in Ruacana,
the 120 MW van Eck coal-powered plant north of Windhoek,
the Paratus 24 MW heavy fuel-oil powered plant in Walvis Bay,
the 5.78 MW solar plant in Trekkopje in the Erongo region. ^[2].

The Ruacana hydrowpower plant is a run‐of‐river station. The amount of power generated depends on the water flows from Angola. In case of insufficient flows, power generation is low.

The installed electrical generation capacity is insufficient to meet the demand for electricity. Therefore, Namibia is importing large amounts of electricity from neighboring countries mainly South-Africa. The crossborder transmission lines have a capacity of 600 MW. Another transmission line is presently built, extending the transmission system to Zambia and Zimbabwe and will have another additional capacity of 600 MW.

Table: Namibia's Electricity's General Indicators 2015-2016^[4]
	Production	Consumption	Exports	Imports	Installed Generation
Capacity	1.403 billion kWh	3.891 billion kWh	88 million kWh	3.073 billion kWh	535,500 kW
World Ranking	145	128	83	50	146

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Namibia's generated electricity from different fuels 1990-2016

28% of Namibia's generated electricity come from fossil fuels, while 64% are from hydropower, and about 8% come from renewables^[4].

Energy Security

Renewable Energy

Non-electricity off-grid renewable energy projects include the small/ micro wind energy installations used for water pumping, which are very common in Namibia, especially on farms. This technology has been used successfully for decades, with about 30,000 wind- driven water pumps installed in the country as of 2005; however, the current trend is to replace these with solar energy sources.^[9]

General Indicators

Table: Namibia's Total Renewable Energy Capacity (MW) 2009-2018^[10]
Year	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Capacity	244	245	248	342	345	347	357	384	394	431

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Namibia's renewable energy share of the total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

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Namibia's renewable energy consumption rates by source during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

Solar

The solar conditions in the Namibian region are to be considered of the best worldwide for solar generation^[1]^[2]. The country's average high direct solar insolation is 2200 kWh/m²/year, with a cover of minimum clouds^[1]^[2]. The southern region of Namibia experiences -on average- 11 hours of sunshine/day, and an average direct solar radiation of 3000 kWh/m2/year^[1]. With these conditions, Namibia has a huge potential for installing solar water heaters, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants^[1].

Namibia's most common PV technology application is solar PV-based pumping, which is mainly used in cattle farms^[1]. Secondary solar applications in the country would be rural electrification, powering radios, lighting, TVs, and fans^[3].

Namibia's Installed Solar Capacity (MW) 2009-2018^[10]
Year	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Capacity	4	4	7	11	15	16	27	36	46	79

The Solar Revolving Fund under the Ministry of Mines and Energy continues to subsidise stand-alone solar systems for individual household use: between 2015 and 2017, it financed some 1,600 solar systems (water heaters, pumps and solar home systems).

Hydropower

Hydropower is the country's major source for electricity generation, particularly, the Ruacana hydroelectric power station (330 MW)^[3].

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Namibia's Ruacana Power Station

Table: Namibia's Total Hydropower Capacity (MW) 2009-2018^[10]
Year	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Capacity	240	240	240	330	330	330	330	347	347	347

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Namibia's hydroelectric power generation 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Bioenergy

EEP Africa supported a very successful biomass energy project that is harvesting invader bush – which covers substantial areas of northern Namibia – for use in a steam boiler. The project, Combating Bush Encroachment for Namibia’s Development, has installed a 250 kW bush-to electricity gasification pilot power plant on a commercial farm in the heavily bush-infested Otavi area. The plant, which was not yet operational as of mid-2018, is considered as a proof-of-concept project to determine the financial feasibility of this approach, assess the robustness of the technology and establish Namibia’s first IPP.

Fossil Fuels

Oil

Liquid fuels in general, and oil in particular are widely used in Namibia's both household and industrial sectors^[11]. Diesel and petroleum are the most used liquid fuels in the country, especially in the transport sector (~63% of Namibia's total consumed energy)^[11].

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Namibia's final consumption of oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Coal

Namibia uses coal solely for generating electricity, thus through the country's only coal-powered station (Van Eck Power Station)^[11]. All the coal used in Namibia is imported, and it mostly comes from South-Africa^[11].

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

For Namibia to develop its energy sector and achieve energy security for the decades to come, some challenges need to be mitigated and handled properly at the first place, from which some are listed below^[12]^[2]:

The needed technology and engineering skills in the country are limited and underdeveloped.
The foreign investment in the country's energy sector is very limited.
The country lacks both incentives and national targets for developing and improving its energy sector.
No national investments have been carried out during the past 3-4 decades, neither for developing the energy sector, nor for improving and increasing the country's electricity generation capacity.
The local electricity tariffs, when compared to other nations in the region, are considered to be on the low level.
The high cost of energy supply.
The continuous droughts, which decrease the water dispatch in the Ruacana Station (Namibia's main energy supplier), consequently, the energy sector is more often incapable of meeting electric demand.

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations^[13] ^[14]

YEAR	POLICY
1998	White paper on Energy Policy
2006	IPP Market Framework
2007	Electricity Act, 2007
2007 (to be updated)	Off-Grid Energization Master Plan OGEMP
2010	Rural Electrification Master Plan (2010)
2011	National Policy on Climate Change
2015	National Connection Charge Policy
2015	Namibia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC (INDC)
2017	Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Energy Policy - July 2017
2016	Electricity SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF
2017	National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017
2017	Namibia Energy Regulatory Authority Bill

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector^[13] ^[14]

National Government

The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME):regulates the energy and mining resources, also responsible for rural electrification.
The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET):has the mandate to advance climate change activities in Namibia
The Ministry of Finance(MoF): provides funding for, e.g., the Environmental Investment Fund (EIF), which supports NGOs, SMEs and local governments.
The Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI):has a depratment to enhance Foreign Direct Investments.

Regulatory Authority and Government Agencies

The Electricity Control Board(ECB)wasestablishedin2000. Its role is to regulateelectricity generation, transmission, distribution, supply, import and export in Namibia through setting tariffs and issuing licenses.
The National Technical Committee on Renewable Energy (NTCRE)of the Natiional Standards Institute (NSI): develops norms, standards and codes of practice for the performance, manufacture, installation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies. In 2006 it issued a Code of Practice and Register of Products and a list of approved technologies and suppliers.
- List of energy related Standards (Nov 2019)

Namibia Investment Centre (NIC):with the major responsibility of promoting FDI (Foreign Direct Investment).
The National Planning Commission is responsible for planning national priorities and ensuring that climate change considerations are properly reflected in sector plans and budgetary allocations.

Power Producers

On grid (Government)	On-grid (IPP)	Off-grid
NamPower is a state-owned enterprise that reports to the MME. It owns and operates most of the country’s grid generation and all of the transmission assets as well as some distribution facilities in the rural areas of central and southern Namibia. As system operator and trader, NamPower has the important role of balancing supply and demand and is the contracting party for imports. Regional Electricity Distributors(REDs): REDs are state-owned legal entities tasked with the supply and distribution of electricity in a dedicated region. NORED (covering the far northern part of the country) CENORED (covering the central-northern part of the country stretching to the Caprivi Strip comprising the Otjozondjupa and Kunene regions) ERONGORED (covering the central coastal region to the west of the country including Walvis Bay and Swakopmund) Central RED (not yet operationalas of 2017) Southern RED (not yet operational yetas of 2017) City of Windhoek (not a RED per se but retains all the functions of one	At least 14 IPPs have been selected under the REFIT. (only 11 are operational. Mar 2019) Omburu Solar PV Ejuva One and Two: 5MW solar power plants with annual generation capacity of 25.8GWh.^[13] 250 kW bush-to-electricity power plant on a commercial farm in the Otavi area (CBEND)	3 Mini-grids: Gam Solar PV Tsumkwe and Gobabeb (NAMA, 2015, p. 40 gives the key data on the 3 mini-grids)

Banks

Namibia | African Development Bank
- AFDB 2014-2018 - Namibia - Country Strategy Paper

Kongalend (micro-lender, Kongalend works in partnership with technology suppliers and technicians). They lend to individuals and SMEs for renewable energy at an interest rate of up to 15.6% only after verifcation of formal income.
Development Bank of Namibia (provides finance to larger scale IPPs)
Bank Windheok
First National Bank (Individual loans are available through First National Bank (FNB), South African based, for the installation of renewable energy in homes.)
RMB Bank
SME Bank (suspended involvement in EIF due to irregularities of SME Bank, see EEP p.65))
Standard Bank
AgriBank

Private sector

There are about 50 solar technology companies.^[14] „The number of local, established renewable energy companies in Namibia is low. Most companies focus on project development, engineering-procurement-construction (EPC) activities and installation of photovoltaic and solar thermal solutions. The established, local companies, some of which have been active in the field of renewable energies for more than 10 years, generally have sound know-how and technical understanding. As there is no formal training in the field of renewable energies in Namibia, employees are individually trained by the companies. Thus, the quality and the level of education of local companies and specialists can vary considerably.“^[15]

Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

Other Donors

„There is not a great deal of donor related activity being implemented in Namibia, with the exception of the regional programmes being implemented. KfW Bank, AfDB and the Green Climate Fund (GCF) are providing large-scale fi-nancing and the UNDP, World Bank and GIZ are involved in the development of energy resources for Namibia. GIZ is particularly focused on developing biomass using the invader bush that has proved to be a hindrance for Namibian farmers. The EU has supported some projects under its climate change programme and supports the installation of solar water pumps for farmers.“^[13]

Implications for the Theory of Change: „Small-scale IPP projects are bankable despite the lack of government guarantees due to a general market confi-dence in the stability of Nampower and the government. However, currency fluctuations and the devaluation of the Rand appear to affect private sector willingness to take loans geared to foreign currency. The continued expansion of small-scale, renewable projects may not be promoted by ECB in the short term due to difficulties in managing the variable supply from renewable energy IPPs and the current supply infrastructure. Developing bankable off-grid projects is challenging in Namibia due to the absence of an economy of scale. There is potential in peri-urban areas, which would then satisfy the TOC however this would require a change of regulation to allow for the direct distribution to local customers. Rent-to-own business models, such as those of Mobisol and Off:Grid Electric may be more suited to this context, although there may need to be guarantees in place if the grid were to be extended to these areas.“^[13]

Further Information

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Lund, H.G. & Mabirizi, F. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. Retrieved from: https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Africa_Energy_Atlas.pdf
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html
↑ Tracking SDG7. (2019). Namibia. Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/country/namibia
↑ Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf
↑ European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf
↑ Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229
↑ DNV-GL. (2018). Technical Market Review – Country Profile: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.ctc-n.org/system/files/dossier/3b/country_profile_-_namibia.pdf
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf
↑ GIZ, 2020, GBN sector brief Namibia, https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/GBN_Sector%20Brief_Namibia_RenewableEnergy_E_WEB.pdf

[Munyayi.2C_R._Chiguvare.2C_Z._.26_Ileka.2C_H._.282015.29._Fact_Sheet_on:_Renewable_Energy_.E2.80.93_Shifting_Energy_Systems_in_Namibia_towards_a_More_Sustainable_Path._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.thinknamibia.org.na.2Ffiles.2Flearn-and-engage.2FjtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf-0] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf

[Von_Oertzen.2C_D._.282010.29._Namibian_National_Issues_Report_on_the_Key_Sector_of_Energy_with_a_Focus_on_Mitigation._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.undpcc.org.2Fdocs.2FNational.2520issues.2520papers.2FEnergy.2520.28mitigation.29.2F15_Namibia.2520NIP_energy.2520mitigation.pdf-1] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf

[Lund.2C_H.G._.26_Mabirizi.2C_F._.282017.29._Atlas_of_Africa_Energy_Resources._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.icafrica.org.2Ffileadmin.2Fdocuments.2FPublications.2FAfrica_Energy_Atlas.pdf-2] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Lund, H.G. & Mabirizi, F. (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. Retrieved from: https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Africa_Energy_Atlas.pdf

[Central_Intelligence_Agency_.28CIA.29._.282019.29._The_World_Fact-book:_Africa:_Namibia._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.cia.gov.2Flibrary.2FPublications.2Fthe-world-factbook.2Fgeos.2Fwa.html-3] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2019). The World Fact-book: Africa: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html

[Tracking_SDG7._.282019.29._Namibia._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org.2Fcountry.2Fnamibia-4] Tracking SDG7. (2019). Namibia. Retrieved from: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/country/namibia

[Ministry_of_Mines_and_Energy_of_the_Government_of_Namibia.2C_Implementation_of_the_Off-Grid_Energisation_Master_Plan_.28OGEMP.29_http:.2F.2Fwww.mme.gov.na.2Ffiles.2Fpublications.2F541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf-5] Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Government of Namibia, Implementation of the Off-Grid Energisation Master Plan (OGEMP) http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf

[European_Union_Energy_Initiative_Partnership_Dialogue_Facility_.28EUEI_PDF.29_and_Regional_Electricity_Regulators_Association_of_Southern_Africa_.28RERA.29.2C_Supportive_Framework_Conditions_for_Mini-grids_Employing_Renewable_Energy_and_Hybrid_Generation_in_the_SADC_Region._Namibia_Case_Study:_Gap_Analysis_and_National_Action_Plan_.28Eschborn.2C_Germany:_December_2013.29.2C_http:.2F.2Fwww.euei-pdf.org.2Fsites.2Fdefault.2Ffiles.2Ffield_publication_file.2FSADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip_.-6] European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) and Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa (RERA), Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-grids Employing Renewable Energy and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region. Namibia Case Study: Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (Eschborn, Germany: December 2013), http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/SADC_RERA_Case_Studies.zip .

[African_Energy_Commission_.28AFREC.29._.282019.29._Africa_Energy_Database._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fafrec-energy.org.2FDocs.2FEn.2FPDF.2F2018.2Fstatistics_2018_afrec.pdf-7] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2019). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved from: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2018/statistics_2018_afrec.pdf

[Danish_Ener_gy_Management_.26_Esbensen.2C_Renewable_Energy_Market_Landscape_Study_Covering_15_Countries_in_Southern_and_East_Africa._Volume_II._Country_Profiles.2C_Stakeholder_Maps_.28August_2017.29.2C_p_32_.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fwww.entwicklung.at.2Ffileadmin.2Fuser_upload.2FDokumente.2F_https:.2F.2Fwww.entwicklung.at.2Ffileadmin.2Fuser_upload.2FDokumente.2F.5D_Regionen.2FVolume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country_-_Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf-8] Danish Ener gy Management & Esbensen, Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study Covering 15 Countries in Southern and East Africa. Volume II. Country Profiles, Stakeholder Maps (August 2017), p 32 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/ Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_Country - Profiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf

[Whiteman.2C_A._Esparrago.2C_J._Rueda.2C_S._Elsayed.2C_S._.26_Arkhipove.2C_I._.282019.29._Renewable_Energy_Statistics_2019._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.irena.org.2F-.2Fmedia.2FFiles.2FIRENA.2FAgency.2FPublication.2F2019.2FMar.2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf-9] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Whiteman, A. Esparrago, J. Rueda, S. Elsayed, S. & Arkhipove, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2019.pdf

[Republic_of_Namibia_.28RoN.29._.282013.29._Energy_Demand_and_Forecasting_in_Namibia_.E2.80.93_Energy_for_Economic_Development._Retrieved_from:_http:.2F.2Fwww.npc.gov.na.2F.3Fwpfb_dl.3D229-10] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Republic of Namibia (RoN). (2013). Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia – Energy for Economic Development. Retrieved from: http://www.npc.gov.na/?wpfb_dl=229

[DNV-GL._.282018.29._Technical_Market_Review_.E2.80.93_Country_Profile:_Namibia._Retrieved_from:_https:.2F.2Fwww.ctc-n.org.2Fsystem.2Ffiles.2Fdossier.2F3b.2Fcountry_profile_-_namibia.pdf-11] DNV-GL. (2018). Technical Market Review – Country Profile: Namibia. Retrieved from: https://www.ctc-n.org/system/files/dossier/3b/country_profile_-_namibia.pdf

[Renewable_Energy_Market_Landscape_Study_covering_15_countries_in_Southern_and_East_Africa.2C_EEP_S.26EA.2C_August_2017_https:.2F.2Fwww.entwicklung.at.2Ffileadmin.2Fuser_upload.2FDokumente.2FRegionen.2FVolume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf-12] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf

[Nationally_Appropriate_Mitigation_Action:_Rural_Development_In_Namibia.2C_2015.2C_https:.2F.2Fwww.undp.org.2Fcontent.2Fdam.2Fundp.2Flibrary.2FEnvironment.2520and.2520Energy.2FMDG.2520Carbon.2520Facility.2FNAMA.2520Final.2520Namibia.25202.pdf-13] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf

[GIZ.2C_2020.2C_GBN_sector_brief_Namibia.2C_https:.2F.2Fwww.giz.de.2Fen.2Fdownloads.2FGBN_Sector.2520Brief_Namibia_RenewableEnergy_E_WEB.pdf-14] GIZ, 2020, GBN sector brief Namibia, https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/GBN_Sector%20Brief_Namibia_RenewableEnergy_E_WEB.pdf

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |CES Country Region Africa=Sub-Saharan Africa
 |CES Country Coordinates=22.5700° S, 17.0861° E
-}}
+}}<br/>
 = Introduction =
-Namibia lies in the southern part of the African continent. It <span style="font-size: 10pt;  line-height: 107%;  font-family: Arial, sans-serif;  background: white">borders&nbsp;</span>the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola to the north, Zambia to the north-east, Botswana to the east, and South-Africa to both south-east & south.
+Namibia lies in the southern part of the African continent. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola to the north, Zambia to the north-east, Botswana to the east, and South-Africa to both south-east & south.
 <br/>
@@ Line 353: / Line 353: @@
 <br/>
-<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">The Solar Revolving Fund under the Ministry of Mines and Energy continues to subsidise stand-alone solar systems for individual household use: between 2015 and 2017, it financed some 1,600 solar systems (water heaters, pumps and solar home systems).</span><br/>
+The Solar Revolving Fund under the Ministry of Mines and Energy continues to subsidise stand-alone solar systems for individual household use: between 2015 and 2017, it financed some 1,600 solar systems (water heaters, pumps and solar home systems).<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 433: / Line 433: @@
 <br/>
-= Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations =
+= Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3"><ref name="Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf </ref> <ref name="Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf">Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf </ref></font></font> =
 <br/>
-{| width="933" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
+{| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1"
-|- valign="top"
+|-
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| '''YEAR'''<br/>
+| '''POLICY'''<br/>
+|-
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+| 1998
-[http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/policy/ White paper on Energy Policy]
+| [http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/policy/ White paper on Energy Policy]
+|-
-|- valign="top"
+| 2006
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| [https://www.ecb.org.na/images/docs/Investor_Portal/IPP_Market_Framework.pdf IPP Market Framework]
+|-
+| 2007
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+| <font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/bd6_Electricity Electricity Act, 2007]</u></span></font>
-[https://www.ecb.org.na/images/docs/Investor_Portal/IPP_Market_Framework.pdf IPP Market Framework]
+|-
+| 2007 (to be updated)
-|- valign="top"
+| [http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf Off-Grid Energization Master Plan] OGEMP
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+|-
+|
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/bd6_Electricity Act 2007.pdf Electricity Act, 2007]</u></span></font>
-|- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-(to be updated)
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-[http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/541_off-grid-masterplan.pdf Off-Grid Energization Master Plan]OGEMP
-|- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+| [http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/electricity/ Rural Electrification Master Plan] (2010)
-[http://www.mme.gov.na/energy/electricity/ Rural Electrification Master Plan] (2010)
+|-
+| 2011<br/>
+| [http://www.met.gov.na/files/files/National National Policy on Climate Change]<br/>
+|-
+| 2015<br/>
+| [https://www.ecb.org.na/images/docs/Economic_Regulation/NationalConnectionChargePolicy.pdf National Connection Charge Policy]<br/>
+|-
+|
+<br/>
-|- valign="top"
+| [https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Namibia Namibia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC] (INDC)<br/>
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+|-
+| 2017
+|
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-[http://www.met.gov.na/files/files/National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia 2011(1).pdf National Policy on Climate Change]
-|- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-[https://www.ecb.org.na/images/docs/Economic_Regulation/NationalConnectionChargePolicy.pdf National Connection Charge Policy]
-|- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-&nbsp;[https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Namibia First/INDC of Namibia Final pdf.pdf Namibia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC] (INDC)
-|- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF E][http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF lectricity Sector National Integrated Resource Plan (NIRP) 201][http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF 6]</u></span></font>
-|- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
 <font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/National Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Energy Policy - July 2017]</u></span></font>
-|- valign="top"
+|-
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| 2016<br/>
+| <font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/ELECTRICITY Electricity SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF]</u></span></font><br/>
+|-
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
+| 2017<br/>
-<font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017]</u></span></font>
+| <font color="#000080"><span lang="zxx"><u>[http://nei.nust.na/sites/default/files/downloads/National National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017]</u></span></font><br/>
+|-
-|- valign="top"
+| 2017<br/>
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="310" |
+| [https://www.ecb.org.na/images/docs/legislation/Final_NERA_Bill_Dec_2017.pdf Namibia Energy Regulatory Authority Bill]<br/>
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="607" |
-[https://www.ecb.org.na/images/docs/legislation/Final_NERA_Bill_Dec_2017.pdf Namibia Energy Regulatory Authority Bill]
 |}
+<br/>
+= Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3"><ref name="Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf </ref> <ref name="Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf">Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf </ref></font></font> =
-= Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3"><ref name="Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf ">Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf </ref> <ref name="Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf ">Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf </ref></font></font> =
 == National Government ==
-*
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.mme.gov.na/ Ministry of Mines and Energy] (MME):</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">regulates the energy and mining resources, also responsible for rural electrification.</font></font>
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.mme.gov.na/ Ministry of Mines and Energy] (MME):</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">regulates the energy and mining resources, also responsible for rural electrification.</font></font>
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.met.gov.na/ Ministry of Environment and Tourism] (MET):</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">has the mandate to advance climate change activities in Namibia</font></font>
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.mof.gov.na/ Ministry of Finance](MoF): provides funding for, e.g., the Environmental Investment Fund (EIF), which supports NGOs, SMEs and local governments.</font></font>
-*
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.mti.gov.na/ Ministry of Trade and Industry] (MTI):</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">has a depratment to enhance Foreign Direct Investments.</font></font>
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.met.gov.na/ Ministry of Environment and Tourism] (MET):</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">has the mandate to advance climate change activities in Namibia</font></font>
-*
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.mof.gov.na/ Ministry of Finance](MoF): provides funding for, e.g., the Environmental Investment Fund (EIF), which supports NGOs, SMEs and local governments.</font></font>
-*
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.mti.gov.na/ Ministry of Trade and Industry] (MTI):</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">has a depratment to enhance Foreign Direct Investments.</font></font>
 == Regulatory Authority and Government Agencies ==
-*
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.ecb.org.na/ Electricity Control Board](ECB)</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">was</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">established</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">in</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">2000. Its role is to regulat</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">e</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">electricity generation, transmission, distribution, supply, import and export in Namibia through setting tariffs and issuing licenses.</font></font>
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [http://www.ecb.org.na/ Electricity Control Board](ECB)</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">was</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">established</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">in</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">2000. Its role is to regulat</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">e</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">electricity generation, transmission, distribution, supply, import and export in Namibia through setting tariffs and issuing licenses.</font></font>
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [https://www.nsi.com.na/technical-commitee/ National Technical Committee on Renewable Energy] (NTCRE)</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">of the Natiional Standards Institute (NSI)</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">: develops norms, standards and codes of practice for the performance, manufacture, installation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies. In 2006 it issued a Code of Practice and Register of Products and a list of approved technologies and suppliers.</font></font>
+**<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">[https://www.nsi.com.na/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/DEVELOPED-STANDARDS.pdf List of energy related Standards] (Nov 2019)</font></font>
-*
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The [https://www.nsi.com.na/technical-commitee/ National Technical Committee on Renewable Energy] (NTCRE)</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">of the Natiional Standards Institute (NSI)</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">: develops norms, standards and codes of practice for the performance, manufacture, installation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies. In 2006 it issued a Code of Practice and Register of Products and a list of approved technologies and suppliers.</font></font>
-**
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">[https://www.nsi.com.na/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/DEVELOPED-STANDARDS.pdf List of energy related Standards] (Nov 2019)</font></font>
-*
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">[http://www.mti.gov.na/nic.html Namibia Investment Centre (NIC):]with the major responsibility of promoting FDI (Foreign Direct Investment).</font></font>
-*
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">[http://www.mti.gov.na/nic.html Namibia Investment Centre (NIC):]with the major responsibility of promoting FDI (Foreign Direct Investment).</font></font>
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The National Planning Commission is responsible for planning national priorities and ensuring that climate change considerations are properly reflected in sector plans and budgetary allocations.</font></font>
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">The National Planning Commission is responsible for planning national priorities and ensuring that climate change considerations are properly reflected in sector plans and budgetary allocations.</font></font>
 == Power Producers ==
-{| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
+{| style="width: 100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
 |- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="33%" |
+| style="width: 33%;  border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" |
 On grid (Government)
-| style="border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="33%" |
+| style="width: 33%;  border-top: 1px solid #000000;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0.1cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" |
 On-grid (IPP)
-| style="border: 1px solid #000000;  padding: 0.1cm" width="33%" |
+| style="width: 33%;  border: 1px solid #000000;  padding: 0.1cm" |
 Off-grid
 |- valign="top"
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="33%" |
+| style="width: 33%;  border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" |
-*
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">NamPower is a state-owned enterprise that reports to the MME. It owns and operates most of the country’s grid generation and all of the transmission assets as well as some distribution facilities in the rural areas of central and southern Namibia. As system operator and trader, NamPower has the important role of balancing supply and demand and is the contracting party for imports.</font></font>
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">NamPower is a state-owned enterprise that reports to the MME. It owns and operates most of the country’s grid generation and all of the transmission assets as well as some distribution facilities in the rural areas of central and southern Namibia. As system operator and trader, NamPower has the important role of balancing supply and demand and is the contracting party for imports.</font></font>
+*<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">'''Regional Electricity Distributors'''</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">(REDs): REDs are state-owned legal entities tasked with the supply and distribution of electricity in a dedicated region.</font></font>
+**<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">NORED (covering the far northern part of the country)</font></font>
+**<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">CENORED (covering the central-northern part of the country stretching to the Caprivi Strip comprising the Otjozondjupa and Kunene regions)</font></font>
+**<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">ERONGORED (covering the central coastal region to the west of the country including Walvis Bay and Swakopmund)</font></font>
+**<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">Central RED (not yet operational</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">as of 2017</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">)</font></font>
+**<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">Southern RED (not yet operational yet</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">as of 2017</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">)</font></font>
+**<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">City of Windhoek (not a RED per se but retains all the functions of one</font></font>
-*
+| style="width: 33%;  border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" |
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">'''Regional Electricity Distributors'''</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">(REDs): REDs are state-owned legal entities tasked with the supply and distribution of electricity in a dedicated region.</font></font>
+*At least 14 IPPs have been selected under the REFIT. (only 11 are operational. [https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/namibia-moving-toward-embracing-ipps Mar 2019])
+**Omburu Solar PV
+**Ejuva One and Two: 5MW solar power plants with annual generation capacity of 25.8GWh.<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3"><ref name="Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf </ref></font></font>
+**250 kW bush-to-electricity power plant on a commercial farm in the Otavi area (CBEND)
-**
+| style="width: 33%;  border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: 1px solid #000000;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0.1cm" |
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">NORED (covering the far northern part of the country)</font></font>
+*3 Mini-grids:
+**Gam Solar PV
+**Tsumkwe
+**and Gobabeb (NAMA, 2015, p. 40 gives the key data on the 3 mini-grids)
-**
+|}
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">CENORED (covering the central-northern part of the country stretching to the Caprivi Strip comprising the Otjozondjupa and Kunene regions)</font></font>
-**
+<br/>
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">ERONGORED (covering the central coastal region to the west of the country including Walvis Bay and Swakopmund)</font></font>
-**
+== Banks ==
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">Central RED (not yet operational</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">as of 2017</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">)</font></font>
-**
+*[https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/southern-africa/namibia Namibia | African Development Bank]
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">Southern RED (not yet operational yet</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">as of 2017</font></font><font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">)</font></font>
+**AFDB [https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2014-2018_-_Namibia_Country_Strategy_Paper.pdf 2014-2018 - Namibia - Country Strategy Paper]
-**
+*[http://www.kongalend.na/solar-suppliers.html Kongalend] (micro-lender, Kongalend works in partnership with technology suppliers and technicians). They lend to individuals and SMEs for renewable energy at an interest rate of up to 15.6% only after verifcation of formal income.
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 10pt" size="2">City of Windhoek (not a RED per se but retains all the functions of one</font></font>
+*Development Bank of Namibia (provides finance to larger scale IPPs)
+*Bank Windheok
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: none;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0cm" width="33%" |
+*First National Bank (Individual loans are available through First National Bank (FNB), South African based, for the installation of renewable energy in homes.)
-*
+*RMB Bank
-At least 14 IPPs have been selected under the REFIT. (only 11 are operational. [https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/namibia-moving-toward-embracing-ipps Mar 2019])
+*SME Bank (suspended involvement in EIF due to irregularities of SME Bank, see EEP p.65))
+*Standard Bank
-**
+*AgriBank
-Omburu Solar PV
-**
-Ejuva One and Two: 5MW solar power plants with annual generation capacity of 25.8GWh.<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3"><ref name="Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf ">Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf </ref></font></font>
-**
-kW bush-to-electricity power plant on a commercial farm in the Otavi area (CBEND)
-| style="border-top: none;  border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;  border-left: 1px solid #000000;  border-right: 1px solid #000000;  padding-top: 0cm;  padding-bottom: 0.1cm;  padding-left: 0.1cm;  padding-right: 0.1cm" width="33%" |
-*
-Mini-grids:
-**
-Gam Solar PV
-**
-Tsumkwe
-**
-and Gobabeb (NAMA, 2015, p. 40 gives the key data on the 3 mini-grids)
-|}
 <br/>
+== Private sector ==
+There are about 50 solar technology companies.<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3"><ref name="Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf">Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/MDG%20Carbon%20Facility/NAMA%20Final%20Namibia%202.pdf </ref></font></font> „The number of local, established renewable energy companies in Namibia is low. Most companies focus on project development, engineering-procurement-construction (EPC) activities and installation of photovoltaic and solar thermal solutions. The established, local companies, some of which have been active in the field of renewable energies for more than 10 years, generally have sound know-how and technical understanding. As there is no formal training in the field of renewable energies in Namibia, employees are individually trained by the companies. Thus, the quality and the level of education of local companies and specialists can vary considerably.“<ref name="GIZ, 2020, GBN sector brief Namibia, https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/GBN_Sector%20Brief_Namibia_RenewableEnergy_E_WEB.pdf">GIZ, 2020, GBN sector brief Namibia, https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/GBN_Sector%20Brief_Namibia_RenewableEnergy_E_WEB.pdf</ref>
-= <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span><br/> =
+= Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations<br/> =
 == Other Donors ==
-„<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3">There is not a great deal of donor related activity being implemented in Namibia, with the exception of the regional programmes being implemented. KfW Bank, AfDB and the Green Climate Fund (GCF) are providing large-scale fi-nancing and the UNDP, World Bank and GIZ are involved in the development of energy resources for Namibia. GIZ is particularly focused on developing biomass using the invader bush that has proved to be a hindrance for Namibian farmers. The EU has supported some projects under its climate change programme and supports the installation of solar water pumps for farmers.“<ref name="Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf ">Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf </ref></font></font>
+„There is not a great deal of donor related activity being implemented in Namibia, with the exception of the regional programmes being implemented. KfW Bank, AfDB and the Green Climate Fund (GCF) are providing large-scale fi-nancing and the UNDP, World Bank and GIZ are involved in the development of energy resources for Namibia. GIZ is particularly focused on developing biomass using the invader bush that has proved to be a hindrance for Namibian farmers. The EU has supported some projects under its climate change programme and supports the installation of solar water pumps for farmers.“<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3"><ref name="Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf </ref></font></font>
-<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3">Implications for the Theory of Change: „Small-scale IPP projects are bankable despite the lack of government guarantees due to a general market confi-dence in the stability of Nampower and the government. However, currency fluctuations and the devaluation of the Rand appear to affect private sector willingness to take loans geared to foreign currency. The continued expansion of small-scale, renewable projects may not be promoted by ECB in the short term due to difficulties in managing the variable supply from renewable energy IPPs and the current supply infrastructure. Developing bankable off-grid projects is challenging in Namibia due to the absence of an economy of scale. There is potential in peri-urban areas, which would then satisfy the TOC however this would require a change of regulation to allow for the direct distribution to local customers. Rent-to-own business models, such as those of Mobisol and Off:Grid Electric may be more suited to this context, although there may need to be guarantees in place if the grid were to be extended to these areas.“ <ref name="Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf ">Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf </ref></font></font>
+Implications for the Theory of Change: „Small-scale IPP projects are bankable despite the lack of government guarantees due to a general market confi-dence in the stability of Nampower and the government. However, currency fluctuations and the devaluation of the Rand appear to affect private sector willingness to take loans geared to foreign currency. The continued expansion of small-scale, renewable projects may not be promoted by ECB in the short term due to difficulties in managing the variable supply from renewable energy IPPs and the current supply infrastructure. Developing bankable off-grid projects is challenging in Namibia due to the absence of an economy of scale. There is potential in peri-urban areas, which would then satisfy the TOC however this would require a change of regulation to allow for the direct distribution to local customers. Rent-to-own business models, such as those of Mobisol and Off:Grid Electric may be more suited to this context, although there may need to be guarantees in place if the grid were to be extended to these areas.“<font face="sans-serif"><font style="font-size: 12pt" size="3"><ref name="Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf">Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEP S&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf </ref></font></font>
+<br/>
 = Further Information =

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Namibia Energy Situation

Revision as of 16:03, 11 February 2020

Contents

Introduction

Energy Situation

Overview of the Country's Energy Sources

Energy Access

Production

Installed Capacity

Consumption

Import and Export

Electricity

Energy Security

Renewable Energy

General Indicators

Solar

Hydropower

Bioenergy

Fossil Fuels

Oil

Coal

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations[13] [14]

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector[13] [14]

National Government

Regulatory Authority and Government Agencies

Power Producers

Banks

Private sector

Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

Other Donors

Further Information

References

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations^[13] ^[14]

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector^[13] ^[14]